• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.219-229
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• 1991

The longitudinal changes on human milk volume per day and lactational performance of 23 Korean lacto-ovo-vegetarians(primiparae=11, multiparae=12) from 0.5 to 5 months after parturition have been studied by test weighing method. The human milk volume per day tended to increase during lactation. The mean volume (SD, ml/day) at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 months were 502(102), 692(127), 697(100), 684( 125), 757(52), 703(70), respectively. The overall mean volume was 661$\pm$132ml/day. The peak milk volume during the lactation was observed at most lactating women at the 1st month. The distributions of the individual mean volume during the first 5 months of lactation were found over 750m1(8.7% ), 650-750ml(47.9% ), 550-650m1(2l.7% ), and 450-550ml(2l.7% ) The number of feeding per day was 8.1 ($\pm$1.0) at 0.5 months postpartum, which was consistently decreased. However, the mean volume per feeding was increased from 62($\pm$9.5)ml at 0.5 month to 112($\pm$13.3)ml at 5 months postpartum. The milk volume was correlated with the peak volume. and maternal age. but not with weight before delivery. maternal height and birth weight. No differences of milk volume and lactational performance between facto-ovo-vegetarian and nonvegetarian women were observed. This study suggests that the human milk volume cited in the recommended dietary allowances for Koreitns is over estimated.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.71-82
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• 2023

Objectives: The existing reductionist approach has not reached complete understanding of the cause of schizophrenia. The objective of this study was to investigate yin-yang and five-element characteristics reflected on four time pillars of birth of patients with schizophrenia through comparison with the general population in the perspective of consilience-based holistic approach. Methods: This study was conducted using a random sequential recruitment method for the general population and individuals with schizophrenia aged 18 to 64 based on the exact date and time of birth using structured questionnaires. Relative positional relations of yin-yang and five-element with day master were primarily examined. In addition, the strength of day master with a score range of 0~100 points was assessed through operational score allocation. Results: Of 591 participants, 576 (346: general population, 230: individuals with schizophrenia) were analyzed. Between-group analyses showed no significant difference in the distribution of types of day master (χ²=10.41, df=9, p=0.318). However, significant between-group differences were shown in the distribution of the strength of day master (t=2.14, p=0.032) and frequency of restraining month branch (χ²=5.23, df=1, p=0.022). In logistic regression analysis, 10-point increase on the strength of day master decreased the probability of onset of schizophrenia over the age of 30 by 29.6% (p=0.002; 95% confidence interval, 0.566~0.876). Conclusions: Findings in this study suggest that four time pillars of birth might be associated with schizophrenia through yin-yang and five-element theory and synchronicity principle, implicating the plausibility of consilience-based holistic approach in the determination of risk factors or cause of schizophrenia.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.749-754
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of farrowing month (FM), parity and sex on the growth performance of Berkshire swine raised in alternative production systems. Methods: A total of 40 farrowing records from 27 sows and 1,258 body weight (BW) records from 274 piglets collected over a two-year period were used for the analysis. The BWs were recorded at birth, weaning (28 d), 56, 84, 112, and 140 days. Any BW not recorded on schedule was recalculated to conform the days of age among corresponding BW records, using growth curves drawn with polynomial functions whose power was determined by the number of existing observations for each individual. Results: The mean parity (${\pm}$standard deviation) of the sows was $3.42{\pm}2.14$. The sows that farrowed in June had the lowest number of total born with an average of $6.25{\pm}2.22$ piglets per sow. However, the lowest average number of piglets weaned at day 28 was found in sows that farrowed in May, as well as the highest number recorded for the stillborn piglets with an average of 2.67 piglets per sow. Moreover, the smallest increase in weight from birth to weaning occurred in piglets that were farrowed in May, which also corresponds with the average daily gain (ADG) of 0.29 kg and the last recorded weight measurement on day 140 of $41.69{\pm}1.45kg$. Contrastingly, the highest growth rate was found among pigs farrowed in June, with the largest increase in weight of 7.55 kg from birth to weaning, the highest ADG of 0.51 kg from birth to 140 day of age and the highest BW of $74.70{\pm}1.86kg$ recorded on day 140. Conclusion: Pigs farrowed in June also had the least number of piglets that died between birth and weaning. The zone of thermal comfort found in sows reared in indoor confinement systems did not improve the reproductive performance of the sows reared in an outdoor, alternative production system, while the growth performance of the piglets was improved when the ambient temperature was consistently hot or consistently cold.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.77-80
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• 2011

