• 한국조경학회지
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• 제35권2호통권121호
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• pp.71-80
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• 2007

Korea began preserving and managing natural monuments in 1933 under Japanese Colonization, but North Korea and South Korea were forced to establish separate natural monument management policies because of the division after the Korean Independence. The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the natural monument management policies of both south and North Korea between 1933 and 2005 to introduce new policies for Korea unification. The following are the results: First, South Korea manages every type of cultural asset, including natural monuments, through the 'Cultural Heritage Protection Act,' whereas North Korea managing its cultural assets through the 'Cultural Relics Protection Act' and the 'Landmark/Natural Monument Protection Act.' Second, South Korea preserves and utilizes natural monuments for the purpose of promoting the cultural experience of Korean people and contributing to the development of world culture, whereas North Korea uses its natural monuments to promote the superiority of socialism and protect its ruling power. Third, North and South Korea have similar classification systems for animals, plants, and geology, but North Korea classifies geography as one of its natural monuments. Unlike South Korea, North Korea also designates imported animals and plants not only for the preservation and research of genetic resources, but also for their value as economic resources. Fourth, North Korea authorizes the Cabinet to designate and cancel natural monuments, whereas South Korea designates and cancels natural monuments by the Cultural Heritage Administration through the deliberation of a Cultural Heritage Committee. Both Koreas' central administrations establish policies and their local governments carry them out, while their management systems are quite different. In conclusion, it is important to establish specified laws for the conservation of natural heritages and clarified standards of designation in order to improve the preservation and management system and to sustain the diversity of natural preservation. Moreover it is also necessary to discover resources in various fields, designate protection zones, and preserve imported trees. By doing so, we shall improve South Korea's natural monument management policies and ultimately enhance national homogeneity in preparation for the reunification of the Koreas in the future.

• 박물관보존과학
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• 제19권
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• pp.19-40
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• 2018

국내의 석조문화재는 대부분 화강암류가 부재로 사용되었으며, 이러한 화강암류 부재는 전국적으로 광범위하게 분포하고 있다. 석조문화재의 원산지 추정을 위하여 강원지역의 거돈사 원공국사 승묘탑과 천수사 오층석탑을 중심으로 산상, 물성, 광물상 및 화학조성 자료를 종합적으로 적용하였으며, 석조문화재의 소재지와 인접한 지역인 원주 화강암 특성과 비교하였다. 거돈사 원공국사 승묘탑은 단일 부재의 복운모 화강암으로 구분되었으며, 천수사 오층석탑은 복운모 화강암과 흑운모 화강암 두 부재로 구분된다. 해당 석조문화재의 산상 및 자화강도는 원주 화강암 특성과 전반적으로 일치하며, 향후 석조문화재의 복원 과정에서 유사한 부재 선택은 소재지와 인접한 화강암체의 현지 조사를 병행하여 수행할 필요가 있다고 사료된다.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.67-88
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• 2018

The important PH (paleontological heritages) with scientific, educational and esthetic values designated as natural monuments and protected by legislations of South and North Koreas are herein compared for the first time. On the basis of data (Jan. 2017) provided by the Cultural Heritage Administration of (South) Korea, a total of 457 natural monuments was designated. Of these, geological heritages are 80 in number, which includes 24 (30%) PH. Data (Dec. 2005) of North Korea show that a total of 474 natural monuments was designated. Among these, geological and geographical ones are 154 in number, which includes 22 (14%) PH. Differences between PH of South and North Koreas are regarded to be directly related with geological difference in distribution of the fossil-bearing strata between South and North Koreas. PH of Silurian corals, Devonian plants, Jurassic fishes, Cretaceous dinosaur tracks, birds (so called Korean Archaeopteryx) and pterosaurs, and Pleistocene paleoanthropological fossils appear to be scientifically significant. Together with these North Korean PH, scientific, esthetic, conservational, educational, and economical values of important PH including KCDC (Korean Cretaceous Dinosaur Coast), Jigunsan Shale, and Geumgwangdong Shale of South Korea should be evaluated as potential future candidates for international heritages.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.757-768
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• 2016

In the past decades, effect of near field earthquake on the historical monuments has attracted the attention of researchers. So, many analyses in this regard have been presented. Tunnels as vital arteries play an important role in management after the earthquake crisis. However, digging tunnels and seismic effects of earthquake on the historical monuments have always been a challenge between engineers and historical supporters. So, in a case study, effect of near field earthquake on the historical monument was investigated. For this research, Finite Element Analysis (FEM) in soil environment and soil-structure interaction was used. In Plaxis 2D software, different accelerograms of near field earthquake were applied to the geometric definition. Analysis validations were performed based on the previous numerical studies. Creating a nonlinear relationship with space parameter, time, angular and numerical model outputs was of practical and critical importance. Hence, artificial Neural Network (ANN) was used and two linear layers and Tansig function were considered. Accuracy of the results was approved by the appropriate statistical test. Results of the study showed that buildings near and far from the tunnel had a special seismic behavior. Scattering of seismic waves on the underground tunnels on the adjacent buildings was influenced by their distance from the tunnel. Finally, a static test expressed optimal convergence of neural network and Plaxis.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.31-62
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• 1993

