• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.83-89
• /
• 2011

Diesel engines can produce higher fuel efficiency and lower $CO_2$ emission, they are subject to ever more stringent emission regulation. However, there are two major emission concerns fo diesel engines like such as particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Moreover, it is not easy to satisfy the regulations on the emission of NOx and PM, which are getting more strengthened. One of the solutions is to apply the new combustion concept using multistage injection such as HCCI and PCCI. The other solution is to apply after-treatment systems. For example, lean NOx trap catalyst, Urea-SCR and others have various advantages and disadvantages Especially, Urea-SCR system have advantages such as a high conversion efficiency and a wide operation conditions. Hence the key factor to implementation of Urea-SCR technology, good mixing of urea(Ammonia) and gas, reducing Ammonia slip. Urea mixer components are required to facilitate evaporation and mixing because the liquid state of urea poses significant barriers for evaporation, and the distance to mixer is the most critical that affect mixer performance. In this study, to find out the distance from injector to mixer and simulation factor, a laser diagnostics and high speed camera are used to analyze urea injector spray characteristics and to present a distribution of urea solution in transparent manifold In addition, Droplet Uniformity Index is calculated from the acquired images by using image processing method to clarify the distribution of spray.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.16 no.6
• /
• pp.4192-4200
• /
• 2015

In this paper, dispersibility of steel fiber is improved mixing with form for material development of protection and blast resistant structure sprayed concrete. And it is developed a high toughness cellular sprayed concrete material using steel fiber. Oversupply form for dispersibility improvement of steel fiber is mostly fade away through sprayed, finally it is satisfied with the proper mixing ratio under 3 % ~ 6 %. This is considered for compressive strength and flexural toughness. Test results of compressive strength showed superior strength capability in 28, 56 days, also flexural strength and flexural toughness is great. Then oversupply form is enhanced for dispersibility of steel fiber and I think that it did not cause decreasing of strength. But analysis results of pore structure through image analysis failed for a great spacing factor and specific surface area. This is largely measured in spacing factor because air content have a grate evaporation effect for sprayed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2023.05a
• /
• pp.313-313
• /
• 2023

이 연구에서는 침수식생 조건에서 식생 형태 별 frontal area, solid volume fraction이 유속 분포에 미치는 영향을 분석하고, 흐름측정결과로부터 식생 형태에 따른 난류흐름특성을 분석하기 위하여 수행 되었다. 식생흐름 구현을 위하여 5 cm의 간격으로 총 257개의 모형식생을 전체 영역에 배치했다. 유속측정위치는 수위측정결과에 따라 흐름이 안정화되는 구간에서 연직방향으로 17개 지점에서 측정한 후 앙상블 평균하여 분석했다. Branch의 유무에 따라 Type I과 II로 구분하여 각 식생에 대해 유속의 연직분포를 측정한 결과, Branch가 없는 Type I에서는 유속이 지속적으로 감소하는 반면, Type 2에서는 Frontal area가 급격히 증가하는 Branch 구간에서 유속이 급격히 감소한 후 Trunk 구간에서 유속이 다시 증가하는 변화를 보였다. Velocity Spectrum 분석 결과, 모든 지점에 대해 평균한 결과 고주파수 영역에서 -5/3 law를 따르는 것으로 나타나 전체 영역에서 isotropic & homogeneous 난류흐름이 발생함을 확인했다. 난류흐름특성 계산결과, Turbulent kinetic energy(k)를 mean kinetic energy(K)로 무차원화하여 연직분포를 비교했을 때 -k/K는 모두 식생에 근접하며 증가했다. Shear production(P_s)의 계산결과로부터 전단흐름에 의한 난류운동에너지 생성영향분석결과, Type I과 II가 식생경계의 mixing interface 부근에서 급격히 증가하는 분포를 보였으며, 이는 시간평균유속분포에서 분석한 결과와 일치한다. Wake production(P_w)의 연직분포계산결과, P_s와 유사하게 식생경계 부근에서 상승하는 결과가 나타났으며, 이는 식생경계에서 발생하는 Large scale eddy로 인해 발생함을 알 수 있다. 마지막으로 x-방향 난류확산계수로부터 scale factor(α_x)의 연직분포를 계산한 결과, 식생경계부근의 mixing interface에서 증가한 후 식생영역 내에서 감소하는 분포를 나타냈다. z-방향 난류확산 계수의 scale factor(α_z)는 α_x에 비해 작게 계산되었다. 이러한 결과는 오염물질의 연직확산이 식생경계에서 증가한 후 식생 내부에서 감소하여 오염물질, 부유사 등의 축적이 이뤄질 것으로 예상된다. 이는 가지로 인해 식생저항이 증가할 경우 용존성 물질의 혼합이 감소하여 식생의 저장대 효과가 증가함을 의미한다.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.115-123
• /
• 2013

The steel industry, a representative industry that significantly consumes raw materials and energy, produces steel as well as a large amount of by-product steel slag through the production process. The vast habitat foundation of marine life has been destroyed due to recent reckless marine development and environment pollution, resulting in intensification of the decline of marine resources, and a solution to this issue is imperative. In order to propose a method to recycle large amounts of by-product slag into a material that can serve as an alternative to natural aggregate, the engineering properties and applicability for each mixing factor of environment friendly porous concrete as a material for the composition of marine ranches were evaluated in this study. The test results for percentage of voids per mixing ratio revealed that the margin of error for all conditions was within 2.5%. The compressive strength test results showed that the most outstanding environmental friendly porous concrete can be manufactured when mixing 30% slag aggregate and 10% specially treated granular fertilizer for the optimum volume fraction. As concrete for marine applications, the best seawater resistance was obtained with mixing conditions for high compression strength. An assessment of the ability to provide a marine life habitat foundation of environmentally friendly porous concrete showed that a greater percentage of voids facilitated implantation and inhabitation of marine life, and the mixing of specially treated granular fertilizer led to active initial implantation and activation of inhabitation. The evaluation of harmfulness to marine life depending on the mixture of slag aggregate and specially treated granular fertilizer revealed that the stability of fish is secured.

• Resources Recycling
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.35-40
• /
• 2010

Existing porous concrete has problems with reduction of strength due to freezing and thawing and exfoliation of aggregate at joints. In this study, a method for increasing strength and durability of porous concrete by using fine aggregate, silica-fume and high-range water-reducing agent was proposed by laboratory tests. Mixing ratio between silica-fume (10%) and fine aggregate (0%, 7%, 15%) was selected as a major test factor, and laboratory tests for compressive strength, flexural strength, permeability coefficient, porosity, freezing and thawing were conducted. Compressive strength and flexural strength were increased as the mixing ratio of fine aggregate was increased. However, permeability and freezing-thawing resistance were decreased due to reduction of porosity. Therefore, the ratio of fine aggregate should be limited to increase strength and durability of the porous concrete, while the mixing ratio of silica-fume should be over 10%.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.41 no.2
• /
• pp.83-90
• /
• 2011

Main objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of a lubricant, magnesium stearate, as blended in a hydrophilic matrix tablet and to identify significant factors using a tablet ejection force and a swelling property. The characteristics of tablet ejection were evaluated with three different compression forces (30, 40, and 60 MPa) and two controlled factors, amount of magnesium stearate and its mixing time. A hydrophilic model drug (terazosin HCl dihydrate) was regarded as a default factor. Tablet swelling was also evaluated. The optimal amount of PEG compared to PEO was set to be 88.50% w/w. As the amount of magnesium stearate was varied from 0.79% to 2.20% w/w, the amount of PEO and PEG was adjusted to meet the tablet's total weight while maintaining the ratio between the two excipients constant. As the mixing time of magnesium stearate was increased, the tablet ejection force and the swelling property were decreased. As the amount of magnesium stearate was increased, the tablet ejection force and the swelling property were decreased since the increased mixing time and the amount of magnesium stearate induced hydrophobic properties of the matrix tablet more effectively. The ejection force of the tablet increased as a result of increase in the compression force, which means that the breaking of tablet/die-wall adhesion energy was also increased when the compression energy was increased. The results gavea valuable guide how to choose suitable amount of the lubricant with processing conditions for the development of hydrophilic matrix formulations.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
• /
• v.17 no.5
• /
• pp.217-222
• /
• 2007

Microwave dielectric properties of $(1-x)CaWO_4-xYNbO_4$ ceramics have been investigated as a function of $YNbO_4$ content($0.05{\leq}x{\leq}0.4$). A single phase with tetragonal scheelite structure was obtained up to x=0.10 and then the secondary phase with fergusonite structure was increased. With the increase of $YNbO_4$ content, apparent densities of the specimens were decreased. This results were due to the lower theoretical density of $YNbO_4(5.581g/cm^3)$ than that of $CaWO_4(6.117g/cm^3)$. Dielectric constant(K) and quality factor(Qf) were decreased with $YNbO_4$ content which could be attribute to the decrease of density and the increase of secondary phase. Temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (TCF) of the specimens with the $YNbO_4$ content was depended on dielectric mixing rule.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.139-144
• /
• 2012

A numerical simulation has been performed to investigate effects of toluene mixing on soot formation in pure ethylene opposed-flow nonpremixed flame. Mixture ratios of toluene were 3%, 5%, 10%, and 20%. Senkin code for 0-D simulation and oppdif code for 1-D simulation based on CHEMKIN III were utilized. 0-D results by senkin showed that concentrations of methyl radicals and benzene were increased with increasing toluene mixture ratio. This implied that the mixing of toluene in pure ethylene diffusion flame produces more PAHs and soot than those of pure ethylene flame. 1-D result of 10 % toluene reaction by oppdif code showed that production rate for H radical was a crucial factor for benzene formation. These results imply that methyl radical, benzene and H radical play a important role on soot formation in diffusion flames.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.351-359
• /
• 2013

Blast furnace slag (BFS) have many advantages that are related to effective value improvement on applying to concrete while side effects of blast furnace slag also appear. Thus, research team conducted an experiment with high volume slag to see if the attribute of waste alkali accelerator for mixing rate, mixed use of NaOH and $Na_2SiO_3$, and early strength agent for mixing rate for replacement ratio and for the types of the stimulants in order to increase the use of blast furnace slag1s powder. As the result of the experiment, when it comes to compression strength, all of the alkali stimulants have been improved as the replacement rate increases except for sodium hydroxide. Among the alkali stimulants, sodium silicate was high on dynamic elastic modulus and absorption factor. In case of early strength agent, the mix of mixing 1.5% and blast furnace slag 75% have showed high strength enhancement. In event of Waste Alkali accelerator, it has showed different consequences for each experiment.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.82-90
• /
• 1996

This study was performed to find the optimum mixing ratio of paper waste in composting of mixture of swine feces and newspaper. Using the experimental setting of aeration rate which was found in the experiment carried out priorly, and moisture contents reported in other literature, just the initial C:N ratios were differentiated by mixing different amount of newspaper with the same amount of swine feces. This study was carried out by operating 4 experimental cornposting reactors of bench scale for 3 weeks. The followings are the conclusions that were derived from this study. 1. During composting reaction, the C:N ratio of each cornposter was decreased. Degree of decrease was in order of run 3, run 2, run 4, and run 1 of which initial C:N ratio was 30, 25, 35, and 20 respectively. All of the final composts were found to be completed composting reaction. 2. Ash contents of each reactor increased rapidly in order of run 3, run 2, run 4, and run 1. The absolute values of quadratic effect coefficients of each second order regression function was 0.059, 0.038, 0.032, and 0.030 respectively. Ash contents evolution trend had a linear correlation with the C:N ratio trend. (r=-0.96932, p<0.05) 3. The range of highest temperatures reached during composting was 47.2-53.5$\circ$C. Those were not significantly different from one another. Thermophilic temperatures were maintained in the range of 48-108 hours. 4. Contents of heavy metal detected in the final compost were lower than those of Korean and European standards. 5. Concentration range of Nitrogen in the final compost was 1.11-2.27%, and that of phosphorus was 8.40-10.70 mg/kg. 6. The optimum C:N ratio which has been proposed without the consideration of types of bulking agents should be re-examined. Biodegradabilities of each bulking agents was thought to be important factor when determining the optimum initial C:N ratio for cornposting.