• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.224-237
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• 2012

Based on the Olympic Park in Seoul and Beijing, respectively, a analys is of the two successful examples of the designers in a traditional way to design a unique culture of a traditional folk culture. Rooted in traditional culture to create their own characteristics, and by studying abroad, a good way to design a unique work not to pursue the international trend has been displayed now. Based on the above two parks of the application of the traditional culture of analysis and studying the literature, I summarized the traditional culture in modern landscape application methods as follows:Firstly, understand the traditional culture. Secondly, the method can be divided into four steps, namely, to preserve, to reproduce, to imitate, and to learn from. 1. A reservation is divided into functional retention and conversion of the prototype. 2. Reproduction is also divided into two types, first is the site of reproduction and the reproduction of literature or legend. 3. Simulation includes three types, the original use, changed use and re-creation. Imitation. 4. Reference. In a garden design, the other art forms or cultural phenomena reference are always allowed and encouraged.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.659-668
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• 2017

In this study, long-term rainfall data of more than 300 years including the paleoclimatic rainfall data from Chuk Woo Kee (1777-1907), the modern observed rainfall data (1908-2015), and the climate change scenario (2016-2099), which were provided by KMA (Korea Meteorological Agency), was used to analyze the statistical characteristics of the extreme drought in the Seoul., Annual average rainfall showed an increasing trend over a entire period, and Wavelet transform analysis of SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index) which is meteorological drought index, showed 64 to 80 months (5-6 Year) of drought periods for Chuk Woo Kee and KMA data, 96 to 128 months (8 to 10 years) of drought period for climate change data. The dry spell analysis showed that the drought occurrence frequency in the ancient period was high, but frequency was gradually decreased in the modern and future periods. In addition, through the analysis of the drought magnitude, 1901 was the extreme drought year in Seoul, and 1899-1907 was the worst consecutive 9 years long term drought in Seoul.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.124-139
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• 2015

Unlike other mountains in Korea, Seoul Namsan(南山), which is one of the landmarks that represent the country's capital city, is perceived as a city park. This article aims to study the process that Namsan became a park and the transformation of its place in Korean Emperor and Japanese colonial period. The serial changes in Namsan, in early modern era, mean that is associated with the colonial urbanization and the rule of space by Japan. The stages of Waeseongdae Park(倭城臺公園), Gyeongseong Park(京城公園) and Hanyang Park(漢陽公園) under the leadership of Japan, due to the extension of Japan's power, Namsan has became the park. Here, the park has become a strategic tool of other's occupying Hanseongbu(漢城府), a capital city. The process that Namsan became a park dose not mean making the space for recreation and rest, but is an excuse for using the land. Since then, Namsan's parks barely fulfilled its original function as park as it was transformed into a shrine, Gyeongseong Jinjya(京城神社), for Japanese warriors or was incurred upon by Joseon Singung(朝鮮神宮), which was established as a facility to govern Korea, sometimes is gradually and sometimes is mercilessly. The fact, transplantation of Japanese culture and replacement as ruler space, is another aspect of occupying and govern place. In other words, while the process that Namsan became a park is the way of establishing Japanese force, the transformation of its place show a colonial rule as an aspect of space. Meanwhile, in spite of transformation to shrine, Namsan became accepted as a park for a long time, because of the forest of Namsan. Japan managed forest as a sacred place. It is also a result of the Japanese rule of space.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.1075-1082
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• 2016

Modern livestock production became highly intensive and large scaled to increase production efficiency. This production environment could add stressors affecting the health and growth of animals. Major stressors can include environment (air quality and temperature), nutrition, and infection. These stressors can reduce growth performance and alter immune systems at systemic and local levels including the gastrointestinal tract. Heat stress increases the permeability, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses in the gut. Nutritional stress from fasting, antinutritional compounds, and toxins induces the leakage and destruction of the tight junction proteins in the gut. Fasting is shown to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas deoxynivalenol increases the recruitment of intestinal pro-inflammatory cytokines and the level of lymphocytes in the gut. Pathogenic and viral infections such as Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus can lead to loosening the intestinal epithelial barrier. On the other hand, supplementation of Lactobacillus or Saccharaomyces reduced infectious stress by ETEC. It was noted that major stressors altered the permeability of intestinal barriers and profiles of genes and proteins of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in mucosal system in pigs. However, it is not sufficient to fully explain the mechanism of the gut immune system in pigs under stress conditions. Correlation and interaction of gut and systemic immune system under major stressors should be better defined to overcome aforementioned obstacles.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.57-67
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• 2014

