• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 1997

Background : Previous studies have proven beneficial in labor analgesia to use subarachnoid sufentanil(alone or with adjuvant) on parturients in early first stage of labor. We designed this prospective study to evaluate analgesic efficacy and side effects of subarachnoid sufentanil plus bupivacaine in women with cervical dilatation of 7 cm greater. Methods : This was an open-label, nonrandomized trial of 32 parturients in late first stage labor who requested labor analgesia. After signing the consent form each patient received subarachnoid sufentanil (10 ${\mu}g$) and bupivacaine (2.5 mg). Patients were asked to rate their verbal pain score (0-10 scale) before regional anesthesia and 5 minutes after subarachnoid injection, and every 20 minutes thereafter until delivery or request for additional analgesia. Blood pressure, pruritus, Bromage motor block score, mode of delivery and need for supplemental analgesics were recorded. Results : Thirty women were included in the study. Mean pain scores (mean${\pm}$SD) were $8.7{\pm}1.0$ pre-spinal, $0.7{\pm}1.5$ 5 minutes post-injection, and remained less than 5 for 130 minutes after spinal injection. Of 30 patients, 24 had unassisted vaginal delivery, 4 instrumental vaginal delivery (vacuum), and 2 cesarean delivery. Of 28 patients who delivered vaginally, 19 did not require supplemental analgesics and had a delivery pain score of 5 or lower. Blood pressure decreased in three patients after spinal analgesia (p<0.05), which necessitated treatment. The Bromage motor block score was 0 in 26 patients and 1 in 4 patients. Pruritus was noted in 22 patients. Conclusion : Subarachnoid sufentanil-bupivacaine provides rapid analgesia for an effective duration of approximately 130 minutes in parturients in late first stage of labor.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2017

Background: Surgeon satisfaction and patient analgesia during the procedure of laparoscopic surgery are important issues. The aim of this work was to study if an intrathecal (IT) Bupivacaine combined with Magnesium sulfate may or may not provide good surgeon satisfaction in addition to improvement of intraoperative and postoperative analgesia. Methods: Sixty female patients were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled clinical trial study. All patients were operated for gynecological laparoscopic surgery under spinal anesthesia. Patients were divided into two groups (Bupivacaine and Magnesium). Group Bupivacaine (30 patients) received intrathecal Bupivacaine 0.5% only (15 mg), while 30 patients in group Magnesium received intrathecal Bupivacaine (15 mg) in addition to intrathecal Magnesium sulfate (50 mg). The sensory block level, the intensity of motor block, the surgeon satisfaction, the intraoperative visual analog scale (VAS) for pain assessment, the postoperative VAS, and side effects were recorded during the intraoperative period and within the first 24 hours after surgery in the post-anesthesia care unit. Results: Surgeon satisfaction, intraoperative shoulder pain, postoperative pain after 2 h, and perioperative analgesic consumption (ketorolac) were significant better in group Magnesium than in group Bupivacaine. (P < 0.05). The onset of motor and sensory blocks was significant longer in group Magnesium than the other one. The incidence of PONV, pruritus and urinary retention was insignificant statistically between both groups. Conclusions: Magnesium sulfate if used intrathecally as an adjuvant to Bupivacaine would provide a better surgeon satisfaction and would improve the analgesic effect of spinal anesthesia used for gynecological laparoscopic surgery.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.179-184
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• 2016

Background: Recently, ultrasound has been commonly used. Ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block (IBPB) by posterior approach is more commonly used because anterior approach has been reported to have the risk of phrenic nerve injury. However, posterior approach also has the risk of causing nerve injury because there are risks of encountering dorsal scapular nerve (DSN) and long thoracic nerve (LTN). Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of encountering DSN and LTN during ultrasound-guided IBPB by posterior approach. Methods: A total of 70 patients who were scheduled for shoulder surgery were enrolled in this study. After deciding insertion site with ultrasound, awake ultrasound-guided IBPB with nerve stimulator by posterior approach was performed. Incidence of muscle twitches (rhomboids, levator scapulae, and serratus anterior muscles) and current intensity immediately before muscle twitches disappeared were recorded. Results: Of the total 70 cases, DSN was encountered in 44 cases (62.8%) and LTN was encountered in 15 cases (21.4%). Both nerves were encountered in 10 cases (14.3%). Neither was encountered in 21 cases (30.4%). The average current measured immediately before the disappearance of muscle twitches was 0.44 mA and 0.50 mA at DSN and LTN, respectively. Conclusions: Physicians should be cautious on the risk of injury related to the anatomical structures of nerves, including DSN and LTN, during ultrasound-guided IBPB by posterior approach. Nerve stimulator could be another option for a safer intervention. Moreover, if there is a motor response, it is recommended to select another way to secure better safety.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics S
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• v.35S no.8
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• pp.106-112
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• 1998

Recently, the amount of image and audio data has been increasing dramatically for high performance. According to this trend, a high-density magnetic recording system is necessitated and the tracks of magnetic tapes are getting narrower. This, in turn, requires the capstan servo system of the magnetic recording system such as DVCR to control precisely the speed and position of the capstan motor. Especially, in case of play-back, the capstan servo system should be able to position and maintain the head on the desired place of the track. To meet this requirement, digital camcorders use ATF (Automatic Track Following). In this paper, a new ATF block using discrete Fourier transform is proposed. The proposed ATF block was designed and implemented in ALTERA FPGA chips and fully tested in a real DVCR system. It is shown through experiments that the new ATF block is more cost-effective than other existing ATF blocks using digital lowpass filters. In particular, the number of logic gates can be reduced by 20% in average, compared to the existing ATF's.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.156-161
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• 1992

