• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.537-557
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pelvic traction and muscle energy technique(MET) for hemiplegic patients on static standing balance. The scale for static standing balance is measured by using mean balance(%), frequence(Hz), sway area($mm^2$), sway path(mm), max sway velocity(mm/s), ant/post sway angle($^{\circ}$), lateral sway angle($^{\circ}$), sway number, change of pelvic height is measured in relation to the height of ASIS and PSIS. The subjects of this study were thirty hemiplegic patients: 15men and 15 women, with an average ages of 50.80 years. The thirty subjects were divided into 3 group of 10 at random ; ten subjects had pelvic traction after bobath therapy (the pelvic traction group), ten subjects had muscle energy technique after bobath therapy (the MET group), and ten subjects had only bobath therapy (the control group). Static standing balance was measured using BPM (balance performance monitor; data print software version 5.3), pelvic height was measured using height measuring with an adjustable horizontal arm. In order to assure the statistical significant of the result, an one-way ANOVA, the paired t-test, and a person's correlation were applied at the.05 level of significance. The results of this study were as follows: 1) The change in pelvic height were statistically significant between the pelvic traction group, the MET group and the control group on pre-treatment and post-treatment(p<.05). 2) The change in affected and non-affected on weight bearing were not statistically significant between the pelvic traction group, the MET group and the control group on pre-treatment and post-treatment(p>.05). 3) The change in frequency were statistically significant between the MET group, the control group and the pelvic traction group on pre-treatment and post-treatment(p<.05). 4) The change in sway area were statistically significant between the MET group, the control group and the pelvic traction group on pre-treatment and post-treatment(p<.05). 5) The change in sway pa1h were statistically significant between the pelvic traction group, the MET group and the control group on pre-treatment and post-treatment(p<.05). 6) The change in max sway velocity were statistically significant between the pelvic traction group, the MET group and the control group on pre-treatment and post-treatment(p<.05). 7) The change in ant/post sway angle were statistically significant between the pelvic traction group, the MET group and the control group on pre-treatment and post-treatment(p<.05). 8) The change in lateral sway angle were statistically significant between the pelvic traction group, the MET group and the control group on pre-treatment and post-treatment(p<.05). 9) The change in sway number were statistically significant between the pelvic traction group, the MET group and the control group on pre-treatment and post-treatment(p<.05). In conclusion, there was a difference between the experimental group and the control group. In the future, we have to study continuously about pelvic traction and muscle energy technique in hemiplegic patients.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.95-109
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• 2008

Objectives: The study was conducted to investigate visual display terminal(VDT) and related risk factors in office workers. Method: The study subjects were 539 officers at 3 places of business in Gwangju. The data were collected by self-administered questionnaire between October 12 and October 17, 2007. and they agreed to participate in this study. The tool was developed by Moon, Jaedong(1991) for VDT syndrome. Data analysis by using SPSS/win 10.0 was performed with descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA. Results: The summary of results is as follows: 1) The mean score of total VDT syndrome was $1.17{\pm}.65$ of full score 4.00, which was lower than other research. 2) For relation between general characteristics and total VDT, sex (t=-5.777, p=.000), age (F=3.516, p=.015), satisfaction of job (F=9.540, p=.000), self-awareness of health (F=25.015, p=.000) had statistically significant difference. 3) For relation between behavioral work factors and total VDT, break time of work(t=-5.363, p=.000), eye movement during computer work(t=2.176, p=.031), wrist exercise during(t=2.337, p=.020), distance between monitor and eyes(F=3.682, p=.012) had statistically significant difference. 3) For relation between environmental work factors and total VDT, height of chair(F=8.801, p=.000), space under desk(F=4.244, p=.015), reflection of monitor(t=2.697, p=.008) had statistically significant difference. Conclusion: To prevent and relieve VDT syndrome and musculoskeletal disorders in office workers, it is important to teach good posture and stretching exercise during work.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.191-198
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• 2005

