• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.517-520
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• 2006

The effects of culture soil combinations on growth of native pteridophyte (Pteris multifida, Cyrtomium falcatum and Cheilanthes argentea) were investigated in this study. Six different culture soil mixtures used for cultivating the pteridophytes under 30% shading condition. Pteris multifida was showed the most growth at the culture soil mixtures of peatmoss : living moss (5 : 5), and peatmoss : perlite (7 : 3). Cyrtomium falcatum and Cheilanthes argentea showed the best growth in the culture soils mixtures of sand : soil : leaf mold (2 : 5 : 3) and peatmoss : perlite (7 : 3, 5 : 5), respectively.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.152-161
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• 2017

Cheese is an excellent substrate for yeast and mold growth. These organisms can cause cheese spoilage, resulting in significant food wastage and economic losses. In the context of cheese spoilage, the presence and effects of spoilage or pathogenic bacteria are well documented. In contrast, although yeasts and molds are responsible for much dairy food wastage, only a few studies have examined the diversity of spoilage fungi. This article reviews the spoilage yeasts and molds affecting cheeses in various countries. The diversity and number of fungi present were found to depend on the type of cheese. Important fungi growing on cheese include Candida spp., Galactomyces spp., Debaryomyces spp., Yarrowia spp., Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium spp., Geotrichum spp., Mucor spp., and Trichoderma spp.. In addition, several mold spoilage species, such as Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp., are able to produce mycotoxins, which may also be toxic to humans. There are many ways to eliminate or reduce toxin levels in foods and feeds. However, the best way to avoid mycotoxins in cheese is to prevent mold contamination since there are limitations to mold degradation or detoxifications in cheese. Chemical preservatives, natural products, and modified atmosphere packaging have been used to prevent or delay mold spoilage and improve product shelf life and food safety.

• Journal of odor and indoor environment
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2017

Mold is one of the important bio-aerosols affecting human health in the indoor environment. To manage mold contamination, it is necessary to use an appropriate method for its detection and enumeration. Recently, the impaction method of ISO 16000-18 has been established as one of methods to detect and enumerate molds in air. To investigate the general use of the impaction method for mold detection in domestic indoor environments, the suitability of the method was assessed using different antibiotics, media and air samplers. All of the three antibiotics tested - ampicillin, chloramphenicol and streptomycin - showed inhibitory effects on bacterial colony formation on MEA and DG-18 media, without inhibiting mold growth. Of these three antibiotics, ampicillin was the most effective. There was no statistical difference between MEA and DG-18 media in the measurement of mold concentration. The formation of discriminative colony morphology was more apparent in DG-18 media. No significant difference in the measurement of mold concentration was found between Andersen samplers and MAS-100NT samplers, which are two major samplers introduced in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.397-405
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• 2020

Beech mushroom (Hypsizygus marmoreus) is one of the most popular mushrooms in Japan, China, and Korea because of its delicious taste, nutritious value, and unique crunchy texture. In 2018-2019, unusual signs on the mushroom were observed in mushroom farms in Gyeongnam Province. The main signs were the inhibition of mycelial growth and primordial formation on the surface of mushroom media. When green mold caused contamination at early stage, the rate of pinhead formation by the mushroom greatly decreased to 46.5-71.5%. Conidia of the causal green mold were ellipsoidal, dark green, and measured 2.0-3.1㎛ long. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of the green mold was 25℃. The phylogenetic tree obtained from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA sequences showed that the isolated green mold corresponded to Penicillium brevicompactum (100.0%). This is the first report of green mold contamination caused by P. brevicompactum on H. marmoreus.

• Architectural research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2006

A fungal spore transportation model that accounts for the concentration of airborne indoor spores and the amount of spores deposited on interior surfaces has been developed by extending the current aerosol model. This model is intended to be used for a building with a mechanical ventilation system, and considers HVAC filter efficiency and ventilation rate. The model also includes a surface-cleaning efficiency and frequency that removes a portion of spores deposited on surfaces. The developed model predicts indoor fungal spore concentration and provides an indoor/outdoor ratio that may increase or decrease mold growth risks in real, in-use building cases. To get a more useful outcome from the model simulation, an uncertainty analysis has been conducted in a real building case. By including uncertainties associated with the parameters in the spore transportation model, the simulation results provide probable ranges of indoor concentration and indoor/outdoor ratio. This paper describes the uncertainty quantification of each parameter that is specific to fungal spores, and uncertainty propagation using an appropriate statistical technique. The outcome of the uncertainty analysis showed an agreement with the results from the field measurement with air sampling in a real building.

