• Applied Microscopy
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.131-160
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• 1987

Anatomical features of the renal papilla and pelvis and ultrastructures of the epithelium covering these areas in four species of mammals were studied by means of light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In terms of the morphology of mammalian kidney types distinguished by Sperber(1944), Pfeiffer(1968) and Schmidt-Nielsen(1977), the kidneys of animal species used in this experiment were; 1) the mouse kidney with the fornix between a long conical papilla and the funnel-shaped pelvis, 2) the guinea pig kidney with the peripelvic column and pelvic pouch between a short conical papilla and the funnel-shaped pelvis, 3) the dog kidney with the peripelvic column and pelvic pouch between the crest-shaped papilla and the funnel-shaped pelvis, and 4) the cattle kidney which is divided into multiple renculi with minor and major calyces and pelvis. The renal papilla was lined with the simple or pseudostratified columnar epithelium which covered the inner zone of the renal medulla. The epithelial cells with numerous short microvilli on the surface contained a few organelles. In the mouse, the fornix was lined with one to two cell-layered cuboidal epithelium which covered the outer zone of the renal medulla and a part of the cortex. The epithelial cells of the fornix with numerous short microvilli or microridges on the surface had well-developed organelles. In the guinea pig, the peripelvic column was lined with the simple cuboidal or low columnar epithelium which covered the outer zone of the renal medulla. The epithelial cells with numerous short microvilli on the surface contained well-developed organelles. The pelvic pouch was lined with the pseudostratified columnar epithelium which was composed of four kinds of cells; the secretory cell with small electron-dense granules (310 nm), the secretory cell with large granules (720 nm) showing various electron densities, the mitochondria-rich cell with a single cilium, and the basal cell. Pelves of the mouse and guinea pig, peripelvic column, pelvic pouch and pelvis of the dog, and minor and major calyces and pelvis of the cattle were lined with the transitional epithelium. The fusiform vesicles in the superficial cells of the epithelium were highly developed in the dog, relatively well developed in the mouse and guinea pig, and poorly developed in the cattle. From the above findings, it is suggested that the transport of solutes and water of the urine in the pelvic cavity can take place through the epithelia covering the renal papilla and fornix of the mouse, papilla and peripelvic column of the guinea pig, and papillae of the dog and the cattle. And specialized cell types in the epithelium of the guinea pig pelvic pouch, two kinds of secretory cells and mitochondria-rich cell with a single cilium, could have peculiar functions in the renal pelvis, respectively.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 1983

With electron microscope, author studied on the pulp structure of human primary tooth in shedding stage. Non-carious human primary molar teeth were selected for this study. Using standard methods, specimens were sectioned and examined by light and electron microscope, The results were as follows; 1. In coronal pulp, odontoblasts were replaced by multinucleated odontoclasts, which contained a large number of mitochondria of varying shape and vacuoles in cytoplasm. Where odontoclasts were in contact with tooth surface, the characteristic ruffled border and clear zone were observed. 2. Fibrous tissue with plentiful collagen fibers and fibroblasts was observed adjacent to the dentin in the pulp. Fibroblast contained a number of mitochondria and well-developed rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. 3. Inflammatory cells were observed in the pulp and active fibroblasts could be seen between inflammatory cells. In many cases, cervical epithelium proliferated toward absorbed area. 4. Inflammatory cells consisted of a number of lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, plasma cells and macrophages. Macrophage containing lysosomes in digestive state or phagocyting PMN could be seen. 5. In the primary molar of delayed root resorption, odontoblast layer, zone of Weil and cell-rich zone could be seen at roof of pulp chamber and odontoblast in this area cont과ained some lipid droplets.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.111-117
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• 2000

There were observed the histomorphological alterations such as chloride cell hyperplasia, branchial lamellar epithelial separation, the increased cellular turnover of chloride cells, glomerular shrinkage and blood congestion in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during the seawater adaptation. The ultrastructure by scanning electron microscope (SEM) indicated that the gill secondary lamella of rainbow trout exposed to seawater, were characterized by rough convoluted surfaces during the adaptation. There were observed a large number of mitochondria with the elongate and well-developed cristae in chloride cells exposed to seawater by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The presence of two mitochondria- rich cell types is discussed with regard to their possible role in the hypoosmoregulatory changes which occur during seawater-adaptation. Glomerulus shrinkage and blood congestion were occurred higher in nephrons of seawater-adapted fish than those living in freshwater. Our findings demonstrated that rainbow trout tolerated moderately saline environment and the increased body weight living in seawater was relatively higher than that living in freshwater in spite of histopathological changes.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.85-98
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• 1985

The present study was carried out light and electron microscopic analysis of the structures of the tritocerebral neurons in butterfly (Pieris rapae Linne) from Insecta. We have summarized our morphological analyses as follows: In insecta, tritocerebrum of butterfly shows tentatively classified 6 neuronal types without any arrangement of cell layers. Type I cells with long oval or spindle shape are the largest out of 6 kinds. The nucleus contains a small amount of chromatin. In the large volume of cytoplasm there contained rich cell organelles except granular endoplasmic reticulum. Type II cells are smaller than type I neurons, but their ultrastructural features are similar to type I neuron. They have well-developed granular endoplasmic reticulum. Type III cells are spherical or triangular and smaller than type I neuron with spherical nuclei. Cell organelles are mostly prominent, esp., mitochondria, ribosomes and fine fibrils which are arranged in periphery of the cytoplasm.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.47-57
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• 1996

This study analysed the transport properties of bladder mucosa known as the typical system of 'tight epithelia' by using TEM observation with both rapid freeze-fracture electron microscopy and thin-section method and mainly analysed the cellular characteristics of turtle bladder epithelial cells. The bladder epithelium, like other tight epithelia, consists of a heterogenous population of cells. The majority of the mucosal cells are the granular cells and may function primarily in the process of active $Na^+$ reabsorption in turtle bladder. The remaining two types of cells are rich in mitochondria and is believed to be res-ponsible for a single major transport system, namely, $H^+$ transport by A-type of cell and urinary $HCO_{3}^-$ secretion by B-type of cell. As viewed in freeze-fracture electron micrograph, the tight junctions form a continuous tight seal around the epithelial cells, thus restricting diffusion in tight epithelia. In addition, the apical surface membranes have a population of rod-shaped intramembranous particles (IMPs). It is believed that these IMPs probably represent the components of the proton pump. However, it is likely that these characteristics of the apical transporter remain to be clarified in tight epithelial cells.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.31-58
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• 1985

The morphological study on different types of cells of reproductive organ including spermatogenesis in the adult planaria was performed to observe their cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics. 1. Spermatogenesis The circular luminated material appears immediately inside the nuclear envelope of early spermatid and is found also in the nucleus of sperm, but typical acrosomal structures cannot be observed. Approximately ten of small-sized mitochondria occur around the nucleus in the transitional phase from primary spermatocyte to secondary spermatocyte, but in sperm a long mitochondrion is closely associated with nucleus, parellel to long axis of it. The sperm has a relatively long head connected with two tails via hollow neck. 2. Reproductive organ The penis bulb and the bursa stalk were observed. (1) Penis bulb The cells constituted penis bulb are classified into six types on the basis of ultrastructure of the cells and cytochemistry of the cytoplasmic granules. 1) A-type cells: These cells exhibiting low electron density are mainly occupied by large nucleus. These cells possess two different types of granules: highly electron-dense round granules with an average size of $0.9{\mu}m$, and electron-dense granules exhibit PAS-positive reaction. 2) B-type cells contain PAS-positive granules with the size of about $0.4{\mu}m$. They are rich in free ribosomes and mitochondria. 3) C-type cells are found to be dark cells due to high electron-density. These cells are largely occupied by large nucleus. 4) D-type cells: These cells are seen as light cells which have poorly developed cell organelles. 5) E-type tells: These cells contain a large number of glycogen granules which occupy most of cell. 6) F-type cells: These arc parietal epidermal cells surrounding the genital antrum. These cells are characterized by their finger-like shapes and the presence of a number of electron-dense, irregularly-shaped structures inside cells. The relatively large electron-lucent granules can be also found. The F-type cells possess numerous microvilli on their free surfaces. (2) Bursa stalk The cells constituted bursa stalk are classified into 3 types on the basis of cell shapes and presences of electron-dense or electron-lucent granules. 7) G-type cells with a long cytoplasmic process. They have large nuclei and poorly developed cell organelles. 8) H-type cells: These cells are characterized by the presence of a long cytoplasmic process and relatively highly electron-dense cytoplasmic profile. They have poorly developed cell organelles. 9) I-type cells contain large electron-lucent granules which exhibit negative reactions with three kinds of cytochemical staining methods used in this experiment. The fine electron-dense structures can be found inside these granules.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.10-18
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• 1985

The posterior hypothalamus of the hibernating greater horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum korai Kuroda) were observed with an electron microscope. The posterior hypothalamus is known to be closely related to the reflex responses activated by cold, and the following observations were obtained in the cellular type of nerve cells: there are three types of neurons in the posterior hypothalamus. 1. The first type of neuron was the largest, ovoid or conical in shape, the nucleus was elliptic and the nuclear envelope had many deep invaginations. The cell organelles were well developed, in particular there was an abundance of variously shaped mitochondria, and the Golgi complex and the polysomes were observed in the cytoplasm. 2. The second type of neuron was moderate in size, ovoid or elliptic in shape, the nucleus was located nearer to the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope had. a few invaginations. The cytoplasm was rich in amount compared with that of the third type of neuron, and the cell organelles, especially the rough endoplasmic reticulum were well developed. Also lipofuscin pigments were observed. 3. The third type of neuron was the smallest in size and round in shape. The nucleus and the nucleolus were observed in the central portion of the cell body and the nuclear envelope had a few invaginations. The cytoplasm was small compared with those of the first and second types, but the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the mitechondria and the polysomes were relatively well developed. The cytoplasm was characterized by the presence of membrane-bound small bodies with a single membrane containing a fine particular substance around the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complexes.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.189-196
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• 1997

The ultrastrucures of Xenopus otic vesicle from normal embryo (st. 43) and induced otic vesicle from animal cap assay with Activin A were compared. Activin A was applied to the presumptive ectoderm at various concentrations for three days at $20^{\circ}C$. The results were almost identical to the reference studies, but it was found that the otic vesicle was induced at the concentration of 10 ng/ml in to)v rate. This otic vesicle may be secondarily induced by the neural tissue showed commonly at the concentration of 10 ng/ml. Otoliths were observed as three or four-axis crystaline bodies in the lumen of otic vesicle. In electron micrograph of the normal embryo, two kinds of microvilli were observed on the apical position of hair cells. One was small and common, the other was large-sized and sparsely distributed. In both cell of otic vesicle, mitochondria, golgi apparatus and multivesicular body were rich, so, they showed a lot of similarities in ultrastructure. However, the otolith was not found and microvilli were overexpressed in the otic vesicle induced by Activin A.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2007

Dietary flavonoids have antioxidant and antitumor promoting effects. Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) is a flavonoid-rich herbal medicine and has long been used as a food additive and an antitumor agent in Korea. Previous study demonstrated that a purified flavonoid fraction prepared from RVS, herein named RCMF (the RVS chloroform-methanol fraction), exhibited growth inhibition and induced apoptosis in human osteosarcoma(HOS) cells. This study evaluated if p53-mediated pathway is associated with the RCMF-induced apoptosis in HOS cells. RCMF was shown to be capable of inducing apoptosis of the cells, as expected, and transparently increased p53 expression in the cells. However, the RCMF-induced cytotoxicity was suppressed by transfecting the cells with antisense p53 oligonucleotide, which also inhibited the decrease of Bcl-2 and the increase of Bax in mitochondria, and the release of cytochrome c into cytosol. This finding suggests that p53-mediated mitochondrial stress is required for RCMF-induced apoptosis in HOS cells.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.511-522
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• 1999

The Leydig cell found within the interstitium of the testis is important in the spermatogenesis. The differentiation of Leydig cell, even though relatively well known in animals, is not fully elucidated yet in human. In the present study, human fetal testes ($14\sim27$ weeks) obtained from artificially induced abortions legally without gross malformations were studied using light and transmission electron microscopy to make clear the differentiation process of Leydig cells in humans. Leydig cells could be classified as 4 types: fusiform, light, dark, and degenerating cells. The most immature cell was the fusiform cells found frequently at 14 weeks, which seemed to differentiate successively into light and dark cells. Light cells were most frequently found at 17 weeks and dark cells at 24 weeks. Light cells were found to have mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticuli (sER) most prominently than any other cell types. The lumen of sER became to be expanded with age. Some electron-dense inclusions were observed in the mitochondrial matrix of the dark cells. Lipid droplets found more in light cells than dark cells were most prominent at 16 weeks and gradually decreased after 20 weeks. Glycogen particles were rich in dark cells. Degenerating cells were most frequently found at 27 weeks. From the results, it is suggested that Leydig cells in human fetal testes undergo similar differentiation process af in animals.