A novel technology for the removal of nitrogen from wastewater, an autotrophic denitrification process with sulfur particles, has been developed. A respirometer was employed to monitor the nitrogen gas produced in the reactor, while 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining was employed to investigate the biomass distribution in terms of cell number according to the reactor height. From the respirometric monitoring, the denitrification reaction was defined as a first order reaction. The reactor was divided into 7 sections and biomass was analyzed in each section where cell number was ranged from $4.8\;{\times}\;10^6\;to\;8.7\;{\times}\;10^7$ cells/g dry weight of sulfur. Cells placed mostly in the lower layer ( < 10 cm of height). A function for biomass distribution was obtained with non-linear regression. Then a mathematical model has been developed by combining a plug-flow model with the biomass distribution function. The model could make a vertical profile of the up-flow packed-bed reactor resulting in a reasonable comparison with measured nitrate concentration with 5% of error range.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.21-44
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• 2014

The aim of this study is to determine the dynamic characteristics of long reinforced concrete highway bridges with post-tension tendons using analytical and experimental methods. It is known that the deck length and height of bridges are affected the dynamic characteristics considerably. For this purpose, Berta Bridge constructed in deep valley, in Artvin, Turkey, is selected as an application. The Bridge has two piers with height of 109.245 m and 85.193 m, and the total length of deck is 340.0 m. Analytical and experimental studies are carried out on Berta Bridge which was built in accordance with the balanced cantilever method. Finite Element Method (FEM) and Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) which considers ambient vibration data were used in analytical and experimental studies, respectively. Finite element model of the bridge is created by using SAP2000 program to obtain analytical dynamic characteristics such as the natural frequencies and mode shapes. The ambient vibration tests are performed using Operational Modal Analysis under wind and human loads. Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition (EFDD) and Stochastic Subspace Identification (SSI) methods are used to obtain experimental dynamic characteristics like natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios. At the end of the study, analytical and experimental dynamic characteristic are compared with each other and the finite element model of the bridge was updated considering the material properties and boundary conditions. It is emphasized that Operational Modal Analysis method based on the ambient vibrations can be used safely to determine the dynamic characteristics, to update the finite element models, and to monitor the structural health of long reinforced concrete highway bridges constructed with the balanced cantilever method.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.47-55
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare the static balance of standing position between adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and a normal group that were aged-matched. There were forty subjects included in this study. Twenty-seven healthy subjects (age, $13.9{\pm}1.2$ yrs; height, $161.9{\pm}7.5$ cm; weight, $52.2{\pm}7.7$ kg) and thirteen AIS subjects (age, $14.2{\pm}2.2$ yrs; height, $161.5{\pm}8.7$ cm; weight, $48.1{\pm}8.1$ kg) were participated in the study. The thirteen subjects in the AIS group had a major Cobb angle between $20.1^{\circ}$ and $49^{\circ}$. Each group was tested with the Balance Performance Monitor (BPM). The parameters for static balance were sway area, sway path, max velocity, mean balance, anterior-posterior angle, and left-right angle of each group with their eyes opened and again with their eyes closed. Both sides of the forward reach test and the lateral reach test were also performed on each group. Results from the BPM tested showed significantly increases in all parameters of static balance with those patients with AIS under the conditions where eyes were opened and closed. In the right and left forward reach test, there was no significant difference between normal and AIS groups. However, in the lateral reach test with right and left direction, there were significant differences between normal and AIS groups. For the normal subjects, there were significant differences in the parameters with sway path and anterior-posterior sway angle between the eyes opened and closed. However, there were no significant differences in the all parameters between eyes opened and closed for the AIS subjects. These results suggest that, balance programs could be used in the rehabilitation setting for intervention of AIS and evaluation of AIS. Further study is needed to measure many patients with AIS and other functional balance scales for clinical application.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.23 no.4_2
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• pp.593-601
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• 2020

This study was conducted to analyze the physical strain with heart rate monitor in timber harvesting operations in order to reduce occupational accidents. The timber harvesting activities are manual cutting(felling, limbing and bucking) with a chainsaw and extraction by cable yarder. The study took place on Japanese larch stand. The average height was 26m and average diameter at breast height(DBH) was 3 7cm. The havest unit was gentle slope to steep slope. Results showed that the heart rate increases for chocking, felling, limbing and bucking were 94.0%, 87.9%, 84.8% and 56.4% respectively. The rate of Work Load Index was higher in the limbing(61.4%) activity than other activities chocking(55.2%), felling(54.1%) and bucking(32.1%). During 50% working heart rate test it was found that limbing(1.09), chocking(1.05) and felling(1.04) was exposed to high work intensity compared to bucking(0.83). The results showed that maximum acceptable work times(felling, chocking and limbing) were 2.30 hour, 1.85 hour and 1.60 hour respectively. To avoid occupational accidents, timber harvest workers may use a suitable working hour schedule to felling, chocking, limbing.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.309-316
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• 2021

