• Architectural research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.29-37
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• 2021

Early in the communist era, many cities in modern China experienced a special period of passive industrialization during which the construction of urban spaces laid the spatial urban foundation. During this period, the city construction was carried out rapidly under the administrative intervention of the government. The passive industrialization caused by taking economic construction as the center made the city construction deviate from the correct track and resulted in a variety of problems. Focusing on ecological space change, this paper selects Zhengzhou as an example of many similar cities in China, and analyzes the impact of passive industrialization on urban ecological spaces from the perspectives of city scale, city layout and city construction management system. The analysis results reveal that the construction of urban ecological space under the influence of passive industrialization induced a lagging characteristic, led to insufficient integrity of urban ecological space, and placed great pressure on the urban environment. Finally, the paper puts forward some methods to optimize the urban ecological space.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.47-58
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• 2016

In modern era Busan, newspaper articles about cherry blossom attractions from FuzanNippo and ChosenJiho have changed from places of landmark cherry trees to recreational activities under the cherry blossom. This means that the place characteristics of the cherry blossom attractions helped transform modern Busan. This study is to clarify the real image of the cherry blossom attractions where they were and when it was established in modern Busan. In order to discuss the location characteristics and the timing of identification as it changed from cherry-blossom viewing spots to picnic spots under the cherry blossom, current articles published in the FuzanNippo and ChosenJiho were collected. This study results are as follows: First of all, cherry blossom attractions are located in private gardens, gardens at hot spring inns, public lands such as schools, temples, reservoirs and malls such as Dongnae hot spring and the Midoricho red-light district. The location feature was that they were found at the edges of settlement environments, at the interface of city and natural spaces in modern Busan. Secondly, newspaper articles about cherry blossom attractions gradually changed from cherry blossom viewing spots to picnic spots under the cherry blossom, which became the peak of the cherry blossom attractions in modern Busan. The main focus of cherry blossom attractions changed from cherry-blossom viewing to picnicking under cherry blossoms around 1920. This means that the establishment of cherry blossom attractions can be seen around 1920. Articles of cherry-blossom viewing picked up sites not easy to access such as private gardens and reservoirs, articles about picnic spots under cherry blossoms noted public places that everyone could access. Cherry blossom attractions sites became spring resorts in modern Busan.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.253-271
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• 2011

The modern age is such an era of time and space compressed. The central axis having compressed the time of the modern Busan city was the very trains and trams. The development of the means of modern transportation, such as trans and trams, came to change the time-space characteristics of cities in the modern age. Through trains and trams regarded as symbols of modern cities, this study attempted to find the localities of Busan as a modern city. The development of the modern Busan city was actually based on modernity and colonial exploitation. Documents of localities provide data to read humans' local-related experiences. 'Documenting localities' related to the means of modern transportation is a work process to read the localities of Busan in the modern age. Through this process, it is possible to understand how means of transportation can be correlated with a local community, local residents' daily lives and spatial change. Overall, this study is such a small attempt for this concern.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.567-581
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• 2020

While Coronavirus (COVID-19) is popular all over the world, democratic citizenship is strongly highlighted as a factor that has enabled the Republic of Korea to successfully prevent it. Democratic citizenship can also be understood as a civility, which means respecting the individual's individuality, value and freedom, but at the same time pursuing common good based on healthy relationships with others in the community. It is true that despite the need for modern Christianity to practice this civility more gracefully and politely in the public sphere, some churches and Christians have failed to show it during the Corona crisis. Under these circumstances, this study made the following suggestions for the realization of communality through the practice of democratic citizenship beyond the privatization of modern Christianity. First, Christianity needs recognition as a public church and theological establishment of it. Second, modern Christianity needs to recognize the importance of a network society and practice public good more than ever. Third, modern Christianity should be able to provide a new lifestyle for the development of public character in the community. So the New Normal-era church should be able to restore its original churchlikeness by having a Christian identity and communicating gentlemanly in the public domain.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.56 no.7 s.106
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• pp.79-95
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• 2006

The relationships between costumes and literature are the remarkable characteristics in the history of Japanese costumes. Among them, the literary designs which have literary subject matters seem unique to Japan. In Japan, the history of the literary design traces far back and its examples are abundant in various literatures in the Heian era. It is particularly notable that the literary designs take a relatively large part of Kosode pattern in the pre-modern period, the Edo era, which can be cleary seen in Kosodehinagata-bon, a collection of Kosode pattern of those era, in addition to various sources of extant relics or paintings. These literary designs lie the tradition of the literary lyricism as aesthetic sense in the japanese costume history. The literary lyricism means the lyrical mood evoked by literature. The purpose of this study is to examine how the literary lyricism which has supported those literary designs was formed and developed. The literary designs on costumes related with the relationships between literature and formative art, for example painting. Those typical example, which started in the literature tournament, utaawase, was devised for matching up with the character of the assembly. They continued as a sort of the intellectual amusements. In the pre-modern period, the literary designs developed In relation to not only subject matters but those expression. Moreover, it shows the extremely typical example that a series of Kosodehiinagata-bons, consisted solely of literary designs, was enjoyed as a device of reading materials like poem anthology.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.17-24
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• 2012

Research on Seokgok(石谷), Lee Gyu Jun(李圭晙, 1855~1923)'s thought and medicine was progressed from various angles. There is no research on Chinese poem(漢詩) accounting for the half of his collection of literary works, "Seokgoksango(石谷散稿)" yet. Hence, the article reviewed concerns on his life and what life he lived as a Confusion(儒家) writer through his Chinese poem. Should read "Seokgoksango", Seokgok's spiritual orientation and attitude to life were found to have its core in the Confusion(儒家的), especially ethical(道學的) aspect. Seokgok's Chinese poem materialized his spiritual composition more, able to access up to general emotional state, representing concerns and frustration of intellectuals in the latter era of the Choson Dynasty. Anxiety consciousness(憂患) of patriotism and love of the people which traditional intellectuals implicated enough at the turbulent era of early modern time appeared strongly in his works. Also works seeking for devotion(歸依) toward the clean world(淸明世界) staring at the corrupt world losing the national sovereignty at the same time and the expansion(擴散) was able to be found many. The latter half of the 19th century and the early 20th century when Seokgok lived was the period of changeover in the history of civilization called intersection between traditional era and modern times. His Chinese poem showed traditional intellectuals' anxiety, frustration, conflict, and hope based on such times. Along with the status of an Oriental, medical doctor and thinker, up to discussion on the quality of a writer, the intensified research on him is expected.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.579-591
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• 2022

Today's Fourth Industrial Revolution is now showing a huge trend that cannot be rejected or ignored. Historically, the Industrial Revolution has always had a significant impact on the function and form of cities, so it is very necessary for modern Christianity to establish the right cultural perspective in urban settings and seek ways to contribute socially in the public domain. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to find the right role of Christianity in new urban spaces and structures based on the following three questions. First, what is a sustainable 'good' city in a new era? What are the principles and conditions of the 'good' city? Second, what is the relationship between the city and Christianity? Third, what role should Christianity in the city play for co-prosperity and community? In response to the third question, the study presented the following applications: First, it is necessary to restore and practice Christian civic culture. Second, Christianity should also take the lead in restoring morality in the market economy. Third, it is necessary to implement Christian values beyond caring and charity. Fourth, the church needs a role and cooperation as a civil society that restores humanity and faith.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.366-382
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• 2023

Among the many novels penned by Thomas Hardy, the novel "Tess of the d'Urbervilles" came into print in 1891.In this novel, Hardy portrays Tess who was born and raised in a rural middle-class family but ends up working as a laborer, trapped in a society where she is subjugated by the men's wealth, leading a life marked by loneliness and isolation. The novel presents the status of women, moral struggles, and the challenging fate that they must overcome. It highlights the powerlessness of women living in a structurally unreasonable social environment, forced to depend on the ever-changing twists of destiny. This story delves into the complexities of love between the genders, moral conflicts, and the societal criticism that must be confronted. By utilizing the life of the young woman Tess, it underscores the struggle for existence and elucidates the roles, expectations, and constraints imposed on gender during the Victorian era. This research paper aims to compare the roles of women in the Victorian era in Britain and woman in contemporary Korean society. The Victorian era featured rigid gender norms, confining women to prescribed roles. In contrast, modern Korean society blends tradition and modernity, empowering women to play vital roles and reshape societal norms. Our research explores the interplay of tradition and change, providing a comprehensive understanding of women's evolving roles in both historical and contemporary contexts. We will present our discussions regarding the enduring roles that women have faced in both periods. Furthermore, we aim to highlight the distinctive roles women are called upon to play while dealing with the swift transformations in contemporary Korean society, recognizing them as essential agents in the agents in advancing Korean society.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.56 no.9
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• pp.543-551
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• 2023

Snow is an essential climate factor that affects the climate system and surface energy balance, and it also has a crucial role in water balance by providing solid water stored during the winter for spring runoff and groundwater recharge. In this study, statistical analysis of Local Data Assimilation and Prediction System (LDAPS), Modern.-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2), and ERA5-Land snow depth data were used to evaluate the applicability in South Korea. The statistical analysis between the Automated Synoptic Observing System (ASOS) ground observation data provided by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) and the reanalysis data showed that LDAPS and ERA5-Land were highly correlated with a correlation coefficient of more than 0.69, but LDAPS showed a large error with an RMSE of 0.79 m. In the case of MERRA-2, the correlation coefficient was lower at 0.17 because the constant value was estimated continuously for some periods, which did not adequately simulate the increase and decrease trend between data. The statistical analysis of LDAPS and ASOS showed high and low performance in the nearby Gangwon Province, where the average snowfall is relatively high, and in the southern region, where the average snowfall is low, respectively. Finally, the error variance between the four independent snow depth data used in this study was calculated through triple collocation (TC), and a merged snow depth data was produced through weighting factors. The reanalyzed data showed the highest error variance in the order of LDAPS, MERRA-2, and ERA5-Land, and LDAPS was given a lower weighting factor due to its higher error variance. In addition, the spatial distribution of ERA5-Land snow depth data showed less variability, so the TC-merged snow depth data showed a similar spatial distribution to MERRA-2, which has a low spatial resolution. Considering the correlation, error, and uncertainty of the data, the ERA5-Land data is suitable for snow-related analysis in South Korea. In addition, it is expected that LDAPS data, which is highly correlated with other data but tends to be overestimated, can be actively utilized for high-resolution representation of regional and climatic diversity if appropriate corrections are performed.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.535-550
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the cooking process of $Bibimbab$(cooked rice mixed with various ingredients) appeared in cook books published after Korean modern era, approximately from late 19th century to the present. 7 cook books were chosen to be analyzed. It is found that the ingredients were mixed with the rice before being served in the cook books written in late 19th century until mid 20th century, while the ingredients were separately decorated on top of the rice in the cook books written from mid 20th century until late 20th century. $Gochujang$(Korean chilly paste), which is common spicy seasoning for $Bibimbab$ in the present time, appeared only in $Hangukeumak$(1987) which is written in late 20th century. Prior to $Hangukeumak$(1987), chilly powder or chilly was used for chilly-based spicy seasoning. Cook books written in late 19th century until mid 20th century, ingredients used for $Bibimbab$ had complicated cooking methods such as $Jeonyueo$(assorted pan-fried delicacies), $Nurumi$(fried beef skewer with various vegetables) and $Sanjeok$(grilled beef skewer). From mid 20th century until late 20th century, among the cook books analyzed in this research, only $Hankukyoribaekguasajeon$(1976) suggested $Jeonyueo$ as an ingredient, and in general, the cooking method for preparing beef became simpler. For further studies, firstly, the cooking procedures used for $Bibimbab$ in the prior period to the Korean modern era need to be examined for more information about the changes of cooking style of $Bibimbab$. Secondly, new $Bibimbab$ recipes for modern restaurants could be created by using the recipes used in the historical cook books. Finally, the definitions of culinary terms used in historical cook books need to be clarified.