Purpose: The modern IT can give enormous impacts on the agricultural production and consumption. However, farmer's ability to use IT devices has been known as one of the critical factors on success of IT in agriculture. This survey study was performed to evaluate the informatization status of farmers and to draw a strategy to develop and distribute a ubiquitous agricultural information system. Methods: A survey questionnaire with 19 questions on the degree of IT devices such as computers and smartphones and their utilization were developed. The survey was questioned 3 groups of farmers in Gyounggi Province and analyzed statistically by the ${\chi}^2$ test. Results: The order of IT devices distribution were computers, smartphones, smart TVs and tablet PCs in all groups. The ratios of ownerships of the devices are 97.7, 78.6%, 31.4%, 17.8% respectively. The active farmers in this survey showed higher informatization level than that of native and the general farmers. Conclusions: The ubiquitous agricultural information system was judged to be developed for the computer because spread and use of it exceeds the other devices. Also, the information system based on the smartphone could be a complementary way if the rapid of the smartphones continues and proper education on use of the phone is provided.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.42-50
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• 2013

The upscale Korean restaurants that appeared as a way for the globalization of Korean food by introducing Western modern elements into Korean traditional elements are presenting a new direction. For this study, the researcher visited a total of ten modernized upscale Korean restaurants including five ones in each of Seoul (Dadam, Bistro Seoul, Bicena, Today, and Poom Seoul) and New York (Gaonnuri, Danji, Ban, Jung Restaurant, Korea Spoon), where the globalization of Korean food is concentrated, and the results of comparing, investigating, and analyzing the characteristics of interior and spatial design through observation, photo taking, sketches and preparing a questionnaire were as follows. First, a modernized upscale Korean restaurant was first built in New York in 2011, and then also appeared in Seoul in 2012. The Korean restaurants in New York were mostly operated by individual person, while the Korean restaurants in Seoul were operated by large corporation. Second, the spatial configuration elements were classified into the reception, garden and rooms in Seoul and into the reception, bar hall and rooms in New York depending on the function of the interior space, showing differences in the spatial configuration elements of the garden and bar. There was a difference in spatial layout; the restaurants in Seoul were room-centered, while the ones in New York were hall-centered. Third, in terms of spatial design elements, the size of the space and furniture in the reception space of the Korean restaurants in New York were smaller as compare to those in Seoul, while the restaurants in New York represented Korean atmosphere by decorating many Korean traditional elements. The Korean restaurants in New York gave consistency to the design of the hall space as compared to the restaurants in Seoul by decorating interior decorative accessories associated with the restaurant name. The Korean restaurants in Seoul decorated room space by using more traditional elements as compared to the restaurants in New York. Fourth, in terms of food design elements, the restaurants in Seoul are characterized by the introduction of Western services and table setting, while the restaurants in New York sought originality that applied foreign ways as compared to the restaurants in Seoul. The results of this study can be used as useful basic data when setting the interior spatial design guidelines for the modernized upscale Korean restaurants that advance into the world beyond Seoul and New York, and it is expected that in-depth follow-up studies would be conducted in various cities beyond Seoul and New York where there are modernized upscale Korean restaurants based on the results of this study.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.105-124
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• 1990

The purpose of this study is to investigate 1) the level of the city housewives' sense and behavior of wedding and ancestral service according to the background variables, 2) the relationship of the sense of wedding and ancestral service and behavior, and 3) what the most influential factors are. For the purpose of this study, 700 questionnaire were distributed to the housewives who live in Seoul and collected during the February 1989. And the measuring instruments are composed of 9 questions, 11 questions of the sense of wedding service, 12 questions of the sense of ancestral service, 11 questions of the behavior of wedding service, and 12 questions of the behavior of ancestral service. To obtain the sense and behavior of wedding and ancestral service scale, item analysis through Pearon's correlation and factor analysis, frequency distribution, percentile, mean, standard deviation, t-test, F-test, Pearson's γ, Paired-t-test, Duncan's Multiple Range Test, and Stepwise multiple Regression were used for data analysis. The major fidnigs are as follows: 1. The general tendency of the city housewives' sense of wedding service was modern. That of the city housewives' sense of ancestral service was the mid level of the traditional and the modern. According to background variable (ie: age, educational level, the number of children, the duration of marriage, religion, the existence of job, the existence of married son and daughter), the city housewives' sense of wedding service is different significantly. Accoring to background variable(ie: age, educational level, the average home income a month, the number of children, the duration of marriage, religion, the existence of married son and daughter), the city housewives' sense of ancestral service is different significantly. 2. The general tendency of the city housewives' behavior of wedding service was modern. That of the city housewives' behavior of ancestral service was somewhat modern. According to background variable(ie: age, educational level, the number of children, the duration of marriage, the existence of married son and daughter, the form of family), the city housewives' behavior of wedding service is different significantly. According to background variable(ie" age, educational level, the number of children, the duration of marriage, religion, the existence of job, the existence of married son and daughter), the city housewives' behavior of ancestral service is different significantly. 3. There were positive correlation between the city housewive' sense and behavior of wedding and ancestral service(P<.001). And the housewives' sense of wedding service was modernized than that of ancestral service, the housewives' behavior of ancestral service was modernized than that of wedding service. 4. The city housewives' sense of wedding service was the duration of marriage(β=-.226), influential factor. And influential factors on that of ancestral service were educational level(β=.250), the existence of married son and daughter(β=-.123), number of children(β=-.101). The influential factors on the city housewives' behavior of wedding service were age(β=-.193), the form of family(β=.097). And that of ancestral service were educational level(β=165), the number of children(β=-.157).

