• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.56-68
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• 2022

Objective: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate potential effects of HRT (hormone replacement therapy) on motor functions in postmenopausal women. Method: In this meta-analysis, 19 studies that examined changes in motor functions between postmenopausal women with and without HRT intervention were qualified. We additionally conducted moderator variable analyses including: (1) motor function type, (2) hormone type, and (3) duration of HRT intervention. Results: The random effects model showed no significant overall effects (SMD = 0.199; SE = 0.115; 95% CI = -0.026~0.425; Z = 1.730; p = 0.084; I² = 93.258%). Additional three moderator variable analyses revealed no significant effect sizes indicating that specific HRT protocols did not improve different motor functions in postmenopausal women. Conclusion: These meta-analytic findings suggest that HRT had no positive effects on motor functions in postmenopausal women.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.259-269
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• 2021

Objective: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate age-related bimanual coordination functions in older adults. Method: Thirteen studies that compared bimanual coordination functions in older adults with those in healthy young adults qualified for this meta-analysis. We additionally categorized 21 total comparisons from the 13 qualified studies into two types of task-related moderator variables: (1) kinematic versus kinetic movements and (2) symmetry versus asymmetry movements. Results: Random effects model meta-analysis found that older adults revealed significant bimanual coordination impairments as compared with young adults (Hedges's g = -0.771; p < .0001; I² = 74.437%). We additionally confirmed specific bimanual coordination deficits using two moderator variables: 1) kinematic (Hedges's g = -0.884; p < .0001; I² = 0.000%) and kinetic (Hedges's g = -0.666; p = .023; I² = 86.170%). 2) symmetry (Hedges's g = -0.712; p = .001; I² = 74.291%) and asymmetry (Hedges's g = -0.817; p < .0001; I² = 76.322%). The moderator variable analysis indicated older adults indicated bimanual coordination deficits in the upper extremities than healthy young adults while performing kinematic bimanual coordination tasks and asymmetry coordination tasks. Conclusion: These findings suggest that developing motor rehabilitation programs based on asymmetric bimanual movement task for enhancing interlimb coordination functions of older adults may be crucial for increasing their independence in everyday activities. Given that elderly revealed the deficits in lower extremities coordination when older adults perform gait, posture, and balance, future studies should estimate lower limb coordination functions in elderly people.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.279-293
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• 2017

Community attachment is an important variable for affecting community satisfaction. The study aims to identify the factors influencing community satisfaction on rural community capacity. Particularly, the study examine the moderating effects of the community attachment between community capacity and community satisfaction. Data were collected from 289 residents of rural villages through questionnaires. Results of a factor analysis yielded four dimensions of community capacity which are learning opportunity and technique, leadership, grasping problem, and community attitude. Results show that learning opportunity and community attitude among four dimensions of community capacities have significance for community satisfaction. And community attachment among community capacity factors has a positive effects as a moderator between community capacity and community satisfaction. Results also indicated that community attitude has an interactional effects with moderator. It was suggested that community attachment should be considered in rural community development policy.

• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.160-168
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• 2017

Purpose: Optimism is an important psychological variable that functions positively in stress adaptation process. The purpose of this study was to identify either a mediating or moderating effect of optimism in the relationship between stress and well-being among mothers of children with diabetes mellitus. Methods: A sample of 109 mothers of children with diabetes mellitus was recruited in a tertiary hospital in B city and they completed self-reported questionnaires. Multiple regression analysis models were used to test the mediating and moderating effects of optimism in the relationship between stress and well-being. Results: The results of the multiple and hierarchical regression analysis showed that the role of optimism was examined a partial mediator of the relation between stress and well-being, not a moderator. Increased stress was associated with decreasing optimism and well-being, and increased optimism predicted increased well-being among mothers of children with diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: Optimism is more likely to play a role as mediator, rather than as a moderator. This finding suggests the importance of optimism in improving the well-being of mothers of children with diabetes mellitus.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.851-861
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• 2021

The main objective of this study is to examine the government ownership effect on the United Arab Emirates (UAE) firm's corporate social responsibility (CSR). Government ownership is assumed to affect the CSR either directly or indirectly. That is by moderating the association between corporate governance and CSR. Publicly listed companies on the UAE capital markets (Abu Dhabi and Dubai) from 2010-2013 constituted the study sample. Panel data regression analyses and random effect model is used to examine the effects of board size, board independence, and audit committee characteristics on CSR. Government ownership is used as a moderator variable. The result showed that the existence of government ownership has a moderator effect on the association between corporate governance mechanisms and the CSR. Precisely, the research revealed that the audit committee characteristics become more effective in improving the firm's CSR when the government owns shares in the organization. The main contribution of this study is to examine how firm ownership structure influences good corporate governance and CSR in the UAE. The study contributes to the CSR literature by merging between the existence of governmental ownership and the power to enforce the implementation of corporate governance in an emerging country.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.1205-1215
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• 2021

The study's purpose is to assess how board chairman tenure (BCT) contributes to limiting the earnings management practices (EM) in Iraqi banks. We compare the direct influence of the corporate governance mechanisms (CG) on EM practices and use BCT as a moderator that affects the influence of CG on EM. The sample of the study is the financial' firms listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange for the period 2013-2018. Using purposive sampling data was collected from annual reports and data stream. We use the random effect model in panel data regression by using Stata to analyze the data. Findings proved that CG mechanisms insignificantly influence EM, except the meeting frequency was significant. By contrast, BCT had a positive and considerable influence as the moderating variable between CG and EM. These results suggested that the Chairman's tenure on the board lead to enhanced governance mechanisms to limit the EM practice in Iraqi financial firms. Accordingly, this study is one of the few studies in the Iraq environment that examine the influence of CG mechanisms on EM practices, in addition to examining the BCT as a moderator between CG and EM, thus, filling the gap in such studies in developing countries.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.423-431
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• 2021

This study aims to examine the effect of liquidity, activity, leverage, and profitability on firm value, as well as the effect of disclosure of corporate social responsibility (CSR), which in this study is a moderator and company size as a control variable. The sampling technique used in this study is a purposive sampling method with certain criteria, to obtain a sample of 22 LQ45 index companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2014-2019. The data analysis method in this study used was the Multiple Linear Regression Analysis with the SPSS 18 Program. The results show that the ratios of liquidity, activity, leverage, and profitability are significant to firm value in accordance with the initial hypothesis of the study. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) plays a role as a moderating variable and company size variable as a control variable on the effect of financial ratios (liquidity, activity, leverage, and profitability) on firm value. The implication of this research is that CSR has a very important role in increasing company value. To attract more investors, companies must pay attention not only to financial performance but also to social performance. Large-scale companies tend to do more CSR so that the company value will increase.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.83-89
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• 2019

Purpose - It is a very important issue for the Korean tourism industry to increase tourism revenue by attracting foreign tourists. Although Japanese tourists have been an important part of the Korean tourism industry for a long time, the level of tourist satisfaction including accommodation has been at the worst compared to other foreign visitors, which strongly requires concrete solutions. Therefore, this study focuses on improving the satisfaction level of Japanese visitors in the use of accommodation, and find out the influence of the managerial response. Research design, data, and methodology - In this study, customer review and managerial response of hotels in Seoul were collected from "Rakuten Travel" which is the most representative online travel agency in Japan. As a result of collecting data from 2016 to 2018, 6,190 customer reviews and 1,241 managerial responses from 120 hotels were used for analysis. In addition, information on the properties of 120 hotels, such as the number of rooms, classification, types of hotel facilities, types of room facilities, accessibility and prices, were collected. To test the hypotheses, moderated multiple regression analysis was conducted with SPSS 22.0. Results - It was found that only 25 sites, 20.8% of the total 120 sites, were implementing managerial response and average response rate was 66.42% among them. As a result of examining the main effects of the hotel attributes on the ratings, accessibility and price are confirmed as effective variables. We also found that the response rate has a significant moderate effect in both the accessibility and price. In other words, there was a significant difference in the influence of accessibility and price on the ratings depending on the response rate. Also, it was confirmed that the response rate is not a pure moderator variable but a quasi moderator variable. Overall, the evidences partially supported the hypothesis. Conclusion - It was possible to provide important suggestions to the hotel managers who were concerned about managing tourist satisfaction with accessibility problems. It was found that the accessibility problem could be overcome by increasing the response rate. It was also confirmed that high ratings can be more effectively achieved for high priced hotels by increasing the response rate.

• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.83-133
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• 2015

In this paper, I pose a problem for Hitchcock's arguments for two concepts of effects that are intended to explicate double causal effects, and put forth a theory that is intended not just to meet the problem but also to accommodate Hitchcock's theory and Eells' theory both. First, I introduce an example of dual causal effects, and examine the accounts of Otte(1985) and Eells(1987) on how to explicate the dual effects. I show that their accounts of the dual effects help us understand the problem of dual effects and see how different it is for Cartwright(1979, 1989, 1995), Eells(1991, 1995), and Hitchcock(2001a) to meet the problem. Second, I introduce two concepts of effects on Hitchcock(2001a), that is, net effect and component effect that are allegedly analogous to two effects of structural equation model. Third, I reveal the significance of homogeneous subpopulation and causal interaction regarding the problem of dual effects while examining Cartwright's theory and Elles' theory. Fourth, I critically examine the two concepts of effects on Hitchcock and argue against Hitchcock's criticism of Eells' theory. Fifth, I take a moderator variable of structural equation model and a moderator effect into the probabilistic theory of causality, and formally generalize causal interaction due to the dual effects in terms of disjunctive relation and counterfactual conditionals. I expect my account of disjunctive relation and counterfactual conditionals to contribute not just to several problems the received theories of causal modelling confront but also to the structural equation models many people exploit as a promising statistical methodology.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.131-149
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• 2016

The aims of this study are to investigate the impact of the experience of exposure to domestic violence(witnessed interparental conjugal violence and child abuse) on mental health among college students, and to explore whether social support acts as a moderator between domestic violence and mental health. Through this process, I intended to provide a reference base to suggest substantial interventions for family welfare by helping students to overcome negative domestic violence exposure experiences and adapt as healthy members of society. To achieve this goal, the study established a conceptual framework by considering the mental health of adolescents with domestic-violence exposure experience as a dependent variable, domestic violence exposure experience (witnessed interparental conjugal violence and child abuse) as an independent variable, and social support as a moderator of the relationship between these two variables. The subjects composed 747 college students in 8 colleges in Seoul. The main summary of this study is as follows: First, according to the analysis of domestic-violence exposure experience, all the subjects of this study had substantial experience of violence at home and witnessed interparental conjugal violence. These students scored 3.83 points in social support, higher than the median of 3, implying that these students had a higher awareness of social support. Moreover, their mental health score was 3.50 points, which is higher than the median of 3, indicating a somewhat positive tendency toward mental health. Second, to explore the moderating effects of social support between child violence experience and mental health, gender, age, financial status, academic-performance, child abuse and social support were input in the first step, and then buffering effects were examined by entering an interaction term to the first step in the second step. There was a significant interaction between social support and mental health. Therefore, social support was identified as having moderating effects on the relationship between child violence and mental health. Third, the analysis of moderating effects of social support between witnessed interparental conjugal violence and mental health revealed that social support had a positive influence on mental health in the first step. By contrast, the interaction term of witnessed interparental conjugal violence and social support showed no significance, indicating no moderating effect of social support in the second step. To sum up, social support served as a moderator for mental health among college students with child abuse experience, but had no moderating effect on witnessed interparental conjugal violence experience.