• Mycobiology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.108-111
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• 2013

The use of a microorganism, or its secretions, to prevent plant disease offers an attractive alternative or supplement to synthetic fungicides for the management of plant disease without the negative effects of chemical control mechanisms. During a screening for microorganisms with the potential to be used as microbial fungicides, Bacillus sp. BS061 was isolated from a plant leaf. The strain BS061 potently inhibited the mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea, and significantly reduced disease incidence of powdery mildew in cucumber and strawberry. We also found that the culture filtrate of BS061 inhibited the mycelial growth of various plant pathogens.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.60-65
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• 1994

Fresh ginseng of same grade was stored under the 4$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$ and 87~92% RH for 10 weeks. During the storage, an aliquot amount of the ginseng was drawn, freeze dried and chemical constituents and physicochemical parameters were measured. After 10 weeks of storage drying rate and shrinkage of ginseng were 1520% and 9.04%, respectively, mold growth was seen at week 5 and observed for 51.2% of the ginseng week 10. Amylase activity level was elevated at the early stage of storage and decreased to 5% of initial value at week 5. At week 5, the elevated amylase activity was inconcomitant with the appearance of the mold growth. Crude protein contents were increased and decreased, respectively 5 week post storage. No significant changes in crude fat, crude fiber, ash, total sugar, n-butanol extract and ginsenoside were observed. The content of water-extractable substance showed maximum at week 7 to 8. The value of pH was slightly elevated and reducing sugar was increased during the storage. Key words Ginseng storage, physicochemical properties, drying rate, shrinkage, amylase activity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.104.1-104
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• 2003

To screen for potential biocontrol agents against postharvest disease of garlics caused by Penicillium hirsutum, a total of 933 isolates (432 fungi and 501 bacteria) were isolated from the rhizoshere or rhizoplane of garlics. Among them, Pantoea agglomerans isolate 59-4 (Pa 59-4) was selected for a potential biocontrol agent by in vivo wounded garlic bulb assay, When the spore suspension (10$\^$5/ spores/$m\ell$) of Penicillium hirsutum was co-inoculated with spore or cell suspension of each fungal or bacterial isolate on wounded garlics, the isolate highly suppressed disease development. Soaking garlic bulbs in the suspension of Pa 59-4 significantly reduced garlic decay from p. hirsutum. However, Pa 59-4 did not inhibit the mycelial growth of P. hirsutum in dual-culture with P. hirsutum on Tryptic soy agar. In order to elucidate mode of action of Pa 59-4 nutrient competition between Pa 59-4 and P. hirsutum was investigated using tissue culture plates with cylinder inserts containing defusing membrane reported by Janisiewicz et al. The results showed that Pa 59-4 effectively suppressed spore germination and mycelial growth of blue mold in the low concentration (0.5％) of garlic juice, but did not suppress those of blue mold in the higher concentration (5％) of garlic juice. This result suggests that the mechanism in biocontrol of garlic blue mold by Pa 59-4 may involve in nutrient competition with P. hirsutum on garlic bulbs.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.162-167
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• 1999

Integration of microbial antagonists with fungicides was tried to control the gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea on pepper in greenhouse conditions and to reduce fungicide uses. All of the selected bacterial antagonists, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BL3, Paenibacillus polymyxa BL4, and Pseudomonas putida Cha94, completely inhibited the conidial germination of B. cinerea until 30 days after treatment. However, bacterial colonization of pepper phylloplane was poor in BL4, while the other bacterial isolates and the fungal antagonist Trichoderma harzianum TM colonized well on the phylloplane, maintaining the population density of 104-105 cfu/g until 15 days after microbial treatments. Out of 13 kinds of selected fungicides used for gray mold diseases, polyoxin B and BKF 1995 showed the most discriminatory activity on the fungal growth between B. cinerea and TM. TM grew readily on the media containing those fungicides, while B. cinerea showed poor or no mycelial growth on them. The selected fungicides and antagonists alone reduced incidence of gray mold on pepper, showing disease indices of about 2.4 to 3.0, while its was increased up to 4.2 in the untreated control. Alternate treatments with the antagonists and 2-fold diluted fungicides inhibited the disease incidence as much as the antagonists or fungicides alone, and reduced the secondary inoculum more than the single treatments. This suggests that integration of antagonists and fungicides may be an efficient way to reduce fungicide sprays with reliable control efficacy of the disease. However, there was not much difference in the early and mid-term disease progress among the treatments and the untreated control, probably due to extremely favorable environmental conditions for the disease development in this experiment.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.399-410
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• 2006

This study was carried out to identity the effects of antifungal bacteria isolated from the soil grown kiwi fruit plants on the growth inhibition of Botrytis cinerea causing gray mold in kiwi fruit plants in the southern districts of Jeonnam. Two hundred and fifty antagonistic microorganisms were isolated and examined into the antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea. We screened and isolated four bacterial strains which strongly inhibited Botrytis cinerea from the soil grown kiwi fruit plants. And the best antifungal bacterial strain which called CHO 163 was finally selected. Antagonistic microorganism CHO 163 was identified to be the genus Bacillus sp. based on the morphological and biochemical characterization. Bacillus sp. CHO 163 showed 86.9% of antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea. By the bacterialization of culture broth and heated filtrates of culture broth, Bacillus sp. CHO 163 showed almost all of antagonistic activity against Botrytis cinerea. And we also confirmed that in vitro the treatment of Bacillus sp. CHO 163 cultured by SD+B+P broth efficiently controled the growth of Botrytis cinerea causing gray mold in kiwi fruit plants.