• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.218-229
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• 2011

Dyeing properties of cotton and ramie fabrics with pine needles colorants were studied by investigating the analysis of pine needles colorants, the effect of dyeing conditions (such as dye concentration, dyeing temperatures and times on dye uptakes), effect of mordants, and color change. The various colorfastness of dyed fabrics were evaluated for practical use; in addition, the antimicrobial ability, ultraviolet-cut ability, and deodorant ability were estimated. In the UV-Visible spectrum, the wavelength of the maximum absorption for pine needles extract was 285nm, and pine needles colorants produced a yellow color. From FT-IR and GC-MS results, it was assumed that chromophoric substance from pine needles extracts were mixed with flavonol tannin and flavanol tannin. An increased dyeing concentration resulted in a larger dye uptake and a Freundlich absorption isotherm was obtained. A larger dye uptake occurred as the dyeing time and temperature increased. Post-mordanting was more effective than pre-mordanting and the dye uptake of fabrics improved by mordanting. The colorfastness of dyed fabrics showed a low rating; however, colorfastness to washing and dry cleaning of cotton fabrics mordanted with N.Cu, and friction fastness of ramie fabric mordanted with Cu improved. The dyed fabrics showed very good antimicrobial abilities of 99.9%. In addition, the ultraviolet-cut ability and deodorant ability improved in fabrics dyed with pine needles extracts.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.1009-1013
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the degradation of PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) contained in dyeing wastewater by a mixed culture of Microbacterium barkeri KCCM 10507 and Paenibacillus amylolyticus KCCM 10508. Firstly, synthetic wastewater which contained different initial concentrations of PVA varying from 50 to 3,500 mg/l were tested to obtain optimal PVA biodegradation activity of isolated strains, and the above two strains were found to degrade PVA up to 90%, when the initial concentration of PVA was 750 mg/l and below. Next, dyeing wastewater was tested by a nixed culture of the two isolated strains, and 42% and 55% of the initial concentrations of PVA and COD, respectively, was removed after five days. MLSS was gradually increased from an initial 1,400 to 2,500 mg/l, and the pH was also increased from 5.1 to 7.8. Sterilized dyeing wastewater was tested to find the effect of strains only on the biodegradation of PVA, and PVA degradation ratio and COD removal ratio were 50% and 72.8%, respectively. Thus, the results indicated that these two strains have good ability to degrade PVA and remove COD in dyeing wastewater, Finally, it is expected that if these two strains were used in the dyeing wastewater treatment, good efficiency for PVA degradation and COD removal could be achieved.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.778-789
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• 2011

The natural dyeing of silk fabrics with guava leaf extract was investigated. Mixed components of flavonoid and tannin seem to be the components of guava leaf extract. The temperature and time for dyeing of silk fabrics with guava leaf extract were $40^{\circ}C$ and $90^{\circ}C$ for eighty minutes, respectively. The dyeing equilibrium was shown at the fourth time of repeated dyeing. The highest K/S value was recorded at pH 3. Fe-mordanted fabrics showed the highest K/S value. High K/S values were shown in the post-mordanting of dyed fabrics at $40^{\circ}C$ and the pre-mordanting of dyed fabrics at $90^{\circ}C$. After repeated dyeing and mordanting, various color change occurred with mordant treatment. Surface colors were changed to YR color in alkaline water extract and to Y color in acidic water and ethanol extract, respectively. The washing fastness was level 3-4 for Sn-mordanted fabrics and level 4 for Fe-mordanted fabrics, and the dry cleaning fastness also showed very excellent result with level 4-5. The rubbing fastness was satisfactory with level 3-4. The light fastness was above level 4 only when Fe-mordanting was conducted, and the rest of dyed fabrics was not fast enough. In the antibacterial activity, the powder of guva leaf extract showed 99.9% of high antibacterial activity and Staphylococcus aureus showed 99.6% in dyed fabric. All dyed fabrics showed higher deodorization and UV protection rate than control fabric.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Dyers and Finishers Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.141-142
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• 2008

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Dyers and Finishers Conference
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• 2009.03a
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• pp.229-230
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• 2009

Recently the demand for wool has been gradually decreasing due to global warming, oil depletion, Coolbiz campaign to reduce CO2 emission, and preference for business casual wear, while the price for wool materials has been constantly increasing. Wool, characterized by the natural touch and unique sensibility, is considered as one of the best natural materials, including silk. For wool, currently Korea almost depends on import from foreign countries. Therefore, 100% wool products cannot be competitive in terms of pricing and current trend. To secure sustaining competitiveness in the fiber market, it is required not only to develop new wool materials that enable expression of new sensibility that cannot be expressed by conventional wool fibers, but also to pursue differentiation of fundamental sensibility and functionality by highlighting advantages for wool as a natural fiber but by reducing its disadvantages through dominant conjugation with synthetic fibers. This study attempted to improve the technology of differentiating wool-like synthetic fibers such as polyester and combine technology with sensibility through mixing with wool materials. It also aimed to develop wool-like stretch materials and pre-treating and yarn dyeing technologies that enable fabrics to main natural wool-like touch and stretch, and ultimately to develop wool mixed fabrics that have new sensibility and functionality.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.233-238
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• 2006

This research confirmed the chemical structure of Curcumine and Carthamin pigments whose pigments were separated and refined from the Curcuma longa and Carthamus Tinctorious which were natural dye using FT-IR, HPLC and so on. The cotton and the silk fabrics were dyed using a main pigment and then this research obtained the conclusion as it follows. The curcumine, the main pigment of Curcuma longa extracted from the mixed solvent of acetic anhydride and methanol ($CH_3OH$), had the maximum absorption wavelength at 504.0 nm and was confirmed as yellow natural pigment. The Carthamin, the main pigment of Carthamus Tinctorious extracted from the mixed solvent of dichloromethane and methanol, had the maximum absorption wavelength at 420.0nm. This pigment was confirmed as yellow natural pigment. The dyeing property of the main pigment about the silk fabrics was superior to that about the cotton in both the Curcuma longa and Carthamus Tinctorious, and the dyeing property of Carthamus Tinctorious was superior to that of Curcuma longa.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2020

In this study, pre-treatment was performed on kapok, a hydrophobic fiber, to compare dyeability by hydrophilization. The pretreatment conditions of kapok fiber were used with different amounts of sodium oleate(NaO), a fatty acid-based anionic surfactant, and xanthan gum(XG) as a natural thickener. At this time, NaO and XG were separately or mixed treated with 0.01%, 0.1%, 1% aqueous solution at 80℃ for 30 min. Hydrophilicity through dyeing was confirmed using Sappan wood extract. Therefore, SEM observation was performed to investigate the surface change of kapok fiber according to the conditions. The surface color difference was also analyzed. Pretreated kapok fibers were made from nonwoven fabrics and the contact angles were measured to determine their hydrophilization. The surface of the fiber after pretreatment was found to be cracked when NaO and NaO were mixed with XG. The surface color was the highest in a^⁎ and K/S values after the simultaneous treatment of NaO and XG, followed by NaO pretreatment and XG pretreatment. The contact angle of kapok fiber made of nonwoven fabric was slightly lower at 300g/㎡ than the fabric weight of 150g/㎡. Such hydrophilized nonwoven kapok fiber are expected to be used in various fields.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.431-440
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• 2016

The purpose of this research is to revive the colors of combination dyeing and mixed dyeing with natural dyestuffs. The fabrics used were cotton and rayon. The natural dyestuffs used in this research were indigo, Phellodendron amurense, and Caesalpinia sappan. The effects of combination dyeing were as follows. First, all samples showed deeper colors. Second, according to the results of the surface K/S measurement, while the surface K/S of cotton was over 15, that of rayon was over 17. Third, the results of the light fastness measurement showed the superiority (by over grade 4) of all the samples, except in the case of rayon fiber sample no. 6 (which had been pre-dyed with indigo five times before being dyed with P. amurense once and then being dyed with C. sappan once). In the color fastness to washing measurement, all fibers showed superiority (by over grade 3~4). In addition, the color fastness to dry cleaning of all fibers was satisfactory or excellent (by over grade 3). Fourth, according to the results of the tensile strength measurement, it tended to decrease in the case of cotton and increase in the case of rayon. Fifth, the results of the density measurement showed that the density of cotton decreased by about 15~20% in the case of warp and 10% in the case of weft for all samples. The density of rayon decreased 20% in the case of warp for all samples and increased 30% in the case of weft for all samples.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.61-75
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• 2023

Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrate to nitrogen gas using an external carbon source as an electron donor. The external carbon source affects the denitrification performance and bacterial community structure. Although methanol is a cheap and effective external carbon source, the addition of diverse carbon sources may improve the total nitrogen removal rate and biomass characteristics, such as settleability. In this study, denitrifying reactions were performed using solely methanol and mixed carbon sources of methanol, glucose, and acetate in a sequencing batch reactor. The denitrifying reactor using methanol resulted in a total nitrogen removal rate of 0.39 ± 0.025 kg-N/m³-day while the suspended biomass transformed into dark brown granules. Methyloversatilis discipulorum had the highest predominance at 43.84%. The individual denitrifying biomasses, which were separately enriched with methanol, glucose, and acetate, showed the same total nitrogen removal performance of 0.39 ± 0.016 kg-N/m³-day. However, the addition of mixed carbon sources showed an improved total nitrogen removal rate of 0.42 ± 0.043 kg-N/m³-day, with the domination of Candidatus Saccaribacteria at 25.61%. The denitrifying granules turned pale yellow color. Influent COD/NO₃^--N ratios of 3.5, 5, and 7.5 exhibited COD/NO₃^--N consumptions of 4.3 ± 0.4, 4.4 ± 0.8, and 5.2 ± 0.7, and the consistent predominance of Candidatus Saccharibacteria.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.113-118
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• 2007

It is well recognized that the wicking of liquids in a textile fabric takes place mainly through a capillary system composed of the individual fibers. Considering typical dyeing stages, it is thought that a high dye uptake on the fabric probably depends on the wickability. Three kinds of barely water soluble ketones, acetophenone(A), 2-pentanone(2P) and 3-pentanone(3P) were separately dissolved in methanol(M) and then each was mixed with aqueous solution of C. I. Red Acid 114. Wicking heights of dyeing solutions were measured under such conditions that the effect of gravity was negligible. The result could be graphed as a series of straight lines having the form s = $kt^{1/2}$, where s was distance traveled by the solutions, t was time, and k was slope of the line. The surface tension(${\gamma}$) of the ketones had more signifcant effect on the wickability compared to the viscosity(${\eta}$) of them. The greater wickability resulted in the higher dye uptake on the fabric and the order of wickabilty was equal to that of the surface tension(${\gamma}$) and dye uptake on the fabric, A>3P>2P>M.