• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.737-747
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• 2017

This experiment was carried out to determine the optimal concentration of agricultural organic materials using sulfur and oil for the insect pest control in pepper and cherry tomato cultivation. The control value of aphids and Oriental tobacco budworm (OTB) was examined one day after spraying with sulfur preparation (SP) (0.33~0.17%), oil preparations (OP) (2.00~0.33%), SP+OP, OP+ginkgo leaf extracts (GLE), SP+OP+GLE on the "Super Manidaa"pepper. The aphid control in pepper was complete by applications of SP+OP (0.25+1.00%) in the early growth stage and the control value was above 98.1% by the application of OP+GLE (1.00+1.00 %), SP+OP+GLE (0.25+1.0+1%), SP+OP+GLE (0.25+1.0+0.5%) in the middle to late growth stage while showing 0% in the control treatment. The OTB was completely controlled by the 3 times application with the high concentration of SP+OP (0.25+1.00%) in pepper cultivation. This result indicates that the oil and the sulfur preparations should be applied at low concentration before insect pests do not appeared, and then sprayed at the high concentration after they appear at pepper plant. The greenhouse whitefly in 'Minichal' tomatoes was completely controlled by three times application of SP (0.25~0.33), OP (1.0~2.00%). and all the treatment of SP+OP. However, continuous control with intervals of 1~3 days was considered favorable in the tomato plant. By the periodical control with agricultural organic materials using sulfur and oil, the greenhouse whitefly, which is a high-temperature insect pest, several moths of OTB did not occur at all. In conclusion, SP+OP (0.17%+0.33%) treatment was the most economical combination to control the aphid, OTB, and greenhouse whitefly in pepper and tomato cultivation when considering operating cost. In addition, we recommend that SP should not be sprayed on the plant shoots during the day time from July to August because of high temperature.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.117-125
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• 2009

Phenylformamidine derivatives are well known as insecticides for their specific activity against the insects. It has now been established that they show insecticidal activity as agonists on the octopamine receptor which is located in the synapse membrane. The reaction of triethylorthoformate and fluoroanilines gave formimidates (1) in good yields and N',N'-Disubstituted N-fluorophenylformamidine derivatives were synthesized more easily by using microwave. This microwave reaction condition gave products in high yields and faster reaction time than conventional methods. All the compounds were screened for their biological activity agaist harmful insects of plant hoppers, moths, aphids and mites. Synthetic compounds of 2-I-a, 2-I-c, 2-I-d, 2-II-d showed good activity against mites and plant hoppers.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.139-156
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• 1995

The purpose of the study is to examine the effects of Gifted Education Isnstitute of Korea (GEIK) programs for gifted children especially in the areas of reasoning skills and creativity, thereby proving the effectiveness of the program. The subjects are 136 (103 boys and 33 girls) fourth, fifth, and sixth grade gifted children, who have participated in GEIK programs for more than six moths. They were stratified by the length of participation in GEIK programs. Ninety four children have participated for more than one year. Forty-two children have participated for less than one year. Both groups are rather homogeneous in IQ scores and school achievement levels at the time of enterance into GEIK programs. Both a Group Assessment of Logical Thinking (GAIT) and a Creativity test were used for the study on reasoning skills and creativity. GALT, developed by V. Roadranka, R. H. Yeany and M. J. Padilla in 1983, consists of 12 questions. It is classified into six subscales: conservation, proportional reasoning, controlling variables, provability reasoning, correlational reasoning, and combinatorial reasoning. The reliability of this test is .85. This test recommends to classify the stages of child development as follows according to the total test score. 0-4 point: Concrete Stage, 5-7 points: Transitional Stage, and 8 and above points: Formal stage. The Creativity Test was developed by Y. Lee and W. Chung (1971). It consists of four components: fluency, flexibility, originality, and openness. Only both fluency and openness were used in this study. In order to analyze data, T-Test, Intercorrelational Analyses, ANOVA, and Nultiple Regression were used. Followings are the results deduced from the above analoyses of the data. First, 43.48% of the subjects were on Concrete Stage, 36.78% were on the Transitional Stage, and 19.86% were on the Formal Stage in the developmental level classified by Piaget. Second, the students who have participated in GEIK programs more than one year acquired significantly higher score in GALT than the students who have participated in GEIK programs less than one year. Third, boys showed higher score in GALT than girls did. Fourth, there were statistically significant intercorrelations between six subscales of GALT. Fifth, the students who have participated in GEIK programs more than one year acquired significantly higher score in openness of creativity test than the students who have participated in GEIK programs less than one year. There were no significant differences in openness of creativity test between boys and girls. Sixth, the students who have participated in GEIK programs more than one year acquired significantly higher score in fluency of creativity test than the students who have participated in GEIK programs less than one year. Girls showed higher score in fluency of creativity test than boys did. Seventh, the students who acquired higher score in GALT showed higher score in both openness and fluency of creativity test. Followings are the conclusions deduced form the above results. First, the developmental level of reasoning skills of the fourth grade students participationg in GEIK programs is the same as that of 7th grade of normal Korean students and the same as those of 10th grade of U.S.A. and Philipoine students. Second, the GEIK programs are effective in improving reasoning skills. Third, the GEIK programs are effective in improving creativity. Fouth, reasoning skills and creativity can be improved by well planned programs. In conclusion, this study suggests that beyond reasoning skills and creativity, other areas such as areas in science skills, mathmatical skills, or verbal skills, etc., should be studied in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 1991