Objectives: This study examined stunting at birth and its associations with physical factors of parents and children in Indonesia. Methods: This study analyzed secondary data from the national cross-sectional Indonesian Basic Health Survey 2018, conducted across 34 provinces and 514 districts/cities. Birth length data were available for 756 newborns. Univariable, bivariable, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to determine associations between the physical factors of parents and children and stunting at birth. Results: In total, 10.2% of children aged 0 months were stunted at birth (10.7% of males and 9.5% of females). Stunting at birth was associated with the mother's age at first pregnancy, parity, parents' heights, parents' ages, and gestational age. Children from mothers with short statures (height <145.0 cm) and fathers with short statures (height <161.9 cm) had an almost 6 times higher likelihood of being stunted at birth (adjusted odds ratio, 5.93; 95% confidence interval, 5.53 to 6.36). A higher maternal age at first pregnancy had a protective effect against stunting. However, other variables (firstborn child, preterm birth, and both parents' ages being <20 or >35 years) corresponded to a 2-fold higher likelihood of stunting at birth compared to the reference. Conclusions: These findings provide evidence that interventions to reduce stunting aimed at pregnant females should also consider the parents' stature, age, and parity, particularly if it is the first pregnancy and if the parents are short in stature or young. Robust programs to support pregnant females and monitor children's heights from birth will help prevent intergenerational stunting.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.23 no.3 s.180
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• pp.163-170
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• 2006

Thin films play an important role in many technological applications including microelectronic devices, magnetic storage media, MEMS and surface coatings. It is well known that a thin film's material properties can be very different front the corresponding bulk properties and thus there has been a strong need for the development of a miniature tester to measure the mechanical properties of a thin film. Two testers are designed and set up in small size of 62 mm width, 20 mm depth and 90-120 mm height to fit in a chamber of scanning electron microscope (SEM). One tester has a homemade 0.2 N load cell and a low-priced electromagnetic actuator. The other has a commercial 5 N load cell, a $52{\mu}m$ piezoelectric actuator and some novel grips. Two types of 3.5 microns thick polysilicon specimen are tested to prove the testers' applicability. The strain is measured by the two ways. Firstly, it is measured by an ISDG system in the atmosphere far the reference. Secondly, the same test is repeated in a SEM chamber to monitor the strain as an in-situ experiment. The strain is evaluated by observing the gap change between two markers.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.36-46
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• 1987

An optical technique using laser for non-contact measurement of surface roughness and form accuracy of ground surfaces is presented. It is found that, when a ground surface is illuminated by a beam of laser light, the roughness height and slope distribution has significant influence on the pattern of reflection and it maintains an unique Gaussian distribution relationship with the surface roughness. The principle idea of the optical measurement system is therefore monitor the radiation, and then calibrate it in process against surface roughness by means of necessary digital data processing. On the other hand, measuring the form accuracy of a ground surface is accomplished by using a triangular method, which is based on observing the movement of an image of a spot of light projected onto the surface. The image is focused, through a series of lenses for magnification, on a photodetector array lf line configur- ation. Then the relative movement of image and consequently the form accuracy of the surface can be obtained through appropriate calibration procedures. Experimental test showed that the optical roughness measurement technique suggested in this work is very efficient for most industrial applications being capable of monitoring the roughness heights ranging 0.1 to 0.6 .$\mu$m CLA values. And form accuracy can be measured in process with a resolution of 10 .$\mu$m.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.165-168
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• 1997

We have constructed a scanning confocal microscope using a 780 nm semiconductor laser, an actuator of a compact disk player and a quad-detector. This device detects heights and characteristics of a surface. The laser focus was located at the surface of a sample by using the error signal obtained by a quad-dector, and the current supplied to the actuator for lens was displayed as a height. The materials of a surface were classified according to reflected total intensities and was displayed by different color in a monitor. The device has very samll dimensions of 30 mm$\times$20 mm$\times$20 mm and scan field is 1.6 mm$\times$1.6mm. We obtained two images, one using only reflected light and the other using an error signal from a quad-detector and compared these two images.