Purpose: We report a patient with DiGeorge syndrome who was later diagnosed as mild metopic synostosis and received anterior 2/3 calvarial remodeling. Methods: A 16-month-old boy, who underwent palatoplasty for cleft palate at Chungnam National University Hospital when he was 12 months old of age, visited St. Mary's Hospital for known DiGeorge syndrome with craniosynostosis. He had growth retardation and was also diagnosed with hydronephrosis and thymic agenesis. His chromosomal study showed microdeletion of 22q11.2. On physical examination, there were parieto-occipital protrusion and bifrontotemporal narrowing. The facial bone computed tomography showed premature closure of metopic suture, orbital harlequin sign and decreased anterior cranial volume. The interorbital distance was decreased (17 mm) and the cephalic index was 93%. Results: After the correction of metopic synostosis by anterior 2/3 calvarial remodeling, the anterior cranial volume expanded with increased interorbital distance and decreased cephalic index. Fever and pancytopenia were noted at 1 month after the operation, and he was diagnosed as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis by bone marrow study. He however, recovered after pediatric treatment. There was no other complication during the 12 month follow up period. Conclusion: This case presents with a rare combination of DiGeorge syndrome and metopic synostosis. When a child is diagnosed with DiGeorge syndrome soon after the birth, clinicians should keep in mind the possibility of an accompanying craniosynostosis. Other possible comorbidities should also be evaluated before the correction of craniosynostosis in patients as DiGeorge syndrome. In addition, postoperative management requires a thorough follow up by a multidisciplinary team of plastic surgeons, neurosurgeons, ophthalmologists and pediatricians.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권11호
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• pp.1662-1668
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• 2015

We investigated differences between effects of natural- and bucket-suckling methods on basal serum oxytocin (OT) and cortisol concentrations, and the effect of OT concentration on affiliative and investigative behavior of calves to a novel object. Ten Japanese Black calves, balanced with birth order, were allocated evenly to natural-suckling (NS) and bucket suckling (BS) groups. Blood samples were collected at the ages of 1 and 2 months (1 week after weaning) calves, and serum OT and cortisol concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and enzymeimmunoassay tests, respectively. Each calf at the age of 2 months (2 weeks after weaning) was released into an open-field with a calf decoy, and its investigative and affiliative behaviors were recorded for 20 minutes. In 1-month-old calves, the basal serum OT concentration ($25.5{\pm}4.9$ [mean${\pm}$standard deviation, pg/mL]) of NS was significantly higher than that of BS ($16.9{\pm}6.7$) (p<0.05), whereas the basal cortisol concentration ($5.8{\pm}2.5$ [mean${\pm}$standard deviation, ng/mL]) of NS was significantly lower than that in BS ($10.0{\pm}2.8$) (p<0.05). Additionally, a negative correlation was noted between serum OT and cortisol concentrations in 1-month-old calves (p = 0.06). Further, the higher serum OT concentration the calves had at 1 month old, the more investigative the calves were at 2 months old but not affiliative in the open-field with a calf decoy. Thus, we concluded that the natural suckling method from a dam elevates the basal serum OT concentration in calves, and high serum OT concentrations induce investigative behavior and attenuate cortisol concentrations.

