• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.916-922
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• 2011

본 연구는 다양한 생약재를 사용하여 생약재 복합물을 구성하고, 복합물의 이화학적 특성과 항산화 활성에 대하여 조사하였다. 생약재 복합물의 추출 수율은 물 추출물이 35.00%, 에탄올 추출물 25.33%이었으며, 분획물 중에서는 ethyl acetate층의 수율이 물 및 80% 에탄올 추출물에서 각각 0.64% 및 3.76%였다. 생약재 복합물의 물 및 80% 에탄올 추출물의 총플라보노이드 함량은 각각 2.34% 및 2.42%이었고 총페놀성 화합물 함량은 5.04% 및 4.56%이었으며, 용매별 분획물 중 ethyl acetate층의 총플라보노이드 함량이 가장 높았고 총페놀성 화합물 함량 또한 ethyl acetate층에서 가장 높았다. 추출물에 가장 많이 함유된 성분은 salicylic acid와 ${\rho}$-coumaric acid이었다. 물 추출물과 80% 에탄올 추출물의 전자공여능은 각각 43.32% 및 41.32%이었으며, 각각의 용매 분획물의 전자공여능은 총페놀성 화합물 함량의 패턴과 유사하였다. 아질산염 소거능은 물 및 80% 에탄올 추출물에서 9.68% 및 8.94%였으며, 용매별 분획물의 아질산염 소거능은 전자공여능과 유사하였다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.165-177
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to perform on the biological activity of Magnolia and Zizyphi fructus extract mixtures on the wound healing of defected rat calvaria. For the determination of the mixture ratio of two extracts for oral administration, preliminary experiments were performed with the mixture combination of 2000 and $3000{\mu}g/ml$ of Magnolia extract, and also 20, 30, 200, 300, 2000 and $3000{\mu}g/ml$ of Zizyphi fructus extract, respectively and divided into 6 groups. The combination of extracts mixture were tested on the enhancing effect of cellular activity. The effect of the extracts mixture on the cellular activity was evaluated using MTT method and measured on the results with optical density by ELISA reader. The ability to tissue regeneration of the extracts mixture was performed by measuring new bone and new connective tissue regeneration on the 5mm defected rat calvaria for 1, 2 and 3 weeks after oral administration of 2 different dosages groups : 10:1(0.1g/kg) and 10:1(0.5g/kg). It was employed the same dosages of unsaponifiable fraction of Zea Mays L as positive controls. Each group of rat was sacrificed and en bloc section for histological examination. The effect on the cellular activity of each mixture ratio showed significantly higher in $2000{\mu}g/ml$ of Magnolia extract and $200{\mu}g/ml$ of Zizyphi fructus extract group to compare with other groups. These preliminary results showed that appropriate mixture ratio of two extracts was 10:1 of Magnolia and Zizyphi fructus extract. Histological examination on the activity of tissue regeneration of each group showed that 2weeks and 3weeks specimens of 0.5g/kg of 10:1 extract mixture of Magnolia and Ziziphi fructus administrated rat calvaria revealed significantly more osteoid and new bone formation of defected calvaria with unification of defected area than the specimens of any other negative and positive controls. Even though the specimen administrated the same dosages of unsaponifiable fraction of Zea Mays L, positive controls, showed the trend that they promote significantly the repair of calvarial defect, their bone reparative activities were less inductive than the same dosages of Magnolia and Ziziphi fructus extract mixture. These results implicated that the mixture of Magnolia and Zizyphi fructus extracts should be highly effective on the wound healing of bony defected site and might have potential possibilities as an useful drug to promote periodontal tissue regeneration.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.336-342
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• 2004

돼지 말초혈액 탐식세포(PMN 및 monocyte)의 탐식성에 있어서 CLA 이성체의 탐식증강 효과를 검토하였다. 탐식세포의 탐식석은 fowl cytomery로 분석하였으며 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. CLA 이성체(CLA mixture, 10t-12c CLA, 9c-11t CLA, 9c-11c CLA, 9t-11t CLA)를 직접 첨가하여 배양한 PMN과 PBMC 및 fowl cytometry cytograpy에서 세포크기에 의해 분획한 monocyte-rich fractiondpsms 탐식증강 효과가 없었다. 2. 각각의 CLA 이성체로 배양한 PBMN 배양상층액으로 PBMC의 탐식활성을 측정한 결과 증강효과는 관찰되지 않았다. 3. CLA 이성체로 배양한 PBMC 배양상층액 중 CLA mixture, 10t-12c CLA, 9c-11c CLA 처리군에서는 PMN과 monocyte-rich fraction의 탐식활성에 있어서 현저한 증강효과가 관찰되었다. 그러나, 말초혈액 탐식세포들은 9c-11c CLA와 9t-11t CLA로 배양한 PBMC 배양상층액에 의해서는 증강효과가 나타나지 않았다. 4. CLA 이성체로 배양한 PMN 배양상층액에 있어서는 PMN과 monocyte-rich fraction의 탐식성을 측정한 결과, 어느 경우에도 증강효과는 나타나지 않았다. 이상의 결과로부터 CLA 중 CLA mixture, 10t-12c CLA. 9c-11t CLA가 돼지 말초혈액 탐식세포에 대하여 탐식증강효과를 가지고 있으며 이러한 증강효과는 직접적이라기보다는 CLA에 의해 활성화된 단핵구세포에서 분비되는 탐식촉진인자를 함유한 가용성 물질에 의해 autocrine 또는 paracrine 양상으로 탐식세포에 작용하는 것으로 생각되었다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2001

카드뮴과 아연에 각각 그리고 동시에 노출한 총알고둥(Littorina brevicula)에서 중금속의 생체내 축적, 제거 및 세포내 분포 양상을 조사하였다. 총알고둥을 카드뮴 400 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L 또는 아연 3000 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L에 각각 90일간 노출하였을 경우, 각 중금속의 축적량은 노출기간에 따라 증가하였으며, 70일 이후에는 더 이상 축적량이 증가하지 않았다. 카드뮴과 아연을 동시에 노출하였을 경우에는 각각의 중금속에 노출하였을 경우에 비해 아연의 축적량은 증가하였으나, 카드뮴의 축적량은 감소하였다. 노출실험에 이어 수행한 42일간의 청장실험 결과, 카드뮴은 체외로 제거되지 않았으나, 아연은 제거되었다. 특히 카드뮴과 아연에 동시 노출한 총알고둥의 경우에 아연은 더 신속히 제거되었다. 총알고둥을 카드뮴과 아연에 각각 70일 동안 노출한 후, 체내로 흡수된 카드뮴의 약 60%가 soluble fraction에 분포하고 있었으며, 아연의 75%는 insoluble fraction에 분포하고 있었다. 이러한 경향은 카드뮴과 아연의 동시 노출시에도 유사하게 나타났다. 카드뮴과 아연은 soluble part내의 리간드(ligand) 와의 결합 양상에서도 차이를 나타냈는데, 카드뮴은 90% 이상이 약 6.5 kDa크기의 MBP-1(Metal-Binding Protein-1)과 결합하고 있었으나, 아연은 HMW(High molecular weight fraction, >60 kDa), MBP-1, MBP-2, LMW(Low molecular weight fraction <1 kDa)에 고루 분포하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.603-615
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• 2019

In the present work, free vibration of beams made of imperfect functionally graded materials (FGMs) including porosities is investigated. Because of faults during process of manufacture, micro voids or porosities may arise in the FGMs, and this situation causes imperfection in the structure. Therefore, material properties of the beams are assumed to vary continuously through the thickness direction according to the volume fraction of constituents described with the modified rule of mixture including porosity volume fraction which covers two types of porosity distribution over the cross section, i.e., even and uneven distributions. The governing equations of power law FGM (P-FGM) and sigmoid law FGM (S-FGM) beams are derived within the frame works of classical beam theory (CBT) and first order shear deformation beam theory (FSDBT). The resulting equations are solved using separation of variables technique and assuming FG beams are simply supported at both ends. To validate the results numerous comparisons are carried out with available results of open literature. The effects of types of volume fraction function, beam theory and porosity volume fraction, as well as the variations of volume fraction index, span to depth ratio and porosity volume fraction, on the first three non-dimensional frequencies are examined in detail.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.156-164
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the anxiolytic-like effects Panax ginseng in mice using the elevated plus-maze model. Furthermore, the anxiolytic-like effects of Panax ginseng were compared to a known active anxiolytic drug, diazepam. Ginseng total saponin (GTS, 100 mg/kg) from red ginseng (RG), sun ginseng (SG) total extract (50 mg/kg), butanol fraction of SG(25 and 50 mg/kg) and ginsenosides ($Rb_1,\;Rg_1,\;and\;Rg_5$ and Rk mixture) significantly increased the number of open arm entries and the time spent on the open arm, compared with that of control. However, Red ginseng (RG) total extract (l00 mg/kg), GTS (25, 50 mg/kg), SG total extract (25 mg/kg) and ginsenosides ($Rg_{3}-R\;and\;Rg_{3}-S$) did not increase the number of open arm entries and the time spent on the open arm. On the other hand, butanol fraction of RG (l00 mg/kg), total extract of SG (50 mg/kg), butanol fraction of SG (50 mg/kg), ginsenosides ($Rb_{1},\;and\;Rg_{5}$ and Rk mixture) decreased the locomotor activity, in a similar fashion to diazepam. These data support that ginseng has the anxiolytic-like effects and the anxiolytic potential of SG was stronger than that of RG. Ginsenosides $Rb_{1},\;Rg_{1},\;and\;Rg_{5}$ and Rk mixture play important role on the anxiolytic-like effects of Panax ginseng. We provide evidence that ginseng and some ginsenosides may be useful for the treatment of anxiety.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2001년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.11-14
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• 2001

In this study, the relationship between metals (Cu, Cr, Cd, Zn. Pb, and Fe) 5 fractions and toxicity of soil samples from various contaminated sites in Korea were investigated. Metal toxicity of soils was tested using MetPLATE$^{TM}$ test kit, which is known as metal sensitive and organic insensitive. Significant amount of Fe was found in soils, and metal contents were in the order of Fe>Zn>Pb>Cu>Cr>Cd. Metal levels in organic fraction were rather high for all metals except Fe, and quite high percentages (35~79%) for residual fraction were observed for all metals. There were no significant relationships between the content of each metal fraction and toxicity which showed regression $R^2$in the range of 0.0003~0.414. However, correlation between toxicity and total metal contents showed regression coefficient $R^2$= 0.72. These results showed that the risk evaluation of metals in contaminated sites should be difficult to assess only by the contents of metal distribution because of the complexity of mixture of various metals.s.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-4
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• 2007

The bark of Juglans mandshurica Maxim. was collected, extracted with acetone-$H_2O$ (7:3, v/v), fractioned with n-hexane, $CH_2Cl_2$ and EtOAc, then each fraction was freeze-dried to give some powders. A portion of the EtOAc (28.4 g) fraction was chromatographed on a Sephadex LH-20 column eluting with a series of MeOH-$H_2O$ and EtOH-hexane mixture. Four gallotannins, gallic acid (1), ellagic acid (2), 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-${\beta}$-D-glucose (3) and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-${\beta}$-D-glucose (4), have been isolated from the EtOAc fraction Their structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical evidence and spectrometric analysis such as NMR and MS. The antioxidant activities on each fraction and the isolated gallotannins were evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging test.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.480-485
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• 2009

Juglans mandshurica bark was collected and extracted with 70% aqueous acetone. The extracts were concentrated and then sequentially fractionated using n-hexane, $CH_2Cl_2$, EtOAc, and $H_2O$ to be freeze dried. A portion of $H_2O$ fraction was chromatographed on a Sephadex LH-20 column using aqueous methanol to isolate (S)-2,3-HHDP-D-glucopyranoside (1). Some of EtOAc fraction was also treated on a Sephadex LH-20 column using aqueous methanol and EtOH-hexane mixture to purify pedunculagin (2). The structures of these two epimeric ellagitannins were elucidated by spectroscopic tools, NMR and MS.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.48-57
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• 2003

A cylindrical constant volume combustion chamber was used to investigate the flow characteristics at spark plug and the combustion characteristics of homogeneous charge methane-air mixture under various initial pressure, excess air ratio and ignition times in quiescent mixture. The flow characteristics such as mean velocity and turbulence intensity was analyzed by hot wire anemometer. Combustion pressure development measured by piezoelectric pressure transducer and flame propagation acquired by ICCD camera were used to investigate the effect of initial pressure, excess air ratio and ignition times on pressure, combustion duration, flame speed and burning velocity. Mean velocity and turbulence intensity had the maximum value at 200 or 300ms and then decreased to near 0 value gradually after 3 seconds. Combustion duration, flame speed and burning velocity were observed to be promoted with excess air ratio of 1.1, lower initial pressure and ignition time of 300ms.