• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제36권
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• pp.241-266
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• 2003

Glass pieces excavated from Mireuksa Temple dated $7^{th}$ century A.D. were characterized by chemical composition, specific gravity and melting point. Lead isotope ratios of lead glasses were also compared with those of lead ore to attribute which lead ore was delivered for making lead glass. It was known that some lead glasses found in Japan were similar with those of Mireuksa Temple as comparing the data of chemical composition and lead isotope ratios. Characteristics of lead glass from Mireuksa Temple Thirty five glass pieces of Mireuksa Temple were analyzed for five oxides and found that all was lead glass system(PbO-$SiO_2$) with the range of 70~79% for PbO and 20~28% for $SiO_2$. The concentrations of oxides such as $Al_2O_3$, $Fe_2O_3$ and CuO were below 0.4%, 0.3% and 0.9%, respectively. Principal component analysis(PCA) as a statistical method was carried out to classify glasses with the similarities of chemical concentrations. The result of PCA has shown that three groups of glasses were created according to the excavation positions and two major oxides(PbO and $SiO_2$) greatly contributed to the dispersion of glasses on principal component 1(PC1) axis and trace element oxides($Al_2O_3$ and $Fe_2O_3$) for PC2 axis. Most of lead glasses were greenish by the efficacy of iron and copper oxides and some showed yellowish-green. The gravity of lead glasses was about 4.4~5.4 and estimated melting point was near $670^{\circ}C$. Lead isotope ratios of glasses were analyzed and found quite close to a lead ore from the Bupyeong mine in Gyeonggi-do. Comparison with lead glasses found in Japan Lead glasses of Mireuksa Temple were compared with those of Japan on the basis of chemical and physical data. Chemical compositions of Japanese lead glasses dated $7^{th}{\sim}8^{th}$ century A.D. were nearly similar with those of Mireuksa Temple but lead isotope ratios of those were separated into two groups. Three distribution maps of lead ores of Korea, Japan and China with lead isotope ratios were applied for lead glasses found in Japan. The result have shown that the locations of lead glasses from Fukuoka Prefecture coincided with the region of northen part of Korea and similar with those of Mireuksa Temple and lead glasses from Nara Prefecture dated $8^{th}$ century A.D. were located in the region of Japanese lead ore. This research has demonstrated that lead glasses of Mireuksa Temple conveyed to Miyajidake site, Fukuoka Prefecture around $7^{th}$ century A.D. and glass melting pots and glass beads excavated from Nara Prefecture confirmed the first use of Japanese lead ore for production of lead glasses from the end of $7^{th}$ century A.D.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.1177-1192
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• 2023

This study aims to expand the scope of use for relics by applying the patterns and characteristics of embroidered fabric pieces, such as gold foil, excavated from the Mireuksa Temple Site in Iksan for fashion products. The artifact was a ra decorated with flower and vine patterns, embroidery using gold and red thread, and the unique stitching of Baekje. The pattern was reconstructed, as the embroidery was not well-preserved. This study used two types of gold-foil techniques: laser-cut and stone-stamp gold foil. Considering practicality, the gloss, toughness, custom production possibility, and design implementation were emphasized. The form of the laser-cut gold foil could be transformed; however, a recognition problem with the machine increased the thickness of the stitching. It was used for half-finished goods and commercial casual fashion. The stone-stamp gold foil was finely implemented, but the design was difficult to change. It was used for half-finished silk fabric for making hanbok po and lattice-patterned silk skirts. Applying the developed gold foil to suitable clothing can further enhance the effect.

• 한국건설순환자원학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.12-18
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• 2024

• Architectural research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.65-73
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• 2018

The restoration of foundations supporting the immense load of the stone pagoda at Mireuksa Temple Site prioritizes securing its structural stability. But so far, rammed earth construction is still not easy to determine the structural stability. This paper aims to emphasize that a scientific experimental study was conducted on a rammed earth construction, to identify its methodology and obtain objective data about structural stability of the foundation work. An experimental study fabricated specimens from the soil that had been removed during the excavation survey, determined the allowable bearing capacity through plate load tests, and compared the results with the predicted stress after reassembly of the stone pagoda to estimate the structural stability. Then, the repair method was selected based on the experimental study result. The evaluation method of the restoration of foundations consisted of an examination of the allowable bearing capacity and settlement. The allowable bearing of the reinforced foundation was more than twice the contact pressure under the stacked stones of the pagoda. The possibility of settlement of the rammed earth foundation soil layer during the pagoda assembly is expected to be very low because the settlement amount of the reformed soil layer is less than half of the settlement of the stabilized existing soil layer.

• 대한건축학회논문집:구조계
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.147-155
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• 2019

In this study, flexural tests of granite reinforced with titanium metal rods were carried out to repair and restore the damaged stone-made cultural heritage, the Stone Pagoda of the Mireuksa Temple Site. A total of twelve specimens were tested. The primary test parameters are the reinforcement ratio and the location of the reinforcement. For restoration, epoxy resin was used for joining the separated stones, and titanium metal rods were used for structural reinforcement. Test results showed that the flexural failure took place in specimens with a reinforcement ratio of 0.8% or less, and shear failure occurred when the reinforcement ratio was 1.68% or more. The peak load of the reinforced stone was found to be highly related to the reinforcement ratio. The peak load increased with increasing the reinforcement ratio. Also, the flexural behaviors of the reinforced stones were affected by the location of the reinforcement. Based on the test results, this study recommends the reinforcement ratio of the reinforced granite to induce ductile behavior.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권27호
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• pp.5-22
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• 2006

Mireuksa is a temple that was established in the Baekjea Period and continued around to the 16thcentury. The sites of the temple throughout diverse periods such as the United Shilla Period, KoryuPeriod, and Chosun Period including the one of the early temple in the late Baekjea Period were discovered. In those temple sites, there were lots of diverse artifacts discovered including artifacts in the Bronze Age. In this study, the compositions of four bronze bells excavated from Mireuksa site in Iksan were analyzed and the manufacturing technique of bronze bells was studied through the observation of microstructure. Also, the analytical cases of ancient bronze bells were collected and compared. Furthermore, the provenance study of the bronze bells site was attempted with the Pbisotope ratio. The results aim to offer crucial keys for discovering the aspect of society as well as information about the origin, development, and the route of propagation of ancient technologies. Bronze bell No. 1 showed an unexpected composition as Cu was found 98.5% in it. There were shown twins which were created by annealing and an even phase in the fine grains. It was also shown that bronze bell No. 2 and 4 had a high content of Pb although they showed a similar composition with general bronze bells in terms of Sn content. As shown in the analysis characteristics table of Korean bronze bell of this study, the ancient bronze bell used Pb of which content was limited to 2.12% in general, however, the results showed 15.5% and 13.2% respectively, which is an excessive amount. Asa result of analyzing inclusion in the microstructure of bronze bell No. 2, it was found that sulfide group mineral was used since there appeared S(14.55%). Also, it was proven that $CuFeS_2$ or$Cu_5FeS_4$ was used as a raw material because there was a small amount of Fe. As a result of analyzing inclusion of bronze bell No. 4, the bronze bell sample contained S(13.43%) and it is thought that sulfide group mineral was used, however, it had no Fe. Therefore, it is not connected to $CuFeS_2$ which is the main mineral of Korea. In addition, a strain line was shown with processing in bronze bell No. 2 and 4. As a result of provenance study of bronze bell No. 2 and 4 using the Pb isotope ratio, they or their raw materials are estimated to come from the southern China. Bronze bell No. 3 showed only Cu and Sn, and it is featured with a relatively low amount of Sn(6.63%). The microstructure has only phase, andintergranular corrosion was highly in progress.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.55-66
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• 2007

Through analysing on construction cases of stupa built in A.D. 7,8th, I have researched about these : constructive methods of inner soil of stupa, spatial compositions, characteristics of structures, arrangements of inner soil and etc. And cases analysed are six ; Mireuksajiseoktap(stone pagoda of Mireuksa Temple site), Gameunsajisamcheumgseoktap(three storied stone pagoda of Gameunsa Temple site), Goseonsajisamcheungseoktap(three storied stone pagoda of Goseonsa Temple site), Wolseong nawolliocheungseoktap(five storied stone pagoda in Nawonri, Wolseong), Guksagokseoktap(three storied stone pagoda in Guksa valley), Giamgokseoktap(three storied stone pagoda in Giam valley). Additionally we researched about inner soil of Sacheonwangsaji tapji(basement of stone stupa site in Sacheonwang Temple site) to speculate on composition of Synthetically, the foundation could be divided as core space and outer space. ; the former as structural function and the latter as ornamental function. And the core area could be divided again as center column space and buffer space. The relationship between core spaces and its formation are as belows; First, according to the area of foundation and scale of stone pagoda, formations of core are differed. As the scale of stone pagoda goes bigger, and the area of foundation goes larger, the structure of stone pagoda comprised by center column type and layered-core which endure upper load independently. On the contrary, as the scale of stone pagoda goes smaller, and the area of foundation goes lesser, the structure of stone pagoda tend to use only center column to endure upper part. Second, spatial composition of core area is comprised as two spaces, one which endure upper load and buffer space which absorb side pressure and upper pressure. The buffer space tend to be used in case of those structures which could not endure side pressure or have lots of joint. In some cases, it was located below the cover stone of foundation and gained upper load. And in case that have not gained pressure from side stone, the buffer space are comprised by smalle stone or roof tile to get structural supplement.

• 지구물리
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2001

많은 유형문화재들이 과학적인 보존, 보수 없이 손상되어지고 있다. 이에 국내 유형문화재의 보수?보존 방안 대책과 복원에 대한 설계 자료로의 이용을 목적으로 익산미륵사지 서탑을 대상으로 지구물리학적 탐사를 적용하였다. 전기비저항, 탄성파, GPR탐사 등이 지구물리학적 탐사를 6개 측선에서 시행하여 서탑의 천부구조 영상화를 통해 지반특성과 구조적 안정성을 조사하였다. 전기비저항탐사에 의해 저비저항대 부분이 현재 탑이 남서쪽으로 기울어진 현상에 영향이 있는 것으로 해석된다. 탄성파 굴절법탐사와 GPR탐사에서 다짐층과 원지반층의 경계가 약 3.3～3.5m로 나타남이 일치하고 있으며 다짐층은 탑을 중심으로 넓게 분포하는 것이 아니라 북쪽으로 치우쳐 탑의 면적보다 작게 조서오딘 것으로 판단되고 현재 탑이 남서쪽으로 약간의 기울임을 보이는데 여기에는 지반강화대책이 필요한 것으로 판단된다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.38-53
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• 2012

이 글에서는 부여 정림사지로 추정되는 백제 '정림사'의 창건 연대를 최근의 고고학적 발굴조사 자료를 바탕으로 살펴보았다. 즉, 본격적인 대지 조성은 왕궁터로 추정되는 관북리 일대와 연동되어 있는데, 그 시기는 6세기 늦은 단계로 추정된다. 그리고 사찰 건립을 위한 대지 조성 이전에 사용된 소형 노 등과 그와 관련하여, 구지표에서 출토된 토기 등을 참고할 때 사비 천도 후 일정 기간 공방이 운영된 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 공방은 정림사지 북쪽에 인접한 관북리유적에서 본격적인 대지조성과 함께 이루어진 기와기단건물의 조영 이전에 운영된 것이 확인되었다. 대지 조성토에 혼입된 토기, 기와, 중국자기를 통해서도 정림사의 조영 연대가 사비 천도 직후까지 올라가기는 어렵다는 점을 지적하였다. 이 점은 석탑 이전에 목탑이 존재할 가능성이 높으며 그 구조는 지하기초부가 없는 높은 지상기단일 가능성과 연계되어 있다. 마지막으로 정림사지 가람배치는 동 서 건물과 강당 좌우의 건물이 하나로 통합되어 강당지 북편 기단보다 북쪽으로 좀 더 돌출되어 대규모 승방으로 통합되어 있다. 이러한 구조는 익산 미륵사지와 유사하여 정림사지가 능산리사지나 왕흥사지보다 늦게 축조되었을 가능성을 높여준다. 강당과 동 서 건물의 배치 관계 등으로 살펴본 이러한 견해는 그동안 정림사지의 창건 연대를 사비 천도 전후로 보아 온 것과 배치된다. 이러한 내용을 통해 볼때, 정림사는 사비 천도 전후가 아니라 도시조성이 활발하게 이루어진 6세기 후엽 이후에 창건되었을 가능성이 높아졌다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.210-223
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• 2014

익산 미륵사지 석탑에서 출토된 사리장엄 중 금제유물은 사리내호, 봉영기 등 총 494점이다. 금제유물은 대부분 가공을 통해 제작하였으나 이 중 금정 22점과 금괴 4점은 형태를 가지고 있지 않은 금괴로 가공품을 만들기 전 단계의 것으로 판단된다. 일반적으로 금은 자연 상태에서 산화물이 아닌 금속의 형태로 존재하므로 용융, 가공 과정만을 통해서 형태를 제작할 수 있다. 그러나 자연금의 경우 은, 동 등 불순물이 포함되어 있으므로 연성을 가지기 위해서는 정제가 필요하다. 미륵사지 석탑 사리장엄에서 출토된 금제유물을 분석하여 그 특성을 알아보고자 하였다. 분석결과 순금제품과 은이 함유된 금제품, 자연금으로 추정되는 금괴류로 분류할 수 있었다. 순금으로 제작된 유물은 사리내호, 금제고리, 금제소형구슬이며, 1wt.% 내외의 동을 함유하고 있다. 이들 유물들은 두드려 형태를 만들기 위해 순금으로 제작한 것으로 보인다. 은이 함유된 유물은 봉영기, 족집게, 금제고리, 금정, 금괴 등이며, 강도가 필요한 형태를 제작하기 위해 은이 함유된 것으로 보인다. 특히, 금정, 금괴는 은, 동의 분포, 형태로 추정하였을 때 자연금으로 보이나 한국의 자료가 충분하지 않아 단정할 수는 없으며, 향후 다양한 지역의 괴 형태 금제유물에 대한 종합적인 조사가 이뤄져야 가능할 것으로 보인다. 금세공기술면에서는 미륵사지 석탑출토 사리장엄은 매우 정교한 기술을 보이고 있다. 또한 무게분포를 살펴보았을 때 한 냥의 명문이 있는 것의 무게가 14g 내외로 이를 기준으로 반 냥, 두 냥 등으로 무게가 분포하고 있다.