To classify fungal species employed for pharmacological effects, mycelial proteins of six isolates of Ganoderma lucidum, five isolates of Schizophyllum commune and five isolates of Cordyceps spp. were separated on polyacrylamide gel to compare them by esterase, acid phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase and peroxidase patterns. Similarity of isozyme patterns among the isolates of G. lucidum IY003, IY004, IY005 and IY008 was indicated over 70%, but that among the isolates of G. lucidum IY009, IY010 and others was indicated from 48% to 9%. Highest similarity of isozymes of S. commune was observed to be between IY803 and IY805, and similarity between these two isolates was 57%. Similarity among other isolates was shown to be from 40% to 56%. Isozyme patterns of Cordyceps spp. were comparatively different, even though they were originated from the same kind of insect as their isolate. Similarity between Cordyceps spp. IY901 and IY904, which was isolated from moths, was 67% and that of IY905 and IY909, which was originated from the larvae, was 42%. Similarity among other isolates was shown to be from 12% to 67%.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.62-66
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• 2016

This study was aimed to investigate the elevational and seasonal variation of moth diversity of Mt. Baegun-san, Gwangyang-city, Jeonnam. Moth collecting was carried out using a UV light trap at three different elevational sites from September to October 2014 and from April to October 2015 (9 times) except winter. A total of 288 moth species and 1,444 individuals in 15 families were identified. Geometridae (97 species and 740 individuals) were the most dominant in the numbers of species and individuals, followed by Noctuidae (62 species, 193 individuals), Erebidae (52 species, 177 individuals) and Notodontidae (16 species, 111 individuals). Elevational change showed that the lower elevation, the higher number of species and individuals. Seasonal change of numbers of species and individuals showed the M-shaped pattern with June and August peaks. Compared to the previous records from historical literatures, 197 species were newly added and the total moth species richness of Mt. Baegun-san comprised 449 species in 20 families. The Chao 2 estimated number of species using the observed species including unpublished data set was 1,530 species that comprised about 43% of the Korean Lepidopteran fauna. This large number of estimated species requested the more extensive and long-term survey for better understanding of the total moth fauna in this area.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.203-208
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate Geometridae (Lepidoptera) species as pests and the damage they cause in citrus orchards in Jeju, Korea. Seven geometridae species occurred in citrus orchards: Ascotis selenaria, Ectropis excellens, Menophra senilis, Biston panterinaria, Ourapteryx nivea, Odontopera arida and Hypomecis punctinalis. Among them, A. selenaria was most abundant, followed by E. excellens and M. senilis. Most Geometridae larvae fed on citrus leaves, but A. selenaria larvae ate fruits and leaves. Fruit damage of Citrus unshiu appeared as gnawed scars caused by young larvae feeding on fruit surface. Fruit damage on Shiranui fruits appeared as a wide hole or deep scars caused by feeding by mature larvae (6th instar). Citrus leaves damage due to Geometridae larvae was high during May to June. Fruit damage started in late June as the spring-shoots of citrus hardened and increased sharply in late July. In the field experiment, fruit damage in the late season reached 4.2% in both 2008 and 2009 and reached 5.2% in 2010. In citrus orchards, A. selenaria larvae started to appear in mid-May and their populations peaked in mid June, late July, and early to mid-September. Adult males of A. selenaria had a maximum peak in mid-May, and two other peaks in early to late July and late August to early September. A. selenaria male adults were collected in a pheromone traps constantly throughout Jeju Island.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.295-299
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• 2014

