• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.73-88
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• 2018

The present study examined how processing features of visual information near the hand would affect task switching. Recent studies reported enhanced cognitive control of visual information presented the near hands. To investigate the enhancement of cognitive control based on the relationship between hand proximity and attention, we implemented 2 experiments. In the task switching performance experiment, the hand proximity effect depended on modality of cue and target. The first experiment showed that stimuli near the hand received greater cognitive control than stimuli far from the hand, resulting in smaller switch cost. The result could rule out the feature-binding problem, which identifies reduced switch cost as the cause instead of hand proximity. Our results show that hand proximity actually reduced switch cost. In the second experiment, we examined the effects of hand nearness, modality, and their interaction on switch cost. In task switching, the target was always visual, and the cue was presented either visually or auditorily. In addition, we manipulated the cue-target interval to observe the preparation effect of cue. The results showed that a visual cue near the hand reduced switch cost by shortening task preparation time. Also, modality switching between an auditory cue and visual target was remarkable in a hand-near condition. The results for the visual cue could be interpreted as a benefit of rapid visual attention orienting. On the other hand, the results for the auditory cue could be interpreted as the cost of interference of modality switching by slower attentional disengagement of stimuli near the hands. Finally, modulation of switch cost by attention induced by hand nearness was discussed.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.241-253
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• 2014

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine multi-modal interaction effects of input-mode switching on the use of smart phones. Background: Multi-modal is considered as an efficient alternative for input and output of information in mobile environments. However, there are various limitations in current mobile UI (User Interface) system that overlooks the transition between different modes or the usability of a combination of multi modal uses. Method: A pre-survey determined five representative tasks from smart phone tasks by their functions. The first experiment involved the use of a uni-mode for five single tasks; the second experiment involved the use of a multi-mode for three dual tasks. The dependent variables were user preference and task completion time. The independent variable in the first experiment was the type of modes (i.e., Touch, Pen, or Voice) while the variable in the second experiment was the type of tasks (i.e., internet searching, subway map, memo, gallery, and application store). Results: In the first experiment, there was no difference between the uses of pen and touch devices. However, a specific mode type was preferred depending on the functional characteristics of the tasks. In the second experiment, analysis of results showed that user preference depended on the order and combination of modes. Even with the transition of modes, users preferred the use of multi-modes including voice. Conclusion: The order of combination of modes may affect the usability of multi-modes. Therefore, when designing a multi-modal system, the fact that there are frequent transitions between various mobile contents in different modes should be properly considered. Application: It may be utilized as a user-centered design guideline for mobile multi modal UI system.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.14
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• pp.127-140
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• 1994

This study is concerned with the accuracy and the patterns when different methods was used in interpolation task. Although 3 methods employed the same modality for input (visual) and for output (manual responding), they differed in central processing, which method 1 is relatively more tendency of verbal processing, method 2 is realtively more tendency of spatial processing and method 3 needed a number of switching code (verbal/spatial) performing task. Split-plot design was adopted, which whole plot consisted of methods (3), orientations (horizon, vertical), base-line sizes (300, 500, 700 pixels) and split plot consisted of target locations (1-99). The results showed the anchor effect and the range effect. Method 2, method 3 and method 1 that order was better accuracy. ANOVA showed that the accuracy was significantly influenced by the method, the location of target, and its interactions ($method{\times}location$, $size{\times}location$). Analysis of error data, response time and frequency of under, just, over estimate indicated that a systematic error pattern was made in task and methods changed not only the performance but also the pattern. The results provided support for the importance of the multiple resources theory in accounting for S-C-R compatibility and task performance. They are discussed in terms of multiple resources theory and guidelines for system design is suggested by the S-C-R compatibility.

• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.147-153
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• 2021

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic made it necessary for medical schools to restructure their curriculum by switching from face-to-face instruction to various forms of flexible learning. Flexible learning is a student-centered approach to learning that has received interest in many educational sectors. It is a critical strategy for expanding access to higher education during the pandemic. As flexible learning includes online, blended, hybrid, and hyflex learning options, learners have the opportunity to select an instruction modality based on their needs and interests. The shift to flexible learning in medical education took place rapidly in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and learners, instructors, and schools were not prepared for this instructional change. Through the lens of the technology acceptance model, human agency, and a social constructivist perspective, I examine students, instructors, and educational institutions' roles in successfully navigating the digital transformation era. The pandemic has also accelerated the use of advanced information and communication technologies, such as artificial intelligence and virtual reality, in learning. Through a review of the literature, this paper aimed to reflect on current flexible learning practices from the instructional design and educational technology perspective and explore emerging technologies that may be implemented in future medical education.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.335-347
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• 2017

Intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator had been the only approved treatment for acute ischemic stroke since its approval in 1995. However, the restrictive time window, numerous contraindications, and its low recanalization rate were all limitations of this modality. Under those circumstances, endovascular stroke therapy went through a great evolution during the past two decades of intravenous thrombolysis. The results of the 2013 randomized trials for endovascular stroke therapy were neutral, although they were limited by insufficient imaging screening at enrollment, early-generation devices with less efficacy, and treatment delays. Huge progress was made in 2015, as there were five randomized clinical trials which all demonstrated the safety and efficacy of endovascular stroke treatment. Despite differences in detail patient enrollment criteria, all 5 trials employed key factors for good functional recovery; (1) screening with non-invasive imaging to identify the proximal occlusion and exclude a large infarct core, (2) using highly effective modern thrombectomy devices mainly with stent retriever, and (3) establishment of a fast workflow to achieve effective reperfusion. The results of those trials indicate that modern thrombectomy devices can allow for faster and more effective reperfusion, which can lead to improved clinical outcomes compared to intravenous thrombolysis alone. These advances in mechanical thrombectomy are promising in the global fight against ischemic stroke-related disability and mortality. Two current mainstreams among such mechanical thrombectomy techniques, "stent retriever thrombectomy" and "direct clot aspiration", are the topic of this review. Stent retriever thrombectomy using Solitaire and Trevo retriever will be firstly discussed. And, the commonalities and the differences between two major clot aspiration thrombectomy techniques; a direct aspiration first pass technique (ADAPT) and forced arterial suction thrombectomy (FAST), will be additionally explained. Finally, details regarding the combination of direct clot aspiration and stent retriever thrombectomy, the switching strategy and the Solumbra technique, will be described.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.537-543
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• 2006

There have been many recent studies on the nonlinear rainfall-runoff modeling, where the use of neural networks is shown to be quite successful. Due to fundamental limitation of linear structures, employing linear models has often been considered inferior to the neural network approaches in this area. However, we believe that with an appropriate extension, the concept of linear impulse responses can be a viable tool since it enables us to understand underlying dynamics principles better. In this paper, we propose the use of multiple impulse responses for the problem of rainfall-runoff analysis. The proposed method is based on a simple and fixed strategy for switching among multiple linear impulse-response models, each of which satisfies the constraints of non-negativity and uni-modality. The computational analysis performed for a certain Korean hydrometeorologic data set showed that the proposed method can yield very meaningful results.