Stone -monuments, distributed in this area, have been investigated and studied in geological and conservational points of view. They are seemed to have been mainly built from the Shilla to Koryeo Kingdom, although more systematic studies are needed. The used rocks in these monuments are mainly biotite granite and hornblende-biotite granite of Jurassic age. The rock phases are nearly identical to those which are distributed in the area. The two rock phases are nearly same in the characteristics of minevalogy and texture except the amount of hornblende. However, hornblende-biotite granite characteristically contains aggregates of mafic minerals which are frequently observable in the monuments. They are mainly influenced by chemical weathering due to warm, abundant rainfall, and salty moisture because of being adjacent to the sea. Some cracks are secondarily developed which may be due to strong chemical weathering and influence of sculpturing. For conservation, it must be scientifically considered based on characteristics and kind of rock phase, factors on weathering process, situation and protection.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2020

Turkey is a transcontinental country located partly in Asia and partly in Europe, and hosted by diverse civilizations including Hittite, Urartu, Lydia, Phrygia, Pontius, Byzantine, Seljuk's and Ottomans. At various times, these built many historic monuments representing the most significant characteristics of their civilizations. Today, these monuments contribute enormously to the esthetic beauty of environment and important to many cities of Turkey in attracting tourism. The survival of these monuments depends on the investigation of structural behavior and implementation of needed repairing and/or strengthening applications. Hence, many countries have made deeper investigations and regulations to assess their monuments' structural behavior. This paper presents the dynamic behavior investigation of a monumental masonry mosque, the "İskenderpaşa Mosque" in Trabzon (Turkey), by performing an experimental examination with non-destructive testing. The dynamic behavior investigation was carried out by determining the dynamic characteristic called as natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios. The experimental dynamic characteristics were extracted by Operational Modal Analysis (OMA). In addition, Finite Element (FE) model of masonry mosque was constructed in ANSYS software and the numerical dynamic characteristics such as natural frequencies and mode shapes were also obtained and compared to experimental ones. The paper aims at presenting the non-destructive testing procedure of a masonry mosque as well as the comparison of experimental and numerical dynamic characteristics obtained from the mosque.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.11-42
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• 1995

Stone-monuments, distributed in this area, have been investigated and studied on the characteristics and the rock phases in the geological and conservational points of view. Most of them may have been built from the end of the Shilla Kingdom to the Koryeo Kingdom, which are based on the typical characteristics of the form. The used rocks in these monuments are mainly biotite granite of the Jurassic age which is widely distributed around the area. Black slate and marbles are also used in some monuments, which may be obtained from other areas. The biotite granite of massive and coarse texture contains often inclusions of biotite aggregates or fragments of dioritic rock phase. However, the biotite granite in the area may be very weak to the chemical weathering so that irregular rock surface shows generally $2\~3mm$ relief. The irregular relief is mainly due to different relative degree on the chemical weathering according to the kind of minerals especially quartz, feldspar and biotite. The chemical weathering is also influenced by organisms. For conservation, they must be scientifically considered based on the characteristics, kind of the rock phase, factors on the weathering process, situation in situ or being transported, and protection.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제13권10호
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• pp.4514-4522
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 지적재조사사업의 성공적인 추진을 위해 현행 법령 및 지적재조사 기본계획 등에서 구체적으로 정립되지 못한 지상경계점표지 설치 및 등록부의 등록 관리에 있어 개선이 필요한 사안들을 검토한 후 이에 대한 개선방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 연구된 개선점으로서 경계점표지 설치에 있어 규격 및 재질은 현행 법률에서 규정하고 있는 사항과 함께 표지의 색을 달리 하여 설치할 것을 제안하였다. 또한 임시경계점표지는 페인트로 표시를 하고 이 경계가 확정되면 확정경계점표지를 설치하는 것이 효율적임을 제안하였다. 경계점표지등록부와 관련해서는 등록부의 형식 및 내용에 있어 기존의 유사한 등록부와 가급적 통합하여 관리하는 것이 합리적임을 제안하였다. 지적재조사 사업이 본격적으로 추진되기 이전 단계에서, 본 연구가 제시한 내용이 반영될 수 있다면 보다 효율적인 사업추진을 도모할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.261-278
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• 2008

The results of the application of shape memory alloy (SMA) prestressing devices on an aqueduct are presented in this paper. The aqueduct was built in 1747 to provide water to the city of Larnaca and to its port. Because of its importance to the cultural heritage of Cyprus, the aqueduct has been selected as one of the case-study monuments in the project Wide-Range Non-Intrusive devices toward Conservation of Historical Monuments in the Mediterranean Area (WIND-CHIME). The Department of Antiquities of Cyprus, acting in a pioneering way, have given their permission to apply the devices in order to investigate their effectiveness in providing protection to the monument against probable catastrophic effects of earthquake excitation. The dynamic characteristics of the structure were determined in two separate occasions and computational models were developed that matched very closely the dynamic characteristics of the structure. In this paper the experimental setup and the measured changes in the dynamic characteristics of the monument after the application of the SMA devices are described.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지구물리탐사학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the international symposium on the fusion technology
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• pp.540-543
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• 2003

There are many stone monuments which are weathered by natural or artificial factors in Korea. The partly weathering in stone could accelerate the rate of weathering, so it is demanded to keep them from the further weathering. Consolidation is evaluated as one of the efficient treatments which have a good effectiveness in stone monuments. But following the former researches, the effectiveness of consolidation could be different, related to the kinds of stone or consolidants. Therefore, in this study, the change of properties was monitored in the long term for the exact evaluation of the stability of the consolidated stone. It is estimated that the pore structure of consolidated stone was filled by consolidant, according to the measurements of ultrasonic velocity, and the digital image analysis of the sample was shown that the color property of stone surface has varied during the curing.