• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.100-113
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• 2021

Purpose: Previous studies have solely focused on fresh extraction sockets, whereas in clinical settings, alveolar sockets are commonly associated with chronic inflammation. Because the extent of tissue destruction varies depending on the origin and the severity of inflammation, infected alveolar sockets may display various configurations of their remaining soft and hard tissues following tooth extraction. The aim of this study was to classify infected alveolar sockets and to provide the appropriate treatment approaches. Methods: A proposed classification of extraction sockets with chronic inflammation was developed based upon the morphology of the bone defect and soft tissue at the time of tooth extraction. The prevalence of each type of the suggested classification was determined retrospectively in a cohort of patients who underwent, between 2011 and 2015, immediate bone grafting procedures (ridge preservation/augmentation) after tooth extractions at Seoul National University Dental Hospital. Results: The extraction sockets were classified into 5 types: type I, type II, type III, type IV (A & B), and type V. In this system, the severity of bone and soft tissue breakdown increases from type I to type V, while the reconstruction potential and treatment predictability decrease according to the same sequence of socket types. The retrospective screening of the included extraction sites revealed that most of the sockets assigned to ridge preservation displayed features of type IV (86.87%). Conclusions: The present article classified different types of commonly observed infected sockets based on diverse levels of ridge destruction. Type IV sockets, featuring an advanced breakdown of alveolar bone, appear to be more frequent than the other socket types.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.1-10
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• 2011

Beating or refining is an energy intensive process in paper industry. In India, most of the paper industries blend long fibered softwood pulps with short fibered hardwood or agro based pulps to get the paper properties of competitive level. Refining characteristics of the blend of pulps is very crucial with respect to freeness and strength properties. This study has been carried out to understand the refining behavior of three hardwood pulps and a softwood pulp. The hardwood and softwood pulps are blended in different proportions in two different ways; a) blending after their separate refining, and b) blending before refining followed by mixed refining of the blended pulps. Freeness of pulp, strength, optical and surface properties of paper along with formation have been determined and compared for both the refining methods. The fiber classification of refined pulps was also carried out to analyze the effect of refining method on fiber morphology. The mixed refining of hardwood and softwood pulps marginally affects the fiber morphology in comparison to separate refining of pulps. The strength and other properties of paper prepared from mixed refining of pulps are either better or comparable than those of separately refined pulps.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.437-444
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• 2016

Most methods for detecting arrhythmia require pp interval, diversity of P wave morphology, but it is difficult to detect the p wave signal because of various noise types. Therefore it is necessary to use noise-free R wave. In this paper, we propose algorithm for premature contraction arrhythmia classification through ECG pattern analysis and template threshold. For this purpose, we detected R wave through the preprocessing method using morphological filter, subtractive operation method. Also, we developed algorithm to classify premature contraction wave pattern using weighted average, premature ventricular contraction(PVC) and atrial premature contraction(APC) through template threshold for R wave amplitude. The performance of R wave detection, PVC classification is evaluated by using 6 record of MIT-BIH arrhythmia database that included over 30 PVC and APC. The achieved scores indicate the average of 99.77% in R wave detection and the rate of 94.91%, 95.76% in PVC and APC classification.

• ALGAE
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.307-330
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• 2013

The genus Cryptomonas is easily recognized by having two flagella, green brownish color, and a swaying behavior. They have relatively simple morphology, and limited diagnostic characters, which present a major difficulty in differentiating between species of the genus. To understand species delineation and phylogenetic relationships among Cryptomonas species, the nuclear-encoded internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), partial large subunit (LSU) and small subunit ribosomal DNA (rDNA), and chloroplast-encoded psbA and LSU rDNA sequences were determined and used for phylogenetic analyses, using Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods. In addition, nuclear-encoded ITS2 sequences were predicted to secondary structures, and were used to determine nine species and four unidentified species from 47 strains. Sequences of helix I, II, and IIIb in ITS2 secondary structure were very useful for the identification of Cryptomonas species. However, the helix IV was the most variable region across species in alignment. The phylogenetic tree showed that fourteen species were monophyletic. However, some strains of C. obovata had chloroplasts with pyrenoid while others were without pyrenoid, which used as a key character in few species. Therefore, classification systems depending solely on morphological characters are inadequate, and require the use of molecular data.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.47-56
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• 1977