Seasonal occurrences of three Tortricinae species were monitored at persimmon orchard in Changwon city ($35^{\circ}$09'18.16"N $128^{\circ}$34'43.63"E), Gyeongnam, Korea, by using sex attractant traps in 2012 and 2013. The two years of monitoring revealed that Adoxophyes honmai and Homona magnanima occurred four times a year, and Neocalyptis angustilineata did three times. Peak occurrence of A. honmai was recorded in mid-May, from early to mid-July, from late July to early August, and from mid- to late September for the generation, respectively. H. magnanima population peaked during mid- to late May, mid-July, from late August to early September, and from late September to mid-October for the generation, respectively. N. angustilineata showed three clear peaks from late May to early June, in late July, and from early to mid-September for the first, second, and third generation, respectively.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2000

A portion of mitochondria1 COI gene (438 bp) was sequenced from the sampls of Plutella xylostella from four localities in Korea to investigate the population genetic structure and characteristics by measuring the magnitude of genetic diversity and the degree of gene flow among populations. Thirteen haplotypes ranging in nucleotide divergence 0.3% to 1.4%, were obtained from 21 individuals. The nucleotide divergence was similar to the other related studies, but haplotype diversity was substantially higher (mean h = 0.81). The genetic distance among geographically remote Cheju Island population and the two Kimhae populations, distant 1 lkm to each other, was not statistically significant (p<0.05). Instead, a substantial or high female gene flow was detected (Nm = 2-30). One Hawaiian haplotype of the diamondback moth obtained through GenBank search also was genetically similar to the ones obtained from this study. Collectively, the genetic population structure of the diamondback moth in Korea can be characterized into two aspects. First, the diamondback moths in Korea possesses overall moderate genetic divergence based on a high number of haplotypes. Second, a high haplotype diversity within each population due to the long distance dispersal with a substantial dispersal power and the resultant genetic similarity among geographic populations is characteristic.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.219-226
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• 2001

To identity the composition and ratio of the sex pheromone in the asiatic leafroller, Archippus breviplicanus (Walsingham), which is a major pest on apple leaves, and to develop a monitoring system using this sex pheromone, abdominal tips of their virgin female during the calling period were extracted and analysed. The GC/GC-MS analysis revealed the following three compounds; (E)11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14: Ac), (Z)11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14: Ac), and tetradecyl acetate(14: Ac) with the ratio of 56:22:22. Electroantennogram (EAG) assay was also conducted to examine biological activity of the components. The three components evoked significantly higher responses than hexane or air but there was no significant differences between the mixtures made by components. Field trapping experiments for determining the optimum blend, seasonal fluctuation and the optimum amount for male attracting were carried out over 4 years from 1997 to 2000. Although male moths were attracted to 8:2 and 7:3 between E11-14: Ac and Z11-14: Ac, their 7:3 blend was found to be the most effective. Archippus breviplicanus appears to occur three times a year in Korea. The optimum amount for monitoring was found to be 1mg per trap. 14: Ac, the third component, did not show synergistic effect on male moth attraction.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.169-173
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• 1991

These studies were conducted to investigate overwintering forms and adult population fluctuation in field condition, and life cycle in field-cage condition of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Plutella xylostella overwintered as all the stages of eggs, larvae, pupae and adults in southern region of Korea. The occurrence which adult moths were attracted by light trap at 5-day intervals, reached their peaks in May, mid-June to mid-July, and late September to early November, and fell in late July to mid-September. Under field-cage condition, they occurred 10-11 generations a year and the period of adult emergence from egg was 11-18 days in July and August, 19-23 days in June and September, 28-34 days in April, May and October, and about 50-100 days in other months. And the longevities of adults were 4-11 days in summer, 7-17 days in spring and fall. A number of eggs laid by individual female ranged from 50 to 240. The females laid more eggs in spring and fall than they did in summer. The period of developmental stages under field-cage conditions was 2-3 days for eggs, 7-8 days for larvae and 4-6 days for pupae in July and August; 4-5 days for eggs, 3-12 days for larvae and 6-8 days for pupae in June and September; 6-18 days for eggs, 13-20 days for larvae and 8-14 days for pupae in March, April, May and October; and 12-40 days for eggs, 50-100 days for larvae, and about 20 days for pupae in winter.