• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.92-100
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• 2011

Purpose: Mortality Provability Model (MPM) II is a model for predicting mortality probability of patients admitted to ICU. This study was done to test the validity of MPM II for critically ill neurological patients and to determine applicability of MPM II in predicting mortality of neurological ICU patients. Methods: Data were collected from medical records of 187 neurological patients over 18 yr of age who were admitted to the ICU of C University Hospital during the period from January 2008 to May 2009. Collected data were analyzed through $X^2$ test, t-test, Mann-Whiteny test, goodness of fit test, and ROC curve. Results: As to mortality according to patients' general and clinically related characteristics, mortality was statistically significantly different for ICU stay, hospital stay, APACHE III score, APACHE predicted death rate, GCS, endotracheal intubation, and central venous catheter. Results of Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test were MPM $II_0$ ($X^2$=0.02, p=.989), MPM $II_24$ ($X^2$=0.99 p=.805), MPM $II_48$ ($X^2$=0.91, p=.822), and MPM $II_72$ ($X^2$=1.57, p=.457), and results of the discrimination test using the ROC curve were MPM $II_0$, .726 (p<.001), MPM $II_24$, .764 (p<.001), MPM $II_48$, .762 (p<.001), and MPM $II_72$, .809 (p<.001). Conclusion: MPM II was found to be a valid mortality prediction model for neurological ICU patients.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.489-493
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• 2000

Mortality test has been utilized as a basic method for systemic anaphylactic reaction. Compound 48/80 has been used as a direct and convenient reagent to study the mechanism of anaphylacic reaction. The aqueous extracts of 102 medicinal plants were screened for mortality test using compound 48/80. Sixteen out of the 102 medicinal plants exhibited more than 50% of inhibition on mortality test by their total aqueous extracts with 0.1 mg/g as a final concentration.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.85 no.4
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• pp.349-357
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• 2022

Background: The most consistently identified mortality determinants for the new coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) infection are aging, male sex, cardiovascular/respiratory diseases, and cancer. They were determined from heterogeneous cohorts that included patients with different disease severity and previous conditions. The main goal of this study was to determine if activities of daily living (ADL) dependence measured by Barthel's index could be a predictor for COVID-19 mortality. Methods: A prospective cohort study was performed with a consecutive sample of 340 COVID-19 patients representing patients from all over the northern region of Portugal from October 2020 to March 2021. Mortality risk factors were determined after controlling for demographics, ADL dependence, admission time, comorbidities, clinical manifestations, and delay-time for diagnosis. Central tendency measures were used to analyze continuous variables and absolute numbers (proportions) for categorical variables. For univariable analysis, we used t test, chi-square test, or Fisher exact test as appropriate (α=0.05). Multivariable analysis was performed using logistic regression. IBM SPSS version 27 statistical software was used for data analysis. Results: The cohort included 340 patients (55.3% females) with a mean age of 80.6±11.0 years. The mortality rate was 19.7%. Univariate analysis revealed that aging, ADL dependence, pneumonia, and dementia were associated with mortality and that dyslipidemia and obesity were associated with survival. In multivariable analysis, dyslipidemia (odds ratio [OR], 0.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.17-0.71) was independently associated with survival. Age ≥86 years (pooled OR, 2.239; 95% CI, 1.100-4.559), pneumonia (pooled OR, 3.00; 95% CI, 1.362-6.606), and ADL dependence (pooled OR, 6.296; 95% CI, 1.795-22.088) were significantly related to mortality (receiver operating characteristic area under the curve, 82.1%; p<0.001). Conclusion: ADL dependence, aging, and pneumonia are three main predictors for COVID-19 mortality in an elderly population.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.83 no.4
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• pp.268-275
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• 2020