• Journal of Korean Classical Literature and Education
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• no.38
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• pp.103-138
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• 2018

This study examines the modern succession, transformation and significance of enjoyment methods of classical literature (art) with a focus on the characteristics of those methods that appeared when the performances of the traditional era began to be displayed on the stage of the theaters in modern Seoul. The clues to the reasons for this type of enjoyment can be found in newspapers, magazine articles, and advertisements from the early 20th century. The emergence of stage theaters at the beginning of the modern era caused a sweeping change in the performance environment, including the fact that it was possible for all kinds of people to enjoy art beyond the existing socioeconomic hierarchies or barriers of status, that the performers were given employment through the theater, and that the audience had the tendency of the general public of an unspecified number because the audience was able to see the performances only by paying the viewing fee. The way of enjoying traditional performances also changed based on these new adaptations: the performances were sequential, show-oriented, and re-contextualized as public performances. It is significant that in the traditional era, performers and audiences had been segregated according to their status and a strict hierarchy; now, such cultural norms were breaking down in favor of a kind of equality. In addition, it was possible for the audience to experience sensory enjoyment, and theater brought about a new kind of popular consumer enjoyment of an artistic product. Of course, though, it is possible to look back and find problems related to the contemporary context, but the traditional performances, which were the main performances for the lower class, took the first place on the modern theater stage, and as a result, no one can deny that it became possible to move forward in the first phase of an era of public performance.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.162-172
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• 2013

This study focuses on the genealogical analysis of the urban public spaces by the local history of Seoul which is significantly different from western cities. The analysis targets the discourse of the urban street which defines urban space-structure among the urban public spaces. Based on the analysis, we define the progress levels of urban public design policy in Seoul. Firstly, in 1960's and 1970's, 'urban reconstruction' was intensively carried out for the country modernization, and 'vehicle preferred street expansion' resulted in damages to historical inheritance, in-humanized street, and cultural uniformity. 1980's and 1990's would be defined as 'politic acceptance of plural values to the urban street.' There were the Olympic Games held in Seoul in 1988, which were the celebrations of the 600th capital establishment and the autonomous local government system. In the meanwhile, diverse values on the urban street were discussed in terms of globalization. There also were the self-reflection for the urban skyscrapers and high-population rate, the cultural uniformity of urban street, and the commercialization in downtown with urban reconstruction plans. Then, the sense of landscape and amenity was focused. Various urban projects and regulations were held according to the changes of value recognition. 2000's can be defined as 'introduction to the organic integration and the urban public design governance.' In the 21st century, types of recognition have changed significantly, which include publicness, humanism, sustainability, symbolism, artistry, placeness, and communication. They cause the establishment of ordinances and the installation of integrated organization via urban design administration. The legislation has been revised in order to support the various methods for the maintenance and operation of urban landscape in terms of local characteristics. New regulations were established for residents to participate in the processes of the urban planning with street design policy.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.99-118
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• 2006

We have focused on the building appearance according to the change of conservation policy and urban fabric in Bukchon, Seoul. The Urban Hanok, urban traditional housing type, had been evolved in modern contort from 1920's to 1960's, that is to say, many buildings(Urban Hanok) in Bukchon area has built up with a lot and road at the same time. But the change of conservation policy has an effect on the urban fabric and building(wooden structure, RC and brick building). Thus many types of building in Bukchon has undergone a various change. The purpose of this paper is to define a change factor of Bukchon buildings. Thus we need to pay attention to policy and urban fabric. We reached the result as follows. First, the change of architecture regulations according to the several policies(an aesthetic area, an altitude area for sky line restriction and so on) brought into building deformation and eventually the historic scenery of Bukchon has been spoiled. Second, the change of policy had an effect on the change of roads and lots. Buildings on a widen road and a united lot was built newly. But new buildings built up with a concrete or brick structure was not in harmony with the historic scenery of Bukchon area. Third, a development method of a large lot with lack prudence(disregarded a scale and size of lot) did damage to Urban hanok and urban fabric. With the understanding on the relationship of buildings, a urban fabric and a policy in Bukchon, we can define the identity and correspond with the urgent request for a the conservation of historic urban scenery In addition we can suggest the policy and the design guidelines for the reservation and rehabilitation for Bukchon, Seoul.