In this research a monitoring system for turning using NC information and the current of feed motor as a monitoring signal was developed. The overall system consists of modules such as learning process, NC data transmission, generation of forecast information, signal acquisition, monitoring and post process. In the learning process, the reference data and the cutting force equation necessary for monitoring are obtained from the accumulated monitoring results. In the generation of forecast information, the information of forecasted cutting forces is acquired from the cutting force equation and NC program and appended to each NC block as a monitor code. Reliability of monitoring is improved by using the monitor code in the real-time monitoring. Monitoring module is divided into two parts : the off-line monitoring where errors of NC program are checked and the on-line monitoring where the level of motor current is monitored during cutting operations. If the actual current level exceeds the limit value provided by the monitor code in the level monitoring, it is recognized as abnormal. In the event of abnormal status, the post processor sends the emergency stop signal to NC controller to stop the operation. Actual experiments have shown that the developed monitoring system works well.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.212-218
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• 2007

This paper presents a implementation of speed sensorless vector control of induction motor using MATLAB/SIMULINK and dSPACE DS1104. Proposed flux estimation algorithm, which utilize the combination of the voltage model based on stator equivalent model and the current model based on rotor equivalent model, enables stable estimation of rotor flux. Proposed rotor speed estimation algorithm utilizes the estimated flux. And the estimated rotor speed is used to speed control of induction motor. Overall system consists of speed controller, current controller, and flux controller using the most general PI controller. Speed sensorless vector control algorithm is implemented as block diagrams using MATLAB/SIMULINK. And realtime control is performed by dSPACE DS1104 control board and Real-Time-Interface(RTI).

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.147-153
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• 2018

Objective: The purpose of this case report is to evaluate the effect of electroacupuncture on Pal-sa (EX-UE9) for unilateral motor disturbance of the hand after cerebral infarction. Methods: One patient with unilateral motor disturbance of the hand following cerebral infarction (right basal ganglion and corona radiata) was treated with acupuncture, herbal medication, and electroacupuncture on Pal-sa (EX-UE9) once daily from June 30, 2016 to July 4, 2016. We evaluated improvement using the Box and Block Test (BTT) and 10-seconds Test, including the Finger Individual Movement Test (FIMT), the Hand Pronation and Supination Test (HPST), and the Finger Tapping Test (FTT). Results: After five days of treatment, increase of FIMT and FTT scores was observed after electroacupuncture on Pal-sa (EX-UE9). However, no increase was observed in BBT or HPST scores. Conclusions: This study suggests that electroacupuncture on Pal-sa (EX-UE9) can help treat motor disturbance of the hand after cerebral infarction.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.48-53
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• 1999

Background: Despite the popularity of epidural bupivacaine-morphine infusions for postoperative pain management, the optimum concentrations and dosages of bupivacaine have not been determined. At present, due to the disadvantages conferred by intense motor block and the increased risk of toxicity, many trials focus on reducing bupivacaine concentration and thus the evaluation of concentrations less than 0.1% may be warranted. Methods: Forty patients having epiduro-general anesthesia for hysterectomy were randomly assigned to one of two study groups. As a mean of postoperative pain control, all received 2 mg of epidural morphine bolusly 1 hr before the end of surgery and continuous epidural infusion was started using a two-day Infusor containing 4 mg of morphine in 100 ml of 0.125% bupivacaine (Group 0.125B, n=20) or 100 ml of 0.0625% bupivacaine (Group 0.0625B, n=20). Study endpoints included visual analog scales (VAS) for pain during rest and movement, sensory change and motor blockade. They were assessed at 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40 and 48 hrs postoperatively. Results: For VAS during rest, no significance could be found between two groups over the course of study. But for VAS during movement, the 0.125B group showed more satisfactory results especially during early postoperative periods. For the incidence of complications, the 0.125B group revealed greater frequency of sensory change (25.0%) and motor blockade (10.0%) compared with the 0.0625B group. Conclusion: This study suggests that 0.0625% bupivacaine with morphine via epidural route was sufficient for pain control during rest but it was not satisfactory during movement especially in early postoperative periods. We also recommend that careful attention to motor blockade should be paid when using 0.125% bupivacaine.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.118-122
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• 2001

Complex regional pain syndrome type I of vascular origin is difficult to detect unless the classic symptoms and signs exist and/or overt extremity trauma has precipitated the pain. The diagnosis is confirmed by relief of pain following a sympathetic nerve blockade. A 36-year-old woman with arterial occlusive disease of the right lower extremity presented with burning pain and hyperesthesia after sprain had occurred which was accompanied by motor weakness of right ankle. A lumbar sympathetic ganglion blockade with 2% lidocaine 10 ml and triamcinolone 80 mg produced prompt improvement of the pain and motion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.711-719
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• 2019

At present, wind power is the fastest growing technology in the world. The domestic market depends heavily on imports for wind tower lift. so it manage through the overseas maker. The lift manufacture, establishment and maintenance utility is increasing, localization development of one wind tower lift is necessary with domestic fundamental base technique. In this paper, we will study the components necessary for the development of onshore offshore wind tower elevators, which are currently dependent on total imports, in line with the high growth of the wind market and the enlargement of the wind power generators. First of all, endless winders and cabins, which are the core components of the offshore wind tower lift, were examined for the components that affect the structural safety. Structural analysis was performed on Sheave, which is responsible for most of the lift lifting loads, and Block Stop, a safety device that prevents the cabin from falling in an emergency. The structural suitability was evaluated by comparing with the safety factor. In addition, the on-board control panel combines the control panel of the elevator and the drive motor driving the endless winder for efficient control of the offshore wind tower lift. The addition of features improves ride comfort at departure.