• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.5-11
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• 2002

The comparison of the volatile flavor components from Korean and Japanese Satsuma mandarin (C. unshiu Marcov. forma Miyagawa-wase) peel oils, isolated by cold-pressing, was performed by gas chromatography, mass-spectrometry and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O). Eighty-five volatile components were identified in each oil by GC and GC-MS. Forty-three components were detected in each oil by GC-O. The total amount of monoterpene hydrocarbons was 95.88% (Korean mandarin) and 95.29% (Japanese mandarin). Limonene, ${\gamma}$-terpinene, myrcene and $\alpha$-pinene were the main components of the cold-pressed oils from the both samples. The volatile composition of the Japanese mandarin was characterized by a higher content of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, especially bicyclogermacrene, $\alpha$-humullene and valencene. The volatile composition of two samples can easily be distinguished by the percentages of aldehydes, ketones and esters, which were found at higher levels in the Japanese mandarin. The sweet and fruity flavor was stronger in the Korean mandarin oil while herbaceous flavor was stronger in Japanese sample. From GC-O data it is suggested that the sweet and fruity flavor of the Korean mandarin resulted from terpinolene and linalool, and the herbaceous note of the Japanese mandarin from $\alpha$-humullene, nepal, ι-carvone and perill aldehyde.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.184-187
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• 2008

A new early maturing satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) 'Haryejosaeng' was developed as a nucellar seedling selection of 'Tachima Wase' (C. unshiu Marc.) that was crossed with C. natsudaidai Hayata at the National Institute of Subtropical Agriculture in Jeju island in 1992. The 'Jegam ga No. 2', a first selection from the seedlings fruited in 2001 was finally named "Haryejosaeng" through field evaluation trials at three locations in Jeju island from 2003 to 2004. 'Haryejosaeng' produces seedless fruit maturing in early November, and has higher soluble solids and lower acidity than 'Miyagawa Wase', the leading early-maturing satsuma mandarin cultivar in Jeju island. Fruit weight is moderate at about 80~90 g and its shape is compressed-oblate globose with a light orange color. The rind thickness of about 2 mm provides easy peeling. The flesh shows light orange colored and contains 10 to 11 Brix and 1 to 1.1% acidity when mature. Tree shows vigorous growth and spreading thornless twigs. Alternate bearing is similar to 'Miyagawa Wase'. 'Haryejosaeng' is susceptible to citrus scab disease and melanose, but resistant to citrus canker.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.29-32
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• 2002

The ability to form embryiod from callus in satsuma mandarin is low and unstable. In this study, the conditions of embryogenic calli induced from nucellar tissue for promotion of plant regeneration in satsuma mandarin were investigated. The calli of I, II and III line were divided into two sizes of 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm in diameter and two weight gradients of percoll at 40% and 50% though the filter mesh. The frequency of embryo formation from $\phi$ 1.0mm-40% was slightly higher than callus that from others. Adventitious embryoids developed to a globular stage were transferred to regeneration medium. In 'Miyagawa Wase', the embryos from I and II line developed into a heart stage from most of $\phi$ 0.5 mm- 40% and $\phi$1.0 mm-40% calli, but it failed in 'Sugiyama Unshu'. In the cultivar of 'Miyagawa Wase', 63% of adventitious embryos transferred to the regeneration medium developed into the heart stage from the most $\phi$ 1.0 mm-40% calli of I line, but of 'Sugiyama Unshu' failed in some calli condition. The embryoids from two callus lines developed further to shoots and plantlets, while the embriods from III line abnormal failed to regenerate in the cultivar. From these results, it is suggested that the plant regeneration from embryogenic callus in satsuma mandarin could be affected by callus conditions.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.215-219
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• 2010

We have subjected to gamma-irradiation to citrus buds and then grafted onto mature citrus tree. Mutant citrus branch lines have been induced. As a result of first selection, we found the several mutant lines showing interesting phenotypes such as higher sugar content. We have selected several branches showing good qualities such as higher sweetness and/or lower acidity. Some branch lines showed over $13^{\circ}Brix$ sugar content and below 0.9% acidity. Other mutant branch lines showed the changes of shape, size, peel thickness, and fiber contents or distribution of fruits. The results suggest that gamma-irradiation is an effective tool for induction of citrus mutant lines.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.599-604
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• 2000

This experimemt was conducted to determine the effect of ridge-up bed with different height (0, 20, 40, 60 cm) on the fruit quality of 'Miyagawa Wase' satsuma mandarin cultivated in a plastic film house. Soil moisture was measured at the soil depths of 10, 30, and 60 cm for each height of ridge-up bed. The time required to reach the condition, -1.4 Mpa at 30 cm deep in soils, which are supposed to be the ideal soil moisture potential and soil depth for high quality satsuma mandarin production, was 100, 60, and 30 days for 20, 40, and 60 cm ridge-up bed, respectively, and more than 100 days for 0 cm. Peel chromaticity by 'a' value was increased as the ridge-up height went up, so that plants grown at the bed with 60 cm height had 11 degree higher value than those of plants grown at the bed with 0 cm height. The 'a/b' values also had a similiar trend as value 'a'. The reducing sugar level of the fruit juice, which was composed of glucose and fructose, was increased as the height of ridge went up, showing significant difference between the ridge heights. The sucrose level had the same trend as the reducing sugar level although the difference between the ridge heights were not significant. Generally, the soluble solid level is considered to be representing the fruit quality. It had 11.4, 12.1, 12.5, $12.8^{\circ}Brix$ for 0, 20, 40, and 60 cm ridge-ups, respectively, showing $1.4^{\circ}Brix$ difference between 0 and 60 cm ridges. Acidity basically showed the same result as that of the soluble solid level depending on the height of the ridges.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.605-611
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• 2000

This experiment was conducted to examine the effects of foliar application of ethychlozate and ethyclozate mixed with different calcium formulae (clef-non, suical, cell-bine, and calcium acetate monohydrate) on the fruit quality and peel puffing of 'Miyagawa Wase' satsuma mandarin cultivated in a plastic film house. Foliar application of ethychlozate mixed with clef-non or suical showed a result that the 'a' value of peel chromaticity was increased, which are supposed to accelerate peel coloration without peel puffing. The reducing sugar levels of fruits in control, ethychlozate, ethychlozate+celef-non, ethychlozate+suical, ethychlozate+cell-bine, and ethychlozate+calcium acetate monohydrate treatment were 4.98, 5.30, 5.59, 5.00, 5.20, and 4.27%, respectively. Especially, in the case of ethychlozate mixed with clef-non, the reducing sugar level was 0.61% higher than that of control. Sucrose and total sugar content also had a similar trend as that in the reducing sugar contents. The sugar contents of fruits in various ethychlozate treatments mixed with different calcium formulae except those in ethychlozate treatment or ethychlozate treatment mixed with calcium acetate monohydrate were higher than $12^{\circ}Brix$. Especially, the treatment of ethychlozate treatment mixed with clef-non showed the highest sugar content with $12.7^{\circ}Brix$. The ratio of soluble solids to acidity also showed the similar tendency, but there was no significant difference in acidity among the treatments.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.225-232
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• 2003

Nutrients and water absorption by Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Miyagawa Wase were examined using spray type of out-door hydroponics system. Three different concentration levels of nutrient solution were treated to citrus trees to examine nutrient uptake. To do so, concentration and the volume change of nutrient solution was measured for each treatment. By weighing the volume of solution and citrus trees, amounts of water uptake and fresh weight increase were observed periodically. Water uptake by trees increased as tree grew and time elapsed, but was lower at high level of nutrient concentration than the rest, due partly to the reduction in hydraulic conductance and to the sustained high salt concentration. Rapid increase in fresh weight and nutrient uptake occurred from May to July and from August to September. The amounts of nutrient uptake were significantly different among nutrient levels: the higher concentration, the greater uptake by citrus tree. The absorbed amounts of $NO_3$, K and Ca were much higher than those of $NH_4$, S, P, Mg, and Fe. Most mineral contents in leaves were proportional to the concentration of supplied nutrient solutions. From the results of nutrient absorption and contents in leaves at different levels of nutrient solutions, the composition of major elements for citrus nutrient solution can be modified as follows: 27.1, 16.5, 66.0, 80.0, and $24.0mg\;L^{-1}$ for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg, respectively.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.118-119
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• 2001

This experiment was carried out to examine the effects of foliar applications of 100 mg.L$^{-1}$ ethephon mixed with different calcium formulae (10,000 mg.L$^{-1}$ Clef-non, 2,000 mg.L$^{-1}$ Cell-bine, 2,000 mg.L$^{-1}$ Hicalux, and 2,000 mg.L$^{-1}$ calcium acetate monohydrate) on the rind coloration, defoliation and fruit quality of satsuma mandarin cultivated in the plastic greenhouse. Foliar applications of ethephon alone or in mixture with either Clef-non, Cell-bine, Hicalux or calcium acetate monohydrate demonstrated that increased 'a'value of peel chromaticity as compared to the control. The treatments encouraged fruit colour and allowed the harvest date to be predicted. The defoliation ratio decreased considerably by foliar applications of ethephon mixed with Cell-bine or Hicalux. The sugar content of fruit increased by 1.6, 1.54, and 1.54$^{\circ}$Bx with the foliar applications of ethephon, ethephon+Clef-non, and ethephon+Cell-bine, respectively. With the foliar applications of ethephon in mixture with Cell-bine, fruit coloration was accelerated. defoliation was delayed, and fruit quality was improved.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.121-130
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate a method for producing cultured virus - free ovules for breeding high - quality Citrus cultivars. Ovules from the immature fruits of three citrus cultivars native to Jeju (Dongjeongkyool, Cheongkyool, and Jikak) and two cultivars of Citrus unshiu Marc. (Miyagawa wase and Haryejosaeng) that were thought to be infected with Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) were cultured on MS2 medium (Murashige - Skoog [MS] basal medium containing $500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ malt extract, $50g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ sucrose, $1.0 mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ kinetin, and $8g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ agar). After four weeks of culture, 10, 21, 13, 5, and 7 somatic embryos and 2, 4, 2, 4, and 5 white callus cells (surrounding green somatic embryos) were obtained from Dongjeongkyool, Cheongkyool, Jikak, Miyagawa wase, and Haryejosaeng, respectively. After six weeks of culture, somatic embryos were obtained from cultured cells grown on MT basal medium supplemented with malt extract ($500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$), lactose ($70g{\cdot}L^{-1}$), and agar ($16g{\cdot}L^{-1}$). Over 60% of the somatic embryos from citrus cultivars native to Jeju developed into normal plants on MS basal medium supplemented with malt extract ($500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$), sucrose ($50g{\cdot}L^{-1}$), and agar ($8g{\cdot}L^{-1}$) after 10 weeks of culture. Normal plants were regenerated from two Citrus unshiu Marc. cultivars on MT basal medium supplemented with sorbitol (1.0 M), galactose (1.0 M), $GA_3$ ($1.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$), and Gelrite ($3g{\cdot}L^{-1}$). The absence of virus in plants generated from cultured ovules was confirmed by RT - PCR and antigen - antibody reactions. Therefore, virus - free Citrus cells can be obtained for breeding high - quality citrus cultivars using the biotechnological technique evaluated in this study.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.325-332
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• 2000

To determine the distribution and recovery of fall-applied N in various parts of satsuma mandarins (Citrus unshiu Marc). $19.68g\;N\;tree^{-1}$ as urea containing 5 atom % $^{15}N$ and 58 kg$K_2O$ $ha^{-1}$ were broadcast-applied to 11 years old 'Miyagawa Wase' grown at a spacing of $2.7{\times}2.7m$ on 18 November 1998. Nitrogen, $P_2O_5$, and $K_2O$ were applied at 104, 308, and $62kg\;ha^{-1}$ on 22 March and N and $K_2O$ at 42 and $83kg\;ha^{-1}$ on 15 June 1999. Two trees were excavated on 15 June and 8 December 1999, respectively. In mid-June, whole tree contained $168.2g\;N\;tree^{-1}$ of which 11.9, 42.1, 29.7, and 16.3% were in fruits, leaves, stems, and roots, respectively. In early December, total tree N averaged $169.8g\;tree^{-1}$ and fruits accounted for 27.6%, leaves 36.4%, stems 22.8%, and roots 13.2% of total tree N. Regardless of harvest date, N derived from fertilizer was highest in newly developed tissues. In mid June, the tree recovered 18.5% ($3.63g\;tree^{-1}$) of fertilizer N. Fruits accounted for 21.1%, leaves for 50.4%, stems for 21.5%, and roots for 7.9% of fertilizer-derived N in the tree, respectively. In early December, the tree recovered 17.0% of fertilizer N. Fruits contained 39.6%, leaves 40.5%, stems 14.5%, and roots 5.3% of fertilizer-derived N in the tree respectively. Comparing with total tree N, a higher proportion of fertilizer-derived N was allocated to metabolically active tissues while a less proportion to old tissues regardless of harvest date.