• 가정간호학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.5-24
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to develop a parenting intervention program and determine the efficacy of the program with low-birth weight infants and their mothers. Nine dyads for the experimental group and twelve dyads for the control group discharged from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a University Hospital in Seoul were recruited for the study. For the intervention group, programmed education and support which focused on the maternal sensitivity of the infant's behavior. rearing environment. motherinfant interaction and infant care were given to each subject. Individual counseling and home visits were provided at discharge, one week after discharge. and one and three months of corrected age in every infant. Structured questionaires were administered and feeding interactions were videotaped and coded by a blinded certified observer. A Quasi-experimental design was conducted for this study. Postpartum depression, maternal self esteem. infant care burden, HOME. mother-infant interaction, and infant development were measured. Results were in favor of the intervention versus the control group. On the Beck depression inventory, intervention mothers showed decreasing trends in depressive symptom vs control mothers although, there were statistically no significant differences between the two groups at each time. The mean score of experimental group was 11.55(mild depression state) at discharge and became 8,6(normal state) at 1 month of corrected age. On the other hand, the mean score of the control group was 13.92(mild depression state) at discharge and became 14.0. Maternal self esteem in both groups improved over time. Infant care burden in both groups was also shown to increase over time. There was a significant difference between the two groups in HOME(p=.0340) at 3 months of corrected age. HOME scores of the experimental group and the control's were 31.10 and 25.58, respectively. Mothers' emotional and language responses were significantly high in the intervention group compared with the control group(p=.0155). Intervention group (53.33) showed a significantly high quality of motherinfant interaction compared with the in control group (42.80)(p =.0340). Intervention group mothers appeared have a better quality of mother-infant interaction behaviors. On the other hand, there was no statistical difference in the infant part between groups. Intervention group infants had higher trends in a general developmental quotient: although, there was no statistical difference between groups. The general developmental quotient of intervention infants was 102.56 and control's was 91.28. However, the developmental quotient of the domain of 'individuality-sociality' was higher in the intervention group infants compared with the control's(p=.0155). The concerns identified by parents revealed two domains of an infants' health management -knowledge and skills in caregiving of lowbirthweight-infants, characteristics of lowbirthweight infants, identifying a developmental milestone, coping with emergency situations and relaxation strategies of mothers from the infant care burden. Interview data with the mothers of low-birth weight infants can be used to develop intervention program contents. Limited intervention time and frequency due to time and cost limitations of this study should be modified. The intervention should be continuously implemented when low-birth weight infants become three years old. An NNNS demonstration appeared to be a very effective intervention for the mothers to improve the quality of mother-infant interactions. Therefore intervening in the mothers of low-birth weight infants as early after delivery as possible is desirable. This study has shown that home visit interventions are worthwhile for mothers only beyond the approach as an essential factor in ability of facilitating a growth fostering environment. In conclusion. the intervention program of this study was very effective in enhancing the parenting for the mothers of low-birth weight infants, resulting in health promotion of low-birth weight infants. The home-visit outreach intervention program of this study will contribute to the health delivery system in this country where there is a lack of continuous follow-up programs for low-birth weight infants after discharge from NICU, if it is activated as part of the home visit programs in community health systems.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제50권7호
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• pp.636-642
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• 2007

