• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 1992

St.Jude Medical cardiac valve replacement was performed in 322 patients: 191 had mitral, 58 had aortic, 72 had double valve and 3 had tricuspid valve replacement. Motality rate in early period was 2.8%[9 patients]. The most common cause of early death was low cardic output syndrome. Follow up extended from 1 to 90 months[mean: 34 months] in 292 patients among 313 in all surviving patients [93.6%]. There were thrombolic complications in eighteen patients. The probability of free from thromboembolism at 5 yerars in MVR, AVR and DVR were 84.7%, 91.8% and 90.2% respectively. And also, actuarial event free rate at 5 years in MVR, AVR and DVR were 80.1%, 82.2%, and 81.4% respectively. There were fourteen late death during follow up period: six from thromboembolism, one from hemorrhage and the others from non valve related -or unknown complications. The acturial survival rate at 5 years were 93.1% in mitral, 92.1% in aortic and 97.1% in double valve replacement. In conclusion, the performance of the St. Jude Mecanical valve compares most favorably with other artificial valves. But it remains still hazards of mechanical prosthesis such as thromboembolism and anticoagulant related hemorrhage.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.143-153
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• 2010

Congenital diaphragmatic disease is one of the common major congenital anomalies, and its mortality remained still high despite recent medical advances. The aim of this study is to examine the clinical characteristics of congenital diaphragmatic diseases. A total of 39 patients with congenital diaphragmatic disease that underwent surgery from January, 1997 to December, 2009 at Pusan National University Hospital were included in this study. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed. The male to female ratio was 30:9. Six out of 39 cases died (NS) before surgery, 17 patients had Bochdalek's hernia (BH), 11 patients hiatus hernia (HH), 4 diaphragmatic eventration (DE), and 1 Morgagni hernia (MH). There were no differences in mean birth weight and mean gestational age. NS (83.3 %). BH (35.3 %) was diagnosed more frequently than other diseases in the prenatal period. Three patients (17.6 %) of BH expired due to pulmonary hypoplasia and 1 patient had co-existing congenital heart disease. BH was diagnosed more frequently in the prenatal stage and had a higher motality rate than other conditions. Therefore, BH needs to be concentrated more than other anomalies.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.120-130
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• 2000

Studies on the relation between socio-economic factors and metermal and child health have found that poverty, lack of edcation, inappropriate health serives are affecting to maternal and child health. The Gender Related Development Index (GDI) focuses on equality between men and women as well as on the average achiement of all people taken together, using same cariables as the Human Development Index (HDI) which are life expectancy, literacy rate, and per capita GDP. This research is to inverstigate whether HDI and GDI are useful determinants for maternal infant mortality. Using 146 UN member countries date, we condented multiple regression analysis for maternal and infant mortality with three models which are Model(individual variables-literacy rate, per capita GDP), Model(HDI) and Model(GDI). The results showed that HDI and GDI are powerful determinants of both maternal and infant mortality, respectively HDI($\beta$=-1.18, t=3.3; $\beta$=1.04, t=5.1) GDI($\beta$=-1.44, t=3.9; $\beta$=1.28, t=6.5) The higher power in model with GDI for both maternal and infant mortalities represented that GDI was more powerful determinant of maternal and infant mortality, than HDI respectively HDI($R^2$=0.824, $R^2$=0.842), GDI($R^2$=0.834, $R^2$=0.865). In conclusion, the maternal and infant mortalities are explained by GDI than HDI and may be lower in the societies where there are less discimination between men and women.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1445-1450
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• 2000

Objectives : The Objective of this study was to analyze the prognostic factors affecting survival in the patients with glioblastomas. Methods : We retrospectively studied 55 consecutive patients with glioblastomas who were admitted to neurosurgery department from January 1988 to March 1998. Fifteen pateients were excluded from the analysis because of follow-up loss and surgical motality. There were 24 male and 16 female patients, with a mean age of 51 years. Surgery consisted of biopsy in 4(10.0%) patients, subtotal resection in 9(22.5%) patients and gross total resection in 27(67.5%) patients. Nine(22.5%) patients received second operation. Twenty-eight(70%) received postoperative radiation therapy. Various levels of radiation dose were used, 6,000 rad over 7 weeks in most cases. The variable factors were examined for their relationship with survival ; age at the time of diagnosis, gender, duration of neurological symptoms, preoperative neurological state(Karnofsky performance score), extent of surgical resection, location of tumor, reoperation, and postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Result : The mean survival time was 55 weeks, three(7.5%) of the 40 patients survived more than two years. Survival time with biopsy only cases was 24 weeks, for those with subtotal resection 43 weeks, and for those with gross total resection 67 weeks. A mean survival time from the time of reoperation was 42 weeks. Statistically significant survival factors in glioblastoma were extent of surgical resection, postoperative radiotherapy and reoperation. Summary : Results of our series support the views that the extent of surgery, reoperation and postoperative radiation are important prognostic factors. We also recommend radical tumor removal, postoperative radiotherapy and reoperation, if possible.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.659-663
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• 2000

The motality rate of acute subdural hematoma(ASDH) associated with closed head injury is high in spite of recent advances in neurosurgery. Many variables in regard to outcome of ASDH have been assessed. But among them, intracranial pressure(ICP) control and the time interval between injury and operative evacuation are the only things that can be affected by doctor. We introduced a simple method to the management of ASDH for reducing the time interval between injury and operation. When the immediate decompressive operation of ASDH was impossible by any causes, we made a burr hole at the center of hematoma, usually on 2-3cm above temporal squama and 1-2cm behind coronal suture under local anesthesia before main operation. Partial hematoma evacuation was achieved through the burr hole and it was effective in preventing further worsening of patients neurological status before main operation. Prompt hematoma evacuation through the burr hole seemed to be effective in delaying secondary ischemic brain damage and made easy to closing the dura opening and replacement of the bone flap at the end of main decompressive operation. This easy method may reduce the time interval between injury and operation. We represent surgical technique with two cases of ASDH managed with this simple method.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.36-42
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• 2002

Aspirated and ingested foreign bodies continue to present challenges to otolaryngologists. The major discussions were the accurate diagnosis and speedy, safe removal of foreign body. Many diagnostic tools have been tried and removal of foreign bodies has been facilitated by technical improvements with rod lens telescope, video endoscope, flexible fiberoendoscope and safer anesthesia. In spite of these advances, more than 3000 children's death occur per year in the world because of foreign bodies and untold number of parients survive with variable sequelae. In these study, 59 consecutive cases of children and adults with tracheobronchial foreign bodies were reviewed from 1992 to 2001. We studied the history, symptoms, ausculatory radiologic, bronchoscopic finding and post operative complications. 71% (42 cases in 59 cases) of patients had foreign body aspiration history or choking crisis. In 64% (38cases) cough was observed. 81% (48cases) had abnormal finding in chest auscultation and 78% in chest X-ray. Computed tomography was done in 12 cases, all were founded foreign body shadow. Main site of foreign body was right main bronchus (41%, 24cases) and most frequent foreign body was peanut (36% , 21cases) . 4 experienced ICU(intensive care unit) care. 2 cases were failed to remove foreign. In these cases 1 cases was improved by steroid therapy and physical therapy and the other was treated with thoracotomy. We concluded the morbidity and motality were much correlated with speedy decision making and experienced skill of operator.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.125-135
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• 1987

Total 720 brown layers were fed 9 rations differing in metabolizable energy (2500, 2700 and 2900 kcal/kg) and crude protein (13, 15 and 17%) levels for a period of 12 weeks in order to study the effects of dietary energy and protein levels on the performance of brwon layer in summer. As metabolizable energy level increased from 2500 to 2900Kcal/kg of feed egg production, daily feed and protein intake were decreased, but daily energy intake, energy requirement and feed cost per kilogram of egg mass were increased. There were no significant difference in egg weight, feed conversion and motality among dietary energy levels. On the other hand, as dietary Protein level increased from 13 to 17% egg Production, egg weight, daily protein intake and protein requirement per kilogram of egg mass were increased, but feed and energy requirement and feed cost per kilogram or egg mass were decreased. However daily feed intake and mortality were not affected by dietary protein level.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.193-200
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• 2009

This study was performed to natural infection of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and mortalities of two fish species were compared at 10${^{\circ}C}$ and 17${^{\circ}C}$ after artificial infection with the parasite. Subsequently compared to motality by the artificial infection with the different parasite orgin of host at 17${^{\circ}C}$ using rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. The prevalence of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in cherry salmon was higher than that in rainbow trout during the periods of low temperature but no difference in high temperature season. The parasite was not detectable in culturing water and detritus except May that of density has been high. Susceptibility to the parasite was higher in cherry salmon than in rainbow trout at 10${^{\circ}C}$ of water temperature but no difference between two fish species at 17${^{\circ}C}$. When rainbow trout were infected with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis from rainbow trout and cherry salmon at 17${^{\circ}C}$, there was no difference in death of host. These results suggest that cherry salmon have higher susceptibility to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis than rainbow trout at low temperature.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.296-301
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine to observe single and four weeks repeated toxicity in mice of Bangpung-galgeun-tang (BGT). We investigated to ascertain safety and toxicity of BGT, we divided into single and four weeks repeated administration test. In single test, three groups were administrated different dosages and routes (2 g/kg/i.p., 4 g/kg/i.p. and 15 g/kg/p.o.) of BGT, and in four weeks repeated test, 0.8 g/kg BGT was administrated. Control groups were administrated with only saline according to on Korean Food and Drug Administration, respectively. We observed attentively motality, abnormal clinical sign, body weight change, organ weight, AST and ALT of mice after BGT administration. During toxicity experiment period, there was no difference in body weight change, organ weight, AST and ALT among different dose groups. Death were found 3 mice from day 2 to day 3 in single test i.p. group. (2 g/kg, 4 g/kg). Several individuals of single test i.p. group were observed that decreased locomotor activity, exophthalmos, bloodshot eyes, loss of eyesight and so on in early period after administration. But there was no difference in clinical signs among p.o. group. These results indicate that BGT have inhibition effects on allergy and suggest that no observable effect level of the test orally administration was considered to be more than 2 g/kg in mice under the conditions employed in this study.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.sup1
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• pp.115-119
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• 2001

Objective : The cause and clinical outcome of cerebral hemorrhage in patients on maintenance hemodialysis have been poorly studied in korea. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the clincal features and the outcome of cerebral hemorrhage in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Method : We analyzed clincal features and the outcome of cerebral hemorrhage in 14 patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Hematomas were reviewed and evaluated for location, size, and intraventricular extension by the one of the authors without any prior informations. The axial slice of CT film that the hematoma was appeared in maximal dimension was chosen for evaluations. Result : Hypertension was found in 71.4%(10 cases) and motality rate was 78.5%(11 cases). Basal ganglia hemorrhage was found in 50%(7 cases), subcortex in 28.5%(4 cases), pons in 14.2%(2 cases). Size of hematoma in patients on maintenance hemodialysis was significantly larger than that of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage patients(p=0.0061). The 4 cases of basal ganglia hemorrhage without intraventricular hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage were good mental state at the onset of stroke because of small mass effect relative to the size of hematoma. The duration of hemodialysis treatment prior to strokes ranged from 1 to 107 months. Strokes developed within 6 hours of the previous hemodialysis are 5 cases. Average serum albumin concentration was 3.4g/dl. The use of heparin is less responsible for the development of cerebral hemorrhage in patients on maintenance hemodialysis Conclusion : Cerebral hemorrhage in patients on maintenance hemodialysis is more severe in terms of hematoma size and clinical outcome. Therefore, the prevention and treatment of cerebral hemorrhage in patients on maintenance hemodialysis should be more aggressive.