I have investigated and compared the morphology of vascular bundle shown in the section of culm wall of bamboo trees growing on Mt. Jiri which were classified by Grosser and Liese with their methods of morphological classification. The results obtained were as follows: 1. It was shown that there are no b.g.i. types of bamboo classified by Grosser and Liese among the bamboo trees on Mt. Jiri (Phyllostachys and Sasa). 2. As for the thickness of the culm wall in the culm, it was shown that the culm wall of the Phyllostachys becomes thinner in proportion to its nearness to the upper part of the tree, but no distinctive difference appeared in the Sasa. 3. The c, d, and e types of Sasa were the same as those of the Phyllostachys, but there was a vascular bundle type of the a' type, which was quite different from that of the Phyllostachys. 4. It was shown that the a', d, and e types of Sasa were distributed in a zone less than 500m above sea level, but no a' type was distributed in the high mountain area except for the c, d and e types which ranged from 600m to 1000m above sea level. Such facts mean that the vascular bundle sheath has changed in quantity because of the height of mountain. 5. In general, as compared with the Phyllostachys, the Sasa (types a, c, d and e which included a new type a) have fewer vascular bundles. 6. Considering the above results, it is thought that not by the current Sasa classification method based on observation of the the study of Sasa form the outside, but by a new method of classification based on the aspect of the physiological construction as seen from the inside wall is advanced. I believe this new method of classification to be a first step towards an epoch-making methodological advance and encourage the further study of it.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.708-715
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• 2023

Hybridization is a major production method used to combine beneficial traits from two different species to obtain a potentially dominant trait. In China, Takifugu obscurus and T. rubripes were artificially crossed, and the resulting hybrids had an average body weight 38.06-8.93% higher than that of the parental species, which enabled the hybrids to be grown in freshwater. This study aimed to provide the basic data necessary for the classification of T. obscurus♀×T. rubripes♂ hybrids in terms of economic value and market potential. Morphological comparing the morphology of hybrids and parental species, we discovered that the hybrids had intermediate traits of the parental species. In morphometrics, the hybrid index (HI) value of head length against standard length was close to the trait of T. rubripes, and the HI values of preanal length and predorsal length were close to those of T. obscurus; however, the HI values of nasal length, snout length, length of anal fin, length of pectoral fin, caudal peduncle depth and caudal peduncle length were found to be unique characteristics of the hybrids. Regarding molecular analysis, a 99.8% nucleotide sequence similarity was found between the hybrid and T. obscurus.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.34.1-34.1
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• 2018

We investigate the properties of bright galaxies with various morphological types in Abell 1139 and Abell 2589, using the pixel color-magnitude diagram (pCMD) analysis. The 32 bright member galaxies ($Mr{\leq}-21.3mag$) are deeply imaged in the g and r bands in our CFHT/MegaCam observations, as a part of the KASI-Yonsei Deep Imaging Survey of Clusters (KYDISC). We examine how the features of their pCMDs depend on galaxy morphology and infrared color. We find that the g - r color dispersion as a function of surface brightness (${\mu}r$) shows better performance in distinguishing galaxy morphology, than the mean g - r color does. The best set of parameters for galaxy classification appears to be a combination of the minimum color dispersion at ${\mu}r{\leq}21.2mag\;arcsec-2$ and the maximum color dispersion at $20.0{\leq}{\mu}r{\leq}21.0mag\;arcsec-2$: the latter reflects the complexity of stellar populations at the disk component in a typical spiral galaxy. Moreover, the color dispersion of an elliptical galaxy appears to be correlated with its WISE infrared color ([4.6]-[12]). This indicates that the complexity of stellar populations in an elliptical galaxy is related to its recent star formation activities. From this observational evidence, we infer that gas-rich minor mergers or gas interactions may have usually occurred during the recent growth of massive elliptical galaxies.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2004

The purpose of this study consists in introducing and examining the previous river classification systems applicable to the river improvement technique including geomorphological considerations, and developing a new system using the geomorphological criteria which represent the morphology of rivers. A newly developed system uses the channel reach as a classifying unit which is delineated by upstream and downstream tributaries. It adopts three basic geomorphological criteria for classification: 1) valley-floor width index(VI) reflecting the confinement of the channel in the valley, 2) sinuosity(P) which expresses the channel planform, and 3) bed material($d_{50}$). The system is composed of 24 stream types. Concerning every stream type, valley forms, principal bed forms and fluvial processes with disturbance elements are briefly presented. Finally, the applicability of this system to the Chungmi Stream and the Imjin River data in comparison with that of Rosgen system is examined.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.2-10
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• 2013

A common failure in endodontic treatment of the permanent maxillary first molars is likely to be caused by an inability to locate, clean, and obturate the second mesiobuccal (MB) canals. Because of the importance of knowledge on these additional canals, there have been numerous studies which investigated the maxillary first molar MB root canal morphology using in vivo and laboratory methods. In this article, the protocols, advantages and disadvantages of various methodologies for in-depth study of maxillary first molar MB root canal morphology were discussed. Furthermore, newly identified configuration types for the establishment of new classification system were suggested based on two image reformatting techniques of micro-computed tomography, which can be useful as a further 'Gold Standard' method for in-depth morphological study of complex root canal systems.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.75-84
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• 1995

Two species of the family Gorgoderidae (Trematode: Digenea) . Gorgonerc japonica Yamaguti, 1936 and Gorgoderinc bombince Yu & Lee, 1983 were collected from the urinary bladder of frogs captured from various localities in Korea. The morphology of each species is described and illustrated. Gorgodera japonica differs from G. cygnoides by having deeply branched vitellaria. Gorgodera bombince is considered a valid species.