• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.396-402
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• 2021

철근콘크리트 휨부재 단면은 휨강도를 확보함과 동시에 연성을 확보할 수 있도록 설계되어야 한다. 설계기준에서는 연성거동을 확보하기 위해 철근비나 중립축 깊이를 제한한다. 균형철근비 보다 적은 철근량이 배치된 단면은 연성이 확보되므로 균형철근비는 이론적인 최대철근비가 된다. 그러나 너무 적은 양의 철근량이 배치된 단면은 연성 거동과 관계 없이 균열 휨모멘트를 만족하지 못하고 취성 파괴될 수 있다. 또한, 최근 들어 고강도 재료의 사용이 증가함에 따라 최소철근비로 설계된 부재의 설계도 증가하고 있다. 이에 설계기준에서는 최소철근량에 대해서도 규정하고 있다. 콘크리트구조기준(2012)에서는 최소철근량에 대하여 철근과 콘크리트 강도의 항으로 직접적으로 규정하였다. 그러나 개정된 콘크리트구조 학회기준(2017)에서는 설계 휨강도와 균열 모멘트 사이의 관계를 통해 최소철근량을 간접적으로 제시하고 있다. 이는 피복두께에 대한 영향을 반영할 수 있지만, 재료 모델에 대한 정의가 필요하다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 콘크리트구조기준(2012)과 콘크리트구조 학회기준(2017)의 최소철근량에 대한 규정을 비교 검토하고, 다양한 해석 변수를 통해 최소철근량의 변화를 검토하여 합리적인 최소철근량 검토 방안에 대하여 고찰하였다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2004년도 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.783-790
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• 2004

In this study, a newly modified soil nailing technology named as the PSN(pretensioned soil nailing) system, is developed to reduce both facing displacements and ground surface settlements in top-down excavation process as well as to increase the global stability. Up to now, the PSN system has been investigated mainly focusing on an establishment of the design procedure. In the present study, the analytical procedure and design technique are proposed to evaluate maximum pretension force and stability of the PSN system. Also proposed arc techniques to determine the required thickness of a shotcrete facing and to estimate probability of a failure against the punching shear. Based on the proposed procedure and technique, effects of the radius of a influence circle and dilatancy angle on the thickness of a shotcrete facing, bonded length and safety factors arc analyzed. In addition, effects of the reduction of deformations expected by pretensioning of the soil nails are examined in detail throughout an illustrative example and $FLAC^{2D}$ program analysis. And a numerical approach is further made to determine a postulated failure surface as well as a minimum safety factor of the proposed PSN system using the shear strength reduction technique with the $FLAC^{2D}$ program. Global minimum safety factors and local safety factors at various excavation stages computed in case of the PSN system arc analyzed throughout comparisons with the results expected in case of the general soil nailing system. The efficiency of the PSN system is also dealt with by analyzing the wall-facing deformations and the adjacent ground surface settlements.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.148-156
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• 2015

In the study, a design process for ensuring optimal clearance in a fuel injection pump(FIP) is suggested. Structure analysis and hydrodynamic lubrication analysis are performed to determine the optimal clearance. The FIP is simulated using Hypermesh, Abaqus 6.12 to evaluate the reduction of clearance when the maximum supply pressure is applied. The reduction in clearance is caused by the difference in the deformations between the barrel and plunger. When the deformation of the plunger is larger than that of the barrel, a reduction in clearance at the head part occurs. On the other hand, the maximum clearance reduction equals the maximum deformation in the stem part, because the deformation of barrel does not occur in this region. The clearance of FIP should be designed to be larger than maximum reduction of clearance in order to avoid contact between the plunger and barrel. In addition, the two-dimensional Reynolds equation is used to evaluate lubrication characteristics with variations of viscosity, clearance and nozzle for a laminar, incompressible, unsteady state flow. The equation is discretized using the finite difference method. The lubrication characteristics of FIP are investigated by comparing film parameter, which is the ratio of the minimum film thickness and surface roughness. The optimal clearance of FIP is to be designed by considering the maximum reduction in clearance, lubrication characteristics, machining limits and tolerance of clearance.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.37-43
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• 2015

This study examined the effects of the minimum horizontal load on the structural behaviors and safety of system supports. The minimum horizontal load was frequently ignored in the design of system supports even though the level of that load was specified in the code and guide in Korea such as 'Standard Specification in Temporary Construction' and 'Guide to Installation of Shores for a Concrete Bridge'. To examine the effects of considering the minimum horizontal load, the finite element analysis were performed for various system supports. By varying installing parameters of system supports such as the vertical member spacing, the installation height, and the thickness of slab, the maximum combined stress ratios were estimated to investigate the structural safety of system supports. The results showed similar axial stress in vertical members but an increase in bending stress with a consideration of the horizontal load. The combines stress ratios are remarkably increased due to the consideration of the horizontal load. Consequently, the system supports, which were initially estimated to be safe when only the vertical loads were considered, were changed to be unsafe in most cases by the effects of the both the vertical and horizontal stresses. Therefore, the minimum horizontal load following the code and the guide is an essential load that could control the structural safety of system supports.

• 전자공학회논문지A
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• 제31A권8호
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• pp.7-15
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• 1994

In this paper, the directional coupler for Ku-band, which is designed is of the crossguide type with a coupling value of about 3-dB. The apertures chosen for this design are crosses. We used polynomial approximations of rounded end slot to obtain the electric and magnetic polarizability of crossed-slot and compared the results with Cohn's experimental results. The optimized dimensions and positions of the cross aperture are obtained by a trial-and-error reiteration of the program. This paper presents the measurement results for the designed coupler. The very flat coupling shows a total variation of only 29.80$\pm$0.04dB for the design frequency ranges of 12.25GHz-12.75GHz. The measured minimum directivity is 25dB. The aperture attenuation for the finite diaphragm thickness is about 2dB pr 0.5mm, which is in agreement with the theoretical value. The transmission loss and input return loss at center frequency are 0.0564dB and 48.16dB respectively. We obtained the measured minimum directivity of the coupler. Whose apertures are both circles is better than that containing holes in the performance of directivity.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.1477-1484
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• 2002

Various characteristics of a thin liquid film in its vapor-phase are investigated using the molecular dynamics technique. Local distributions of the temperature, density, normal and tangential pressure components, and stress are calculated for various film thicknesses and temperature levels. Distributions of local stresses change considerably with respect to film thicknesses, and interracial regions on both sides of the film start to overlap with each other as the film becomes thinner. Integration of the local stresses, i.e., the surface tension, however, does not vary much regardless of the interfacial overlap. The minimum thickness of a liquid film before rupturing is estimated with respect to the calculation domain sizes and is compared with a simple theoretical relation.

• 한국윤활학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국윤활학회 1998년도 제27회 춘계학술대회
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• pp.218-227
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• 1998

Present study is undertaken to optimize the lubrication reliability and frictional loss of the dynamically-loaded journal bearing in hermetic reciprocating compressor with alternative refrigerant R600a application. Thermodynamic and dynamic analysis has been conducted to investigate cylinder pressure variations by substitution alternative refrigerant R600a for R12. The modeling of the dynamics of the compressor mechanism has been performed with lumped mass method. A mathematical model is developed for analyzing the dynamics of the journal bearing system with the mobility method. It takes into account the effects of the refrigerant species, aspect ratio, clearance ratio and surface roughness. A corresponding computer program is described which enables to obtain the minimum film thickness and frictional loss. Design optimization is graphically performed by parametric studies of the aspect ratio and clearance ratio.

• Composites Research
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.297-310
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• 2015

This study aims to develop efficient composite laminates for buckling load enhancement, interlaminar shear stress minimization, and weight reduction. This goal is achieved through cover-skin lay-ups around skins and stiffeners, which amplify bending stiffness and defer delamination by means of effective stress distribution. The design problem is formulated as multi-objective optimization that maximizes buckling load capability while minimizing both maximum out-of-plane shear stress and panel weight. For efficient optimization, response surface methodology is employed for buckling load, two out-of-plane shear stresses, and panel weight with respect to one ply thickness, six fiber orientations of a skin, and four stiffener heights. Numerical results show that skin-covered composite stiffened panels can be devised for maximum buckling load and minimum interlaminar shear stresses under compressive load. In addition, the effects of different material properties are investigated and compared. The obtained results reveal that the composite stiffened panel with Kevlar material is the most effective design.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.97-105
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• 1984

We have, at present, found some studies on the optimum design of reinforced concrete about the simple slab but very few about the multi-story and multi-span slab. The aim of this study is to make a optimum design of coalesced beam and column slab constructure. Some results of the evaluation by using the optimalized algorithm that was developed in this study are as follows. 1. Slab was mainly restricted by the constraint of effective depth, bending moment, and minimum steel ratio; especially the effective depth was the preceding crifical constraint. In the optimum design of slab, therefore, the constraint about the minimum thickness should be surely considered. 2. This optimum design is good economy as much as some 3.4&~6.2% compared with the conventional design method. 3. In most case, it was converged by 3 to 6 iteratin regardless of the highest or lowest value and only in case of N=1 and case 1, there is a little oscillation after the 3rd iteration but it makes no difference in taking either the highest or lowest value because the range of oscillation is low as much as about 1.2% of the total construction cost. 4. In this study the result seeking for constraints that make no difference in the least cost design shows that shear stress and maximum steel ration may not be considered in it. 5. Bending moment was converged by one time iteration regardless of the initial value, while steel ratio, in most case, by two times because both bending moment and steel ratio are the fuction of effective depth.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.115-126
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• 2017

In this paper, size dependent bending and free flexural vibration behaviors of functionally graded (FG) nanobeams are investigated using a nonlocal quasi-3D theory in which both shear deformation and thickness stretching effects are introduced. The nonlocal elastic behavior is described by the differential constitutive model of Eringen, which enables the present model to become effective in the analysis and design of nanostructures. The present theory incorporates the length scale parameter (nonlocal parameter) which can capture the small scale effect, and furthermore accounts for both shear deformation and thickness stretching effects by virtue of a hyperbolic variation of all displacements through the thickness without using shear correction factor. The material properties of FG nanobeams are assumed to vary through the thickness according to a power law. The neutral surface position for such FG nanobeams is determined and the present theory based on exact neutral surface position is employed here. The governing equations are derived using the principal of minimum total potential energy. The effects of nonlocal parameter, aspect ratio and various material compositions on the static and dynamic responses of the FG nanobeam are discussed in detail. A detailed numerical study is carried out to examine the effect of material gradient index, the nonlocal parameter, the beam aspect ratio on the global response of the FG nanobeam. These findings are important in mechanical design considerations of devices that use carbon nanotubes.