목 적 : 면역력이 약한 미숙아나 저체중 출생아에 여러 가지 침습적 조작으로 인한 항생제 사용이 진균 감염, 특히 칸디다 감염의 위험을 증가시킨다. 이를 감소시키기 위한 방법으로 fluconazole 예방요법이 칸디다 감염율과 사망률을 감소시켰다는 보고가 있다. 본 연구는 1,500 g 미만의 극소저체중 출생아들에 대한 예방적 항진균제 사용이 칸디다 감염의 발생을 감소시키는데 효과적인지 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 전남대학병원 신생아중환자실에 입원한 1,500 g 미만의 극소저체중 출생아 중 기관내 삽관이나 제대 동정맥 또는 경피적 중심정맥 삽입술을 받은 환아로, 예방적으로 항진균제를 사용하지 않았던 2005년 1월 1일부터 2005년 7월 31일까지 7개월간의 환아를 'fluconazole 비사용군'으로, 사용하였던 2006년 1월 1일부터 2006년 7월 31일까지 7개월간의 환아를 'fluconazole 사용군'으로 하였다. 사용군 29명, 비사용군 28명을 대상으로 진균 감염의 위험인자로 알려진 임상특성과 칸디다 감염증의 발생빈도, 사망률 및 fluconazole의 약물 부작용을 관찰하였다. Fluconazole은 생후 첫 3일에 시작하여 4주간 예방적으로 투여하였으며 시행 첫 1주일은 체중(kg)당 3 mg을 3일 간격으로, 그 다음 주부터는 격일로 투여하였다. 결 과 : 두 군 사이에 재태주령, 출생체중, 성별, 쌍생아, 분만방식에 차이는 없었다. 산과적 인자인 장기 조기 양막파수, 융모양막염 및 산전 스테로이드 사용 빈도에 유의한 차이는 없었다. 신생아 칸디다 감염증의 위험인자로 알려진 1,000 g 미만 초극소저체중 출생아 빈도와 예방적 항생제 사용, 총정맥내 영양요법, 제대동정맥 삽입술 빈도와 유지기간, 지방유제 투여기간 및 기관내 삽관과 지속적 양압환기 사용기간에 두 군간 차이는 없었으나, 비사용군에 비해 사용군이 경피적 중심정맥 삽입술과 지방유제 사용빈도가 높았고 경피적 중심정맥관 유지기간이 길었다. Fluconazole 사용군과 비사용군 간에 진균감염의 빈도와 사망률에 유의한 차이는 없었다. 사용군에서 Malassezia 진균혈증이 5명 발생하였지만 칸디다 감염은 1명도 발생하지 않아 비사용군 5명(칸디다혈증 3명, 침습성 칸디다증 2명)에 비해 유의하게 감소하였다(P<0.05). 결 론 : 극소저체중 출생아에서 fluconazole의 예방적 투여가 칸디다 감염의 발생빈도를 유의하게 감소시키는 것으로 보아 비용-효과 면에서 항진균제의 예방적 투여가 고려될 수 있겠으나, Malassezia 진균혈증의 증가 원인에 대해서도 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.148-151
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• 1997

The omphalomesenteric duct normally obliterates by the sixth week of intrauterine life. Incomplete obliteration results in various abnormalities which may be apparent in the newborn infant. These include fistula resembling ileum, a prolapsed loop of intestine through the umblicus and a fistula draining intestinal contents. The tract may contain ectopic tissue of stomach, colon or pancreas. Although this malformation should be recognizable at birth, 40 % of patients are not treated until after the first month of life. In the past 28 months since the Samsung Medical Center opened its doors to public, the authors have treated 4 cases of patent omphalomesenteric duct remnant including one case of T-shaped total prolapse of the duct and adjacent ileum. These cases will be discussed and the literature reviewed.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.157-160
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• 2009

Although the incidence of esophageal atresia (EA) is higher in twins than in singletons by two to three times, EA usually affects only one member of twins. We report one pair of twins concordant for EA. A 31-year-old healthy woman bore monozygotic female twins at 36 weeks of gestation. They weighed 2,216 and 2,480 g, respectively. They had EA with distal tracheoesophageal fistula and underwent primary esophageal anastomosis on the birth day and the $2^{nd}$ day of life, respectively. Twin A also had suspicious antral obstruction and pyloroplasty was done simultaneously with esophageal repair. She needed antral web excision for continued gastric stasis one month after $1^{st}$ operation and three balloon dilatations of the esophagus. Twin B recovered uneventfully.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.113-117
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• 1977

The tetralogy of Fallot is one of the most frequent and serious congenital cardiac malformation accompanied cyanosis. For relief of cyanosis, the Waterston operation is a successful, palliative procedure in infant & young child under age of five with obstructive lesions of the right: side of the heart who require a systemic-pulmonary arterial shunt for survival. A patient, aged 3 and weighing 13 kg., who had been cyanotic since one month after birth,. was admitted to the University of Severance Hospital under a diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot, The side to side anastomosis between the right pulmonary artery & the ascending aorta was performed in March 1976. The anastomotic channel was made only 4 ram. in diameter, thereafter massive unilateral pulmonary congestion on the side of the anastomosis developed shortly after operation. And the. patient died of congestive heart failure within a hour. And so the purpose of this report is describe the immediate & late effect of systemic-pulmonary shunt for T.O.F. with review of literatures.