• 융합정보논문지
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• 제10권9호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2020

본 논문은 다수의 전자전 센서에서 추출된 시간지연 차이정보와 도플러주파수 차이정보를 이용하는 Two-step weighted least-squares 기반의 이동 신호원 위치 및 속도 추정 기법에서, 수집 정보의 이상치를 검출하는 알고리즘을 제안하고자 한다. 다수의 전자전 센서에서 추출되는 정보는 다양한 요인에 의해 정보에 이상치가 발생할 수 있으며, 이를 효과적으로 검출하고 데이터 융합과정에서 이상치를 배제하여 이동 신호원의 위치와 속도 추정의 정확도를 높이고자 한다. 본 논문에서는 이상치를 제외한 최소의 정상치 정보 집합을 추출하고, 이를 기반으로 나머지 정보의 이상치 여부를 확률적으로 판단하는 알고리즘을 제안하였으며, 이를 모의실험을 통해, 정보의 이상치가 효과적으로 제거되어 위치 및 속도 추정의 정확도를 향상시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다. 정상치 거리정보 잡음이 20dB 이하인 경우, 이상치 정보를 효과적으로 제거하여, Cramér-Rao lower bound에 근접한 위치 및 속도 추정 정확도를 얻음을 확인하였다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.265-276
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• 2005

In order to grasp the structure and dynamics of phytoplankton communities, chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and cell abundance were measured at 20 stations during the period from August 9 to August 21, 2003 in the southeastern Barents Sea on surface and subsurface chlorophyll maximum depth (SCM). Surface temperatures were varied from minimum $-0.7^{\circ}C(st. 18)$ to maximum $10.4^{\circ}C(st.1)$. Salinities were varied from minimum 29.9 psu(st. 18) to maximum 35.8 psu(st.2). The maximum nutrient(phosphate, nitrate, silicate) concentrations were $0.12{\mu}M,\;0.11{\mu}M,\;7.53{\mu}M$ and minimum concentrations were $0.01{\mu}M,\;0.03{\mu}M,\;1.43{\mu}M$, respectively. On SCM physical environmental factor were almost similar. Chl-a concentrations ranged from 0.23 to $2.13{\mu}g\;chi-a\;l^{-1}$ at SCM. Nano- and pico phytoplankton were the important contributors for increase of the Chl-a. It was about seven times difference between highest concentration to lowest. Phytoplankton communities were composed of diatoms, dinoflagellates, cryptophyceae, silicoflagellate, and prymnesiophyceae showing 37 taxa at surface and 38 taxa at SCM. Picophytoplankton was the most dominant in all stations and all layers, but the second groups were 2 and/or 3 taxa. Phytoplankton abundance ranged from minimum $4.3{\times}10^5\;cells\;l^{-1}$ (st. 20) to maximum $2.4{\times}10^6\;cells\;l^{\-1}$. (st. 17) at surface water. As a result, phytoplankton might be controlled by physical factors such as North Atlantic ocean currents and northern melt water among environmental factors in Barents Set h addition the dominant species were nano- and pico phytoplankton such as Phaeocystis, Cryptomonas and Dinobryon in the study area.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.491-498
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• 2017

GPS (global positioning system)는 지구 궤도를 도는 여러 GPS 위성의 신호를 수신하여 위성 별 수신 시간 차이를 이용하여 자신의 절대 위치를 알아내는 시스템으로 민간 목적뿐만 아니라 군용 목적으로도 널리 사용되고 있다. 특히 유도무기 등에 사용되기 때문에 신뢰성 있는 GPS 수신은 군에서 훨씬 더 중요하다. 하지만 GPS 는 사용 주파수 대역이 알려져 있고 수신신호 전력이 미약하기 때문에 인위적인 재밍신호를 송출하여 쉽게 GPS 시스템을 무력화 시킬 수 있는 문제가 있다. 이러한 간섭신호에 대응하기 위한 한 가지 방법은 GPS 수신기에 다중 안테나를 설치하고 디지털 빔포밍 기술을 이용하여 GPS 신호는 훼손하지 않으면서 재머만을 제거하는 기술이다. 본 논문에서는 MVDR(minimum variance distortionless response) 기술에 기반하여 새로운 적응형 빔 제어 기술을 제안한다. 제안하는 방식은 알려져 있는 위성 방향으로의 빔을 형성하고 재머 방향으로는 적응형 알고리즘에 의해 널을 형성하여 재머를 제거한다. 제안하는 방식의 성능은 컴퓨터 모의실험을 통해 검증한다.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제19권7호
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• pp.1539-1545
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• 2015

GPS (global positioning system)는 지구 궤도를 도는 여러 GPS 위성의 신호를 수신하여 이들 신호의 수신 시간 차이를 이용하여 자신의 절대 위치를 알아내는 시스템으로 민간 목적뿐만 아니라 군용 목적으로도 널리 사용되고 있다. 특히 군용 시스템에서는 무기 등에도 사용되기 때문에 안정적인 GPS 수신이 민간보다 더 중요하다. 하지만 GPS는 사용 주파수가 알려져 있기 때문에 나쁜 의도로 인위적인 재밍신호를 송출하여 GPS 시스템을 무력화 시킬 수 있다는 문제가 있다. 이에 재밍신호를 제거하고 GPS 신호만을 안정적으로 수신하기 위해 GPS 수신기에 다중 안테나를 설치하고 빔 널링 기술을 이용하여 재머만을 제거하는 기술이 많이 연구되어 왔다. 이러한 기술 중에서 본 논문에서는 MVDR (minimum variance distortionless response) 기술에 기반하여 새로운 적응형 빔 제어 기술을 제안한다. 제안하는 방식은 위성 방향으로의 빔은 훼손하지 않으면서 재머 방향으로는 적응적으로 널을 형성하여 재머를 효과적으로 제거한다. 제안하는 방식의 성능은 컴퓨터 모의실험을 통해 검증한다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.31-35
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• 2021

Background: Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) for hemodialysis is essential for patients with end-stage renal disease. However, it is difficult to maintain AVF reliably. It is vitally important to select proper blood vessels for AVF formation. In a previous study, a minimum diameter of 3 mm for the autologous vein was proposed. However, patients who did not meet the minimum vascular diameter before anesthesia, but fulfilled other criteria, showed satisfactory venous dilatation after brachial plexus block (BPB). This study investigated the extent of vein expansion by BPB and the surgical outcomes of dilated veins after BPB. Methods: Sixty-one patients who underwent AVF formation using an autologous vein between August 2018 and December 2019 were included in the study. The clinical characteristics of the patient groups, hemodynamic parameters including the diameter of blood vessels before and after BPB, and complications were investigated. Based on the venous diameter measured by sonography before anesthesia, patients were divided into group A (26 patients) and group B (35 patients), with venous diameters <3 mm and ≥3 mm, respectively. Results: The venous diameter expanded after anesthesia by 41% overall, by 62% in group A, and by 25% in group B. This difference between groups A and B was statistically significant (p=0.001). No other variables showed statistically significant differences. Conclusion: Sufficient venous dilatation was observed after BPB. Therefore, if the vein is sufficiently dilated after BPB, even in patients with a pre-anesthesia venous diameter <3 mm, surgery may still be performed with an expected desirable outcome.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.155-170
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• 2022

An accurate analysis of structures supported on soft soils and subjected to seismic loading requires the consideration of the soil-foundation-structure interaction. An important aspect of this interaction lies with the energy dissipation due to soil material damping. Unlike advanced constitutive models that can induce energy loss, the use of simple elastoplastic constitutive models requires additional damping. The frequency dependent Rayleigh damping is a formulation that is frequently used in dynamic analysis. The main concern of this formulation is the correct selection of the target damping ratio and the frequency range where the response is frequency independent. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of the Rayleigh damping parameters in soil-pile-structure and soil-inclusion-platform-structure systems in the presence of soft soil under seismic loading. Three-dimensional analyses of both systems are carried out using the finite difference software Flac3D. Different values of target damping ratios and minimum frequencies are utilized. Several earthquakes are used to study the influence of different excitation frequencies in the systems. The soil response in terms of accelerations, displacements and strains is obtained. For the rigid elements, the results are presented in terms of bending moments and normal forces. The results show that when the frequency of the input motion is close to the minimum (central) frequency in the Rayleigh damping formulation, the overdamping amount is reduced, and the surface spectral acceleration of the analyzed pile and inclusion systems increases. Thus, the bending moments and normal forces throughout the piles and inclusions also increase.

• 인간식물환경학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.519-527
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• 2021

Background and objective: This study was conducted to establish a Plant Hardiness Zone (PHZ) map, investigate the effect of global warming on changes in PHZ, and elucidate the difference in the distribution of evergreen trees between the central and southern region within hardiness Zone 7b in Korea. Methods: Mean annual extreme minimum temperature (EMT) and related temperature fluctuation data for 40 years (1981 to 2020) in each of the meteorological observation points were extracted from the Open MET Data Portal of the Korea Meteorological Administration. Using EMT data from 60 meteorological observation points, PHZs were classified according to temperature range in the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. Changes in PHZs for each decade related to the effects of global warming were analyzed. Temperature fluctuation before and after the day of EMT were analyzed for 4 areas of Seoul, Suwon, Suncheon, and Jinju falling under Zone 7b. For statistical analysis, descriptive statistics and ANOVA were performed using the IBM SPSS 22 Statistics software package. Results: Plant hardiness zones in Korea ranged from 6a to 9b. Over four decades, changes to warmer PHZ occurred in 10 areas, especially in colder ones. Based on the analysis of daily temperature fluctuation, the duration of sub-zero temperatures was at least 2 days in Seoul and Suwon, while daily maximum temperatures were above zero in Suncheon and Jinju before and after EMT day. Conclusion: It was found that the duration of sub-zero temperatures in a given area is an important factor affecting the distribution of evergreen trees in PHZ 7b.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.147-160
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• 2002

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are an important public health issue in Korea and many important questions remain to be addressed with respect to assessing exposure to these compounds. Because they are ubiquitous and highly volatile, special techniques must be applied in their analytic determination Valid Personal exposure assessment methods are needed to evaluate exposure frequency, duration and intensity, as well as their relationship to personal exposure characteristics. Biological monitoring is also important since it may contribute significantly in risk assessment by allowing the estimation of effective absorbed doses. This study was on ducted to establish the environmental measurement, personal dosimetry and biological monitoring methods for VOCs. These methods are needed to compare blood, urinary and exhalation breath VOC levels and to provide tools for risk assessment of VOC exposure. Passive monitors (badge type) and a active samplers (trap) for the VOCs collection were used for air sampling. Methods development included determining the minimum detectable amounts of VOCs in each media, as well as evaluating collection methods and developing analytical procedures. Method reliability was assessed by determining breakthrough volumes and comparing results between laboratories and with other methods. A total capacity of trap used in this study was 60ι. Although variable by compound, the average breakthrough was 20％. Also, there was no loss of compounds in trap even if keep for 45 day in -7$0^{\circ}C$. The recovery of active and passive methods was 69％ ~ 126％ and method detection limit was 0.24 $\mu\textrm{g}$/trap and 0.07 $\mu\textrm{g}$/badge. There was no statistical difference (P > 0.05) between active and passive methods.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.122-129
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• 2017

Understanding how future climate conditions will be impact on the biodiversity and species composition is important, because biodiversity becomes more important in environment assessment. To understand the biological changes including diversity and species composition over time (temporal variation within a year), the species diversity and composition of ground beetles were investigated in two well-preserved areas in the Sobaeksan National Park using pitfall traps. In addition, relationships between ground beetles and environmental variables were studied by considering temporal variation. We collected 2,146 ground beetle specimens representing 45 species, and individual-based rarefaction curves indicated that similar species richness was found between Geumseon Valley (GV) and Namcheon Valley (NV). The Bray-Curtis matrix comparisons between study sites were characterized by similar ground beetles sample heterogeneity, while temporal variations in abundance, species richness, and ${\beta}-diversity$ of ground beetles showed rather difference over time according to location of study sites. In GV site, minimum temperature was selected as the best predictor for abundance, species richness, and ${\beta}-diversity$ of ground beetles, while those relationships in NV site were more complicated. In conclusion, our study suggests that understanding the different response of ground beetles to climatic variables related to local habitat conditions is important to predict the effect of climate change on biological communities.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.454-456
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• 2002

It is important to determine the action spectrum of UV-B radiation contained in the sunlight to estimate the risk of skin cancer. We have investigated action spectra for induction of apoptosis and reproductive cell death in L5178Y cells using the Okazaki Large Spectrograph at NIBB. L5178Y cells were exposed to light at different wavelengths in UV-B or UV-A region. Frequencies of apoptosis induction and reproductive cell death were determined by counting cells with chromatin condensation, and by the colony formation assay, respectively. The measured sensitivity spectra for the two end-points were in very good agreement. Sensitivity decreased steeply with increase of wavelength in UV-B region and remains nearly constant in UV-A region. The action spectra were also slightly steeper than that for the minimum erythematic dose (MED), but very similar to the light absorption spectrum of DNA in UV-B region. On the other hand, the spectra for both endpoints were similar to MED spectrum but not DNA spectrum in the UV-A region. Also different time-course and morphological difference of apoptosis were found between UV-B (long time, fragmentation) and UV-A (short time, shrinkage) region. These results suggest that DNA damage induced by UV-B light triggers apoptosis and reproductive cell death, but other damaged targets (membrane, protein and so on) trigger these effects in UV-A region.