• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.18 no.3 s.40
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• pp.127-132
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• 1979

This experiments were performed to investigate the temperature effects, which caused by the various types of collecting trap treatments, during the overwintering period of pine gall midge larvae, on the peak adult emergence time. And the following results were obtained. 1) The maximum temperatures inside of the collection traps were significantly different each other, and the vinyl cage showed the highest degree which highering $15^{\circ}C$, and standard cage, cage-50 and funnel trap highering $3-12^{\circ}C$ in monthly average comparing to control. 2) There was no significant difference among the treatment in minimum temperatures, during the overwintering periods of larvae. 9) The peak adult emergence time were May 15 in vinyl cage plot which shortened 20 days and both standard cage and cage-50 shortened 14 day than that of control. 4) The funnel type trap treatment delayed 6 days of the peak adult emergence comparing to control, in spite of the treatment showing higher maximum and cumulative temperatures than the control plot. 5) The decadal maximum temperatures of middle part of December and March were significantly correlated with the shortening of the peak adult emergence date.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.59-66
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• 2018

Background: Massive, irreparable rotator cuff tears (RCTs) are a challenging clinical problem in young patients. In recent years, arthroscopic superior capsular reconstruction (ASCR) is a popular treatment in the massive, irreparable RCTs. However, studies reporting clinical results of ASCR are rare in the literature. Methods: Between 2013 and 2015, six patients underwent ASCR. One patient treated with dermal allograft, while five patients with autogenous fascia lata graft. Demographic data, as well as preoperative and last follow-up clinical data including pain, range of motion (ROM), strength, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons system, the Constant system, the University of California at Los Angeles system, the Simple Shoulder Test, and the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index system were obtained. Acromiohumeral distances and Hamada classification were measured on standard anteroposterior x-ray. Results: All patients were men, and the average age was $59.5{\pm}4.18years$ (range, 53-65 years).The minimum follow-up was 18 months with a mean follow-up was $27.33{\pm}7.58months$ (range, 18-36). All patients had postoperative improvement in pain scores and functional scores. The ROM and strength did not improve after surgery. The Hamada score progressed of radiographic stage in 2 patients. In the case of dermal allograft, there was graft failure 6 weeks after ASCR. Conclusions: Our results support the ASCR as a viable treatment for surgical salvage in massive, irreparable RCTs. This treatment option may provide patients with decreased pain and increased function. And studying our case of dermal allograft failure provides opportunities to decrease graft failure in ASCR using dermal allograft.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.153-159
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• 2020

In order to find out the condition of flow in sewer pipes, this study investigated the characteristics of tractive force of sewage flow estimated using actual measured values of water level, velocity, and flowrate in sewers located at uppermost portion in a treatment area during dry weather periods. When the scene of sewage flow was taken by CCTV after cohesive and non-cohesive solids (tofu and sand) were put on the sewer invert, it was found that the solids could be flushed without significant interruption. In sewer with slope of 0.00319, the frequency exceeding the minimum tractive force of sewage during a weekday was zero, while it was 10 per day with slope of 0.00603. During the week of the field observation, the event to exceed the minimum tractive force occurred once, suggesting that sewer odor would potentially increase. Maximum tractive force in sewer with steep slope was 2.9-3.1 N/㎡, but with gentle slope it decreased to 1.6-1.7N/㎡. It was also observed that the interval of time maintained below the criterion of minimum tractive force increased, during weekends compared to weekdays and for the sewage including non-cohesive particles which could enter combined sewers during a storm period. This study found that the sewer sediments formed by direct feces input into sewers, through sewer pipes which were designed meeting the standard sewer design criteria, could be flushed without staying as deposited solids state for a long time.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.218-225
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• 2017

Effects on skin caused by the dose from linear accelerator (LINAC) opposing portal irradiation and TomoDirect 3-D modeling treatment according to the radiation devices and treatment methods were measured, and a comparative analysis was performed. Two groups of 10 patients each were created and measurements were carried out using an optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter. These patients were already receiving radiation treatment in the hospital. Using the SPSS statistical program, the minimum and maximum average standard deviations of the measured skin dose data were obtained. Two types of treatment method were selected as independent variables; the measured points and total average were the dependent variables. An independent sample T-test was used, and it was checked whether there was a significance probability between the two groups. The average of the measured results for the LINAC opposing portal radiation was 117.7 cGy and PDD 65.39% for the inner breast, 144.7 cGy and PDD 80.39% for the outer breast, 143.2 cGy and PDD 79.56% for the upper breast, 151.4 cGy and PDD 84.11% for the lower breast, 149.6 cGy and PDD 83.11% for the axilla, and 141.32 cGy and PDD 78.51% for the total average. In contrast, for TomoDirect 3-D conformal radiotherapