• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 1994

On the basis of morphological and functional studies, it is now established that there exist multiple motor representation areas in the frontal lobe of subhuman primates. Recent development of analysis on cerebral critical organization in human subjects, utilizing novel techniques of PET and MRI, provides evidence of corresponding motor areas. Each area has its unique sources of inputs from the thalamus and from other parts of the cerebral cortex. To understand functional roles of these multiple motor areas, it is necessary to study neural activity while subjects are performing a variety of motor tasks. In view of high accuracy in spatial and temporal resolution, the analysis of single cells in relation to specific aspects of motor behavior remains to be a powerful research technique. It is with this technique that a number of novel concepts on functional roles of multiple motor areas have been proposed.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.89-96
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to find out the characteristics of activity areas according to the age difference and provide the alternatives for space planning of activity areas in classroom of childcare centers. This study used the content analysis method for field survey data collected from 36 classrooms of 9 childcare centers in the Daejeon area. Floor plans were converted to Autocad drawings to analyze the characteristics of activity areas. The results of this study were as follows; 1) In case of 0 to 2-year-old classrooms, they had 6 activity areas such as gross-motor area, role play, block building, language, creative expression, exploration/manipulation area. The activity area with the most low frequency was gross-motor area. 2) In case of 0 to 2-year-old classrooms, the size of activity area was in order of gross-motor area > role play > block building > language > creative expression > exploration/manipulation area. In case of 3 to 5-year-old classrooms, the size of activity area was in order of language > art > role play > math > block building > science > tone and rhythmic area. 3) The central areas with easy access in 0 to 2-year-old classrooms were Large-motor and Imaginary Play Areas. Also, more isolated areas were Manupulatives and Block Areas. The central areas with easy access in 3 to 5-year-old classrooms were Arts, Numbers and Manupulatives. While more isolated areas were Music, Movement and Science Areas.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.977-987
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of sensory integration therapy (SIT) on sensory' motor development and adaptive behavior of cerebral palsy children. The design of this study was quasi experiments with a non-equivalent pre- and post-test control design. Subjects of the study were arbitrarily chosen based on predetermined selection criteria among the cerebral palsy children who were treated as out-patients at two rehabilitation hospitals one in Seoul, and the other in Kyunggi-do. The study was conducted between early April and late July in 2000. Fifteen children were in the experimental group and eleven in the control group. The allocation was done based on ease of experimental treatment. A five-step SIT program was devised from a combination of SIT programs suggested by Ayres(1985) and Finks(1989), and an author-designed SIT program for cerebral palsy children. The experimental group was subjected to 20 to 30 minutes of SIT per session. two sessions a week for ten -week period. The effects of SIT were measured with respect to 9 sub-areas that can be administered to cerebral palsy children out of a total of 17 sub-areas in the Southern California Sensory Integration Test (SCSIT) developed by Ayres (1980). In addition. the scale developed by Russell (1993) for Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM). and Perception Motor Development Test developed by 中司利一 et al.(1987) were also applied. Adaptive behavior was analyzed using guidelines in two unpublished documents - School-Age Checklist for Occupational Therapy by the Wakefield Occupational Therapy Associates, and the OTA-Watertown Clinical Assessment by the Watertown Occupational Therapy Associates-, and an author-developed Adaptive Behavior Checklist. Collected data were statistically analyzed by SPSS PC for chi square test, Mann-Whitney test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, and paired t-test. The results were as follows: 1. In sensory development, the experimental group exhibited a score increase compared to the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant, Although the experimental group showed improvements in all. 9 sub-areas compared to the control group, only right-left discrimination exhibited statistically significant change. 2. In gross motor development, the experimental group showed improvements in score compared to the control group, but it was not statistically significant. In fine motor development, the experimental group exhibited statistically significant improvements compared to the control group. In sub-area analysis, figure synthesis showed positive change. 3. In adaptive behavior development, post-experimental adaptive behavior scores were higher compared to pre-experimental scores with statistical significance. Furthermore, sub-areas emotional behavior, perception behavior, gross-fine motor function, oral-respiration function, motor behavior, motor planning, and adaptive response exhibited higher scores after SIT. In conclusion SIT was found to be partially effective in sensory and fine motor development, effective in all adaptive behavior areas, and not effective in gross motor development. Thus, this study has shown that SIT is an effective intervention for sensory development, fine motor development, and adaptive behavior for cerebral palsy children. But, for the effectiveness of SIT on gross motor development, further studies employing longer-time experiments are recommended.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.1-4
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• 2009

Objective: To report an unsuspected adaptive plasticity of single upper motor neurons and of primary motor cortex found after microsurgical connection of the spinal cord with peripheral nerve via grafts in paraplegics and focussed discussion of the reviewed literature. Methods: The research aimed at making paraplegics walk again, after 20 years of experimental surgery in animals. Amongst other things, animal experiments demonstrated the alteration of the motor endplates receptors from cholinergic to glutamatergic induced by connection with upper motor neurons. The same paradigm was successfully performed in paraplegic humans. The nerve grafts were put into the ventral-lateral spinal tract randomly, with out possibility of choosing the axons coming from different areas of the motor cortex. Results: The patient became able to selectively activate the re-innervated muscles she wanted without concurrent activities of other muscles connected with the same cortical areas. Conclusion: Authors believe that unlike in nerve or tendon transfers, where the whole cortical area corresponding to the transfer changes its function a phenomenon that we call "brain plasticity by areas". in our paradigm due to the direct connection of upper motor neurons with different peripheral nerves and muscles via nerve grafts motor learning occurs based on adaptive neuronal plasticity so that simultaneous contractions of other muscles are prevented. We propose to call it adaptive functional "plasticity by single neurons". We speculate that this phenomenon is due to the simultaneous activation of neurons spread in different cortical areas for a given specific movement, whilst the other neurons of the same areas connected with peripheral nerves of different muscles are not activated at the same time. Why different neurons of the same area fire at different times according to different voluntary demands remains to be discovered. We are committed to solve this enigma hereafter.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.119-130
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• 2005

Stroke is a leading cause of chronic physical disability. The recent randomized controlled trials have that motor function of chronic stroke survivors could be improved through physical or pharmacologic intervention in the stroke rehabilitation setting. In addition, several functional neuroimaging techniques have recently developed, it is available to study the functional topography of sensorimotor area of the brain. However, the mechanisms involved in motor recovery after stroke, are still poorly understood. Four motor recovery mechanisms have been suggested, such as reorganization into areas adjacent to the injured primary motor cortex (M1), unmasking of the motor pathway from the unaffected motor cortex to the affected hand, attribution of secondary motor areas, and recovery of the damaged contralateral corticospinal tract. Understanding the motor recovery mechanisms would provide neurorehabilitation specialists with more information to allow for precise prognosis and therapeutic strategies based on the scientific evidence; this may help promote recovery of motor function. This review introduces several methodologies for neuroimaging techniques and discusses theoretical issues that impact interpretation of functional imaging studies of motor recovery after stroke. Perspectives, for future research are presented.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.170-179
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• 2013

There is a correct way to avoid any sequale in the central motor area during neurosurgery procedures. A clear way to find the circumference of the central sulcus, central motor, and sensory areas by giving cortical electrical stimulation to the central motor area immediate after surgery is proposed. Looking at patients who underwent brain surgery September 2009 to July 2013, the central sulcus and speech areas around the central area of the brain was investigated, using the practices of either a localized brain map check or a direct cortical electrical stimulation test. Brain maps localized around the surgical site through functional movement or speech areas were identified. Accurate tests done during surgery without damage to motor neurons or after surgery were conducted smoothly. Although successful brain map test localization can be accomplished, there are some factors that can interfere. The following phenomena can reverse the phase: (1) the first sensory / motor in the case of patients severe nerve damage; (2) placement of the electrode on top of the vessel; (3) presence of a brain tumor near the brain cortex; (4) use of anesthesia if patient cooperation is difficult; and (5) location of the electrode position and stimulus is inappropriate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.395-404
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• 2010

Purpose : The object of this study was to examine the effect of motor learning on brain activation depending on the method of motor learning. Methods : The brain activation was measured in 9 men by fMRI. The subjects were divided into the following groups depending on the method of motor learning: actually practice (AP, n=3) group, action observation (AO, n=3) group and motor imagery (MI, n=3) group. In order to examine the effect of motor learning depending on the method of motor learning, the brain activation data were measured during learning. For the investigation of brain activation, fMRI was conducted. Results : The results of brain activation measured before and during learning were as follows; (1) During learning, the AP group showed the activation in the following areas: primary motor area located in precentral gyrus, somatosensory area located in postcentral gyrus, supplemental motor area and prefrontal association area located in precentral gyrus, middle frontal gyrus and superior frontal gyrus, speech area located in superior temporal gyrus and middle temporal gyrus, Broca's area located in inferior parietal lobe and somatosensory association area of precuneus; (2) During learning, the AD groups showed the activation in the following areas: primary motor area located in precentral gyrus, prefrontal association area located in middle frontal gyrus and superior frontal gyrus, speech area and supplemental motor area located in superior temporal gyrus and middle temporal gyrus, Broca's area located in inferior parietal lobe, somatosensory area and primary motor area located in precentral gyrus of right cerebrum and left cerebrum, and somatosensory association area located in precuneus; and (3) During learning, the MI group showed activation in the following areas: speech area located in superior temporal gyrus, supplemental area, and somatosensory association area located in precuneus. Conclusion : Given the results above, in this study, the action observation was suggested as an alternative to motor learning through actual practice in serial reaction time task of motor learning. It showed the similar results to the actual practice in brain activation which were obtained using activation of mirror neuron. This result suggests that the brain activation occurred by the activation of mirror neuron, which was observed during action observation. The mirror neurons are located in primary motor area, somatosensory area, premotor area, supplemental motor area and somatosensory association area. In sum, when we plan a training program through physiotherapy to increase the effect during reeducation of movement, the action observation as well as best resting is necessary in increasing the effect of motor learning with the patients who cannot be engaged in actual practice.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.83-91
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics between the type of daily routine and spatial configuration of activity areas in classroom and provide alternatives for space planning of activity areas in classroom of child-care centers. This study used the content analysis on daily activity plan and floor plans through field survey. Analysis on floor plans was conducted for 35 classrooms in 9 child-care centers which allowed field survey. The results of this study were as follows; There was no significant difference for classroom size according to the type of daily routine in 3 to 5-year-old classrooms. The average size of classrooms was $61.6m^2$ for care oriented type, $41.4m^2$ for indoor activity oriented type and $48.8m^2$ for group activity oriented type. There was no significant difference in composition of activity areas in classrooms according to the type of daily routine. In case of 0 to 2-year-old classrooms, they were composed of 6 activity areas including gross-motor, role play, block building, language, creative expression, exploration/manipulation. Activity area of the most low frequency was gross-motor area. In case of 3 to 5-year-old classrooms, most classrooms were composed of all the 7 activity areas including art, tone and rhythmic, block building, role play, language, math and science. Most accessible and central areas in 0 to 2-year-old classrooms were gross-motor and role play. Also, most separate areas were exploration/manipulation and block building. Most accessible and central areas in 3 to 5-year-old classroom were art and math. Also, most separate areas were tone and rhythmic and science.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1992.10a
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• pp.393-400
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• 1992

The DC(Direct-Current) servo motor has widely used for many application areas, FA(Factory Automation), OA(Office Automation) and home applications. But DC servo motor needs periodical inspection because it has brush and commutator. Recently, AC servo motor has expanded it's application areas due to for the development of the power semi-conductor and control technology. But it has large torque ripple for it's small number of commutation. And it also has cogging torque due to permanent magenet rotor. Therefore it can't run balence rotarion. Many torque ripple reduction methods are published. In this paper, phase advanced method adopted for torque ripple reduction of AC servo motor. In this research, AC servo motor torque characteristic variation surveied under the phase advance control through the computer simulation. Under the simulation, the load inertia varied from 0.0001[Kg.m$^{2}$] to 0.0314[Kg.m$^{2}$]. The result os nonlinear simulation, torque and speed ripple of AC servo motor under the phase advance control reduced approximately 50[%] and 10[%]. And maximum torque of AC servo motor under phase advance control condition increased about 5[%] as compare with fixed switching time.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.75-75
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• 2003

Purpose: To investigate whether or not acupuncture of GB34 produces a significant response of the modulation of somatomotor areas by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. Methods: The acupoint, GB34, located in the back of the knee, is known to be effective in recovering motor function after stroke. Using 3T MRI scanner, functional MR imaging of the whole brain was performed in 12 normal healthy subjects during two stimulation paradigms; acupuncture manipulation on GB 34 and sham points. This study investigates the activation of the motor cortex elicited by a soft and an intensified stimulation of GB 34. Three different paradigms were carried out to detect any possible modulation of the Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) response in the somatomortor area to motor stimulation through acupuncture. Results: Group analysis from seven individuals showed that bilateral sensorimotor areas (BA 3,4,6 and 7) showed stimulation related BOLD signal contrast of approximately 6% whereas very few areas were activated when sham stimulation is given. Conclusions: The present study shows that acupuncture fMRI study can be safely conducted in 3T MRI environment, and acupuncture stimulation in GB34 modulates the cortical activities of the soma- to motor area in human. The present findings may shed light on the CNS mechanism of motor function by acupuncture and form a basis for future investigations of motor modulation circuits in the stroke patients. Acknowledgement: This study was supported by a grant of the Mid and Long Term Nuclear RID Plan Program, Ministry of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea.