• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권7호
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• pp.1010-1021
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• 2023

Objective: Growth performance and growth-related traits have a crucial role in livestock due to their influence on productivity. This genome-wide association study (GWAS) in Pakistani dromedary camels was conducted to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with growth at specific camel ages, and for selected SNPs, to investigate in detail how their effects change with increasing camel age. This is the first GWAS conducted on dromedary camels in this region. Methods: Two Pakistani breeds, Marecha and Lassi, were selected for this study. A genotyping-by-sequencing method was used, and a total of 65,644 SNPs were identified. For GWAS, weight records data with several body weight traits, namely, birthweight, weaning weight, and weights of camels at 1, 2, 4, and 6 years of age were analysed by using model-based growth curve analysis. Age-specific weight data were analysed with a linear mixed model that included fixed effects of SNP genotype as well as sex. Results: Based on the q-value method for false discovery control, for Marecha camels, five SNPs at q<0.01 and 96 at q<0.05 were significantly associated with the weight traits considered, while three (q<0.01) and seven (q<0.05) SNP associations were identified for Lassi camels. Several candidate genes harbouring these SNP were discovered. Conclusion: These results will help to better understand the genetic architecture of growth including how these genes are expressed at different phases of their life. This will serve to lay the foundations for applied breeding programs of camels by allowing the genetic selection of superior animals.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.51-65
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• 2023

The Jeongmaeks are Korea's unique forest space recognition system that diverged from the Baekdudaegan. The Jeongmaeks are easily exposed to pressure because it is adjacent to the living area. Among them, Nakdong-Jeongmaek has high biodiversity, but damage is accelerating. According to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 2022, the target is to expand the area of terrestrial and marine protected areas to 30% of national territory by 2030. As of September 2023, the area of terrestrial protected areas in South Korea is only 16.97% of the country's territory. This is due in part to the high proportion of private forests in the region, which makes it difficult to establish protected areas. Therefore, there is a need to establish Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measure (OECMs), which pursue complex and effective conservation that considers multiple values, as an alternative to protected areas. This study aims to identify areas suitable for OECM and to provide opinions on the establishment of appropriate management plans for each value using SOM and InVEST Habitat Quality model. This study evaluated the habitat quality of 206 villages located within 1km of the Nakdong-Jeongmaek and compared the characteristics of villages classified by SOM. As a result, the habitat quality was 0.867 for Tourism village (ClusterIV), 0.838 for Conservation village (ClusterVI), 0.835 for Mixed village (ClusterI), 0.796 for Production (ClusterV), 0.731 for Rural village (ClusterIII) and 0.625 for Urban village (ClusterII). When the distribution was identified through statistical analysis, the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that the distributions were not identical, with a p-value of 1.53e-08. Dunn's test showed a difference between Tourism, Conservation and Rural, Urban village. However, Mixed village was overestimated due to the lack of villages and the small area included in the study area. Moreover, Conservation village was somewhat under-evaluated in the analysis due to the use of a single weight for protected areas. It is necessary to perform additional reinforcement of the value evaluation of Jeongmaeks by conducting Forest Resource Survey and the National Natural Environment Survey. Therefore, we believe that sufficient validity for the establishment of OECMs in the Nakdong-Jeongmaek can be provided by addressing these limitations and conducting additional research.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.1499-1511
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• 2022

Objective: This study was aimed to estimate the genetic parameters, including genetic and phenotypic correlations, of milk yield, lactation curve traits and milk composition of Thai dairy cattle from three government research farms. Methods: The data of 25,789 test-day milk yield and milk composition records of 1,468 cattle from lactation 1 to 3 of Holstein Friesian (HF) and crossbred HF dairy cattle calved between 1990 and 2015 from three government research farms in Thailand were analysed. 305-day milk yield was estimated by the Wood model and a test interval method. The Wood model was used for estimating cumulative 305-day milk yield, peak milk yield, days to peak milk yield and persistency. Genetic parameters were estimated using linear mixed models with herd, breed group, year and season of calving as fixed effects, and animals linked to a pedigree as random effects, together with a residual error. Univariate models were used to estimate variance components, heritability, estimated breeding values (EBVs) and repeatability of each trait, while pairwise bivariate models were used to estimate covariance components and correlations between traits in the same lactation and in the same trait across lactations. Results: The heritability of 305-day milk yield, peak milk yield and protein percentage have moderate to high estimates ranging from 0.19 to 0.45 while days to peak milk yield, persistency and fat percentage have low heritability ranging from 0.08 to 0.14 in lactation 1 cows. Further, heritability of most traits considered was higher in lactation 1 compared with lactations 2 and 3. For cows in lactation 1, high genetic correlations were found between 305-day milk yield and peak milk yield (0.86±0.07) and days to peak milk yield and persistency (0.99±0.02) while estimates of genetic correlations between the remaining traits were imprecise due to the high standard errors. The genetic correlations within the traits across lactation were high. There was no consistent trend of EBVs for most traits in the first lactation over the study period. Conclusion: Both the Wood model and test interval method can be used for milk yield estimates in these herds. However, the Wood model has advantages over the test interval method as it can be fitted using fewer test-day records and the estimated model parameters can be used to derive estimates of other lactation curve parameters. Milk yield, peak milk yield and protein percentage can be improved by a selection and mating program while days to peak milk yield, persistency and fat percentage can be improved by including into a selection index.

• 환경생물
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.292-302
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• 2008

본 연구는 Ecopath 모델을 이용하여 유수생태계인 낙동강 하류 생태계의 영양구조와 에너지 흐름을 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 2007년 갈수기(5월)와 풍수기(8월)에 낙동강 하류 삼랑진 일대의 6개 지점에서 조사를 실시하였으며, 어류의 각 어종별 밀도와 자원량 자료를 위해 2007년 3월에서 11월까지 매달 2회씩 조사를 실시하였다. 낙동강 하류 생태계는 수온이 $20.9\sim31.4^{\circ}C$, 전기전도도 $135\sim364{\mu}s\;cm^{-1}$, 용존산소 $9.0\sim10.5mg\;L^{-1}$, pH는 10.4$\sim$10.7, TOC 2.3$\sim$2.7 mg L$^{-1}$, DOC 2.2$\sim$2.6 mg L$^{-1}$, 수심 0.5$\sim$9.0 m, 투명도 0.3$\sim$0.5 m등의 범위를 보이는 것으로 조사되었다. 낙동강 하류 생태계는 크게 3단계 즉, 생산자와 1차 소비자, 2차 소비자로 나누어지는 영양단계를 보였다. 생산자에 해당하는 생물군은 유기패설물, 식물플랑크톤, 대형수생식물이었고, 1차 소비자는 동물플랑크톤, 저서동물, 잉어, 누치, 기타어류 등이었으며, 2차 소비자는 배스였다. 낙동강 하류 생태계의 총에너지량은 2.7 kg m$^{-2}$로 나타났으며, 52.0%는 섭식으로, 9.1%는 이출, 18.0%는 호흡, 20.9%는 유기쇄설물로 전환되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 혼합영양영향(MTI)결과 최고포식자로 추정된 배스의 생체량 증감은 배스와 기타 어류에게는 음의 효과를, 누치와 잉어, 저서동물, 동물플랑크톤, 식물플랑크톤 등에게는 양의 효과를 직 간접적으로 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 각 그룹의 생체량증가는 각 생물그룹별 생체량을 감소시키는 음의 효과를 보이는 것으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권12호
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• pp.1684-1688
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• 2017

Objective: From a review of published information on genetic association studies, a meta-analysis was conducted to determine the influence of the genes ${\kappa}-casein$ (CSN3) and ${\beta}-lactoglobulin$ (LGB) on milk yield traits in Holstein, Jersey, Brown Swiss, and Fleckvieh. Methods: The GLIMMIX procedure was used to analyze milk production and percentage of protein and fat in milk. Models included the main effects and all their possible two-way interactions; not estimable effects and non-significant (p>0.05) two-way interactions were dropped from the models. The three traits analyzed used Poisson distribution and a log link function and were determined with the Interactive Data Analysis of SAS software. Least square means and multiple mean comparisons were obtained and performed for significant main effects and their interactions (p<0.0255). Results: Interaction of breed by gene showed that Holstein and Fleckvieh were the breeds on which CSN3 ($6.01%{\pm}0.19%$ and $5.98%{\pm}0.22%$), and LGB ($6.02%{\pm}0.19%$ and $5.70%{\pm}0.22%$) have the greatest influence. Interaction of breed by genotype nested in the analyzed gene indicated that Holstein and Jersey showed greater influence of the CSN3 AA genotype, $6.04%{\pm}0.22%$ and $5.59%{\pm}0.31%$ than the other genotypes, while LGB AA genotype had the largest influence on the traits analyzed, $6.05%{\pm}0.20%$ and $5.60%{\pm}0.19%$, respectively. Furthermore, interaction of type of statistical model by genotype nested in the analyzed gene indicated that CSN3 and LGB genes had similar behavior, maintaining a difference of more than 7% across analyzed genotypes. These results could indicate that both Holstein and Jersey have had lower substitution allele effect in selection programs that include CSN3 and LGB genes than Brown Swiss and Fleckvieh. Conclusion: Breed determined which genotypes had the greatest association with analyzed traits. The mixed model based in Bayesian or Ridge Regression was the best alternative to analyze CSN3 and LGB gene effects on milk yield and protein and fat percentages.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.199-204
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the different types and levels of prebiotics on intestinal microflora and fermentation products in the in vitro fermentation model. The prebiotcs used in this study were IMO (iso-malto oligosaccharide), CI (partially digested chicory-inulin), RA (raffinose) and CD (cyclodextrin). Experimental diet for growing pigs was predigested by digestive enzymes and this hydrolyzed diet was mixed with buffer solution containing 5% fresh swine feces. Then, the mixture was fermented with or without prebiotics at the concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0% for 24 h. Samples were taken at 24 h, and viable count of micoflora, gas, pH, volatile organic compounds and short-chain fatty acids were determined. The viable count of Enterobacteriaceae was significantly decreased (p<0.001) in all treatments added with prebiotics in comparison to control without prebiotics. However, the increase of lactic acid bacteria was observed in the prebiotics treatment. Gas production increased as the level of prebiotics increased. The pH values in the fermentation fluid decreased in a dose-dependent manner with increasing the concentration of prebiotics. The fermentation with prebiotics resulted in the reduction of malodorous compounds such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, indole and skatole. The increase in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production was observed in the treatments with prebiotics. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrated that the fermentation with prebiotics was effective in reducing the formation of malodorous compounds and increasing lactic acid bacteria and SCFA. These effects depended on the concentration of prebiotics. Moreover, further study is needed to determine whether the in vitro efficacy on the reduction of malodorous compounds and increase of SCFA would also be observed in animals.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.13-24
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• 1986

1985년 10월의 한국 동남해역에서의 식물성 부유생물에 의한 기초 생산력은 0.7에서 2.7gCm$^{-2}$ $d^{-1}$의 범위를 갖으며 본 해역의 평균 기초 생산력은 1.3gCm$^{-2}$ $d^{-1}$ 이었다. 표층 총 Chlorophyll양은 0.97에서 3.59 mgchlm$^{-3}$ 의 범위에 나타났다. 표층에서의 nano-phytoplankton(〈20$\mu\textrm{m}$) 의 기초 생산력은 43내지 97%에 이르었다. 적정광도의 범위는 300에서 700$\mu$Es$^{-1}$m$^{-1}$ 이었다. 표층 기초생산력은 Iopt를 벗어나는 오전 9시부 터 오후 3시까지 광저하 현상을 보였다. 표광층 기저부의 식물성 부유생물은 매우 Iopt를 보이며 이는 이 층의 식물성 부유생물이 장시간 낮은 광도하에 머물러 낮은 광도에 적응하였음을 보여 준다. Iopt은 부유식물의 주변 광도에 대한 적응을 나타 내주기 때문에 여러수층의 Iopt의 변화정도는 해양에서의 수직와류혼합의 강도와 밀접한 관계를 나타낸다.본 연구해역에서는 macrozoplankton 에 의한 amonium 분비에 의한 영양염 재생산은 식물부유생물의 일일 질소 영양염 요구량의 3-19%를 공급하고 있으며nitrate 수직확산에 의해 밀도약층 하부로 부터 공급되는 영양염은 식물성 부유생물의 일일 질소영양염 요구량의 약 3% 를 공급하고 있음이 밝혀졌다.국지적으로 용승류에 의한 하층으로부터의 영양염 공급은 연안에 가까운 용승역에서 중요한 영양염 공급원이 돌 가능성이 있다.본 연구를 통하여 본 해역에서의 구조적 영양염 주요공급과정은 20$\mu\textrm{m}$이하의 미세 부유생물에 의한 수괴 자체내의 영양염 재순환에 의하고 있음을 암시한다.본 연구를 통하여 대마난류의 기초 생산력은 한국 해역을 통과하는 과정에서 활발한 영야염 재순환 및 국지적인 용승류 및 연안수의 유입등과 식물성 부유생물의 촉진된 성장을 통하여 증가되고 있음이 밝혀졌다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.814-824
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• 2010

The objective of this research was to assess the effect of experience, education, record keeping, labor, and decision making on monthly milk yield per farm (MYF), monthly milk yield per cow (MYC), monthly milk revenue per farm (MRF), and monthly revenue per cow (MRC) of dairy farms supported by a private organization in Central Thailand. The dataset contained 34,082 monthly milk yield and revenue records collected from January 2004 to December 2008 on 497 farms, and information on individual farmer experience and education, record keeping, and decision making obtained with a questionnaire. Farmer experience categories were i) no experience, ii) one year, iii) two to five years, iv) six to ten years, v) eleven to fifteen years, vi) sixteen to twenty years, and vii) more than twenty years. Farmer education categories were i) no education or primary school, ii) high school, and iii) bachelor or higher degree. Record keeping categories were: i) no records and ii) kept records. Labor categories were: i) family, ii) hired people, and iii) family and hired people. Decision making categories were: i) decisions made by farmers themselves, ii) decisions made with help from government officials, and iii) decisions made with help from organization staff. The mixed linear model contained the fixed effects of year-season, farm location-farm size subclass, experience, education, record keeping, labor, and decision making on sire selection, and the random effects of farm and residual. Results showed that longer experience increased (p<0.05) monthly milk yield (MYF and MYC) and revenue (MRF and MRC). Farms that hired people produced the highest (p<0.05) monthly milk yield (MYF and MYC) and revenue (MRF and MRC), followed by farms that used family, and the lowest values were for farms that used both family and hired people. Better educated farmers produced more MYC and MRC (p<0.05) than lower educated farmers. Farms that kept records had higher MYF and MRF (p<0.05) than those without records. Although differences among farms were non-significant, farms that received help from the organization staff had higher monthly milk yield (MYF and MYC) and revenue (MRF and MRC) than those that decided by themselves or with help from government officials. These findings suggested that dairy farmers needed systematic training and continuous support to improve farm milk production and revenues in a sustainable manner.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.79-94
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• 2011

Background: Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines are currently being evaluated as a novel strategy for tumor vaccination and immunotherapy. However, inducing long-term regression in established tumor-implanted mice is difficult. Here, we show that deoxypohophyllotoxin (DPT) induces maturation and activation of bone marrow-derived DCs via Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 activation of MAPK and NF-${\kappa}B$. Methods: The phenotypic and functional maturation of DPT-treated DCs was assessed by flow cytometric analysis and cytokine production, respectively. DPT-treated DCs was also used for mixed leukocyte reaction to evaluate T cell-priming capacity and for tumor regression against melanoma. Results: DPT promoted the activation of $CD8^+$ T cells and the Th1 immune response by inducing IL-12 production in DCs. In a B16F10 melanoma-implanted mouse model, we demonstrated that DPT-treated DCs (DPT-DCs) enhance immune priming and regression of an established tumor in vivo. Furthermore, migration of DPT-DCs to the draining lymph nodes was induced via CCR7 upregulation. Mice that received DPT-DCs displayed enhanced antitumor therapeutic efficacy, which was associated with increased IFN-${\gamma}$ production and induction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. Conclusion: These findings strongly suggest that the adjuvant effect of DPT in DC vaccination is associated with the polarization of T effector cells toward a Th1 phenotype and provides a potential therapeutic antitumor immunity.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2024

동해 남서부해역은 대마난류나 연안 용승에 의한 영양염 공급 등으로 동해 북부나 동부에 비해 일차생산력이 높은 것으로 알려져 있지만, 이 해역의 생물 펌프에 관한 연구는 제한적이다. 본 연구에서는 O₂/Ar 측정으로 산출한 고해상도 순군집생산 현장 관측 결과와 기계학습 모형을 결합하여 시공간 해상도가 8일 간격, 4 km인 봄과 여름 순군집생산 시계열 자료를 추정하였다. 기계 모형의 예측과 실측의 평균 제곱근 오차는 6 mmol O₂ m^-2 d^-1로 관측값 평균의 15%에 해당했다. 울릉분지 중앙부의 순군집생산은 3월에 49 mmol O₂ m^-2 d^-1로 가장 높았고, 6월과 7월에 18 mmol O₂ m^-2 d^-1로 가장 낮았다. 이 같은 계절 변화는 ³He 기체교환율로 추정한 질산염 공급률이나 ²³⁴Th 비평형법으로 추정한 입자유기탄소 방출률과 유사하였다. 봄과 여름의 순군집생산 추정으로 한정된 이 연구방법을 가을과 겨울로 확대하기 위해서는 아표층수의 표층 혼입에 따른 O₂/Ar 순군집생산의 오차를 보정하는 연구가 필요하다.