Background: It is not evident that the attributable risk of smoking on mortality in Korea has decreased. We investigated the impact of smoking on all-cause mortality and estimated the attributable risk of smoking in Korean adults. Methods: Those aged ≥20 years with smoking history in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) 2007-2015 were enrolled. We categorized the participants into three groups as follows: never smoker, <20 pack-years (PY) smokers, and ≥20 PY smokers. We applied inverse probability weighting using propensity scores to control various confounders between the groups. All-cause mortality risks were compared between the groups using the Kaplan-Meier log-rank test. The effects of smoking-attributable risks (ARs) on mortality were also calculated. Results: A total of 50,458 participants were included. Among them, 19,334 (38.3%) were smokers and 31,124 (61.7%) were never smokers. Those with a smoking history of 20 PY or more (≥20 PY smokers), those with a smoking history of less than 20 PY (<20 PY smokers), and never smokers were 18.1%, 20.2%, and 61.7%, respectively, of the study population. Smokers had a higher risk of all-cause mortality compared to never smokers (log-rank test p<0.01). The ARs of smoking were 21.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.7%-37.9%) and 9.0% (95% CI, 6.1%-12.0%) in males and females, respectively. ARs decreased from 24.2% to 19.5% in males and from 9.5% to 4.1% in females between 2007-2010 and 2011-2015. Conclusion: Our study using KNHANES IV-VI data demonstrated that smoking increased the risk of all-cause mortality in a dose-response manner and the ARs of smoking on mortality were 21.8% in males and 9.0% in females during 2007-2015. This suggests that the ARs of smoking on mortality have decreased since around 2010.

• Journal of Clinical Nutrition
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.51-55
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was conducted to assess how extreme obesity affects 30-day mortality in this patient group. Methods: A total of 802 patients who underwent emergency gastrointestinal surgery from January 2007 to December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into three groups according to their body mass index (BMI): group 1, normal weight (BMI: $18.5{\sim}22.9kg/m^2$); group 2, overweight (BMI: $23.0{\sim}29.9kg/m^2$ ); and group 3, obesity ($BMI{\geq}30kg/m^2$). Patients with a BMI under 18.5 were excluded from the analysis. Chi-squared test, Fisher's exact test, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and the log-rank test were used to assess and compare 30-day mortality rates between groups. Results: The mortality rates of group 1, group 2, and group 3 were 11.3%, 9.0%, and 26.9%, respectively (P<0.017). The mortality rate did not differ significantly between group 1 and 2 (11.3% vs. 9.0%; P=0.341), but group 1 and 2 showed better survival rates than group 3 (11.3% vs. 26.9%; P=0.028, 9.0% vs. 26.9%; P=0.011). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that group 3 had higher mortality than the other two groups (P=0.001). Conclusion: Obesity ($BMI{\geq}30kg/m^2$) was one of the risk factors influencing critically ill patients who underwent emergency surgery.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.380-388
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• 2014

Background: The volume of surgery has been examined as a major source of variation in outcome after surgery. This study investigated the direct effect of surgery volume to in hospitals mortality and the moderating effect of structural complexity-the level of diversity and sophistication of technology a hospital applied in patient care-to the volume outcome relationship. Methods: Discharge summary data of 11,827 cancer patients who underwent surgery and were discharged during a month period in 2010 and 2011 were analyzed. The analytic model included the independent variables such as surgery volume of a hospital, structural complexity measured by the number of diagnosis a hospital examined, and their interaction term. This study used a hierarchical logistic regression model to test for an association between hospital complexity and mortality rates and to test for the moderating effect in the volume outcome relationship. Results: As structural complexity increased the probability of in-hospital mortality after cancer surgery reduced. The interaction term between surgery volume and structural complexity was also statistically significant. The interaction effect was the strongest among the patients group who had surgery in low volume hospitals. Conclusion: The structural complexity and volume of surgery should be considered simultaneously in studying volume outcome relationship and in developing policies that aim to reduce mortality after cancer surgery.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.81-87
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• 2010

This study was based on a survey of 100 sows which were raising in Jeonnam province for 11 months, from February to December 2008 in order to evaluate the medicinal herbs supplementation in sows on the effects of mortality in suckling pigs, and milk quality of sows. The medicinal herbs were supplemented in the feed of sows from 1 weeks before the expected date of delivery to 10 days after the delivery. As comparing stillbirth rate, test group was reduced 9.05%, and control group, 17.37%. It was certain that the medicinal herbs was very effective for reducing stillbirth rate. In comparison of mortality rate of suckling pig, test group was decreased by 1.52% as compared with control group. In analysis of milk components of sows, milk fat was 6.04% in test group and 5.22% in control group. Milk protein contents of test group and control group were 18.06% and 18.36%, respectively, showing no significant differences between two groups. Milk sugar contents showed also no difference between two groups. By milk somatic cell counts, test group ($582{\times}10^3$cells/ml) was found decreased number of milk somatic cell as compared with control group ($688{\times}10^3$cells/ml). These results imply that the medicinal herbs supplementation in sow might be effective for preventing stillbirth and mortality in piglets and mastitis in sow.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.10-18
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• 2013

Objectives: We investigated the association between particulate matter less than $10{\mu}m$ in aerodynamic diameter ($PM_{10}$) exposure and non-accidental mortality in Asian populations by meta-analysis, using both time-series and case-crossover analysis. Methods: Among the 819 published studies searched from PubMed and EMBASE using key words related to $PM_{10}$ exposure and non-accidental mortality in Asian countries, 8 time-series and 4 case-crossover studies were selected for meta-analysis after exclusion by selection criteria. We obtained the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of non-accidental mortality per $10{\mu}g/m^3$ increase of daily $PM_{10}$ from each study. We used Q statistics to test the heterogeneity of the results among the different studies and evaluated for publication bias using Begg funnel plot and Egger test. Results: Testing for heterogeneity showed significance (p<0.001); thus, we applied a random-effects model. RR (95% CI) per $10{\mu}g/m^3$ increase of daily $PM_{10}$ for both the time-series and case-crossover studies combined, time-series studies relative risk only, and case-crossover studies only, were 1.0047 (1.0033 to 1.0062), 1.0057 (1.0029 to 1.0086), and 1.0027 (1.0010 to 1.0043), respectively. The non-significant Egger test suggested that this analysis was not likely to have a publication bias. Conclusions: We found a significant positive association between $PM_{10}$ exposure and non-accidental mortality among Asian populations. Continued investigations are encouraged to contribute to the health impact assessment and public health management of air pollution in Asian countries.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.392-395
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• 2006

The toxic effects of 9 commercially available herbicides on the earthworm, Eisenia fetida (Savigny) were evaluated with recommended dose, 2-fold and 4-fold dose using soil surface spray, immersion and contact filter tests in order to find out whether herbicides actually influence the life of earthworm in the soil or not. In the surface sprayed soil test, the earthworm mortality to nine herbicides were not significantly different from the comparison with the control regardless of level of dose. In the immersion test, the mortality of 4-fold dose was 34% in the napropamide and 64% in the alachlor. In contact filter test, the mortality appeared 80% in alachlor, 37% in napropamide, and 10% in triclopyr at 2-fold dose level and those of 4-fold dose were as follows: napropamide 96%, alachlor 80%, glyphosate 47%, triclopyr 37%, paraquatdichloride 37%; glufosinate ammonium 33%, pyributicarb 10%. As a result of these tests by three methods, the mortality of earthworm in terms of the recommended dose level was no observation about eight herbicides while the napropamide appeared 33% in contact filter test.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.50-54
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• 2009

Purpose: The authors evaluated the clinical results and prognosis after amputating the lower extremity due to diabetic foot. Materials and Methods: From 1991 to 2003, the patients who had suffered amputation of his lower extremity due to diabetic foot ulcer were evaluated retrospectively. 79 patients were male and 6 patients were female. The author evaluated the patient who had the ipsilateral additional surgery, contralateral amputation, level of blood sugar, combined disease and mortality rate within 5 years from medical record. Statistical analysis was done by Chi-square test and Kaplan-Meier survival test. Results: Mean age of patients who had first experienced amputation was 63.4 years old. The mean duration of diabetes until amputation was $14.5{\pm}7.5$ years. Major amputations were 50 cases and minor amputations 35 cases. 20 patients (23.5%) were suffered ipsilateral secondary surgery including revised stump. Overall 5-year mortality rate was 18.8% (16 cases). Death rate within 1 year was 8.2% (7 cases), mortality rate within 3 years was 14.1% (12 cases). 5-year mortality rate after major amputation was 20% (10 cases) and after minor amputation was 17.1% (6 cases). It was statistically significant (p<0.05). Patient who underwent more than 2 combined vascular related disease had higher mortality rate than diabetic amputee without combined disease (p<0.05). Conclusion: Mortality rate after major amputation was significant higher than amputation after minor amputation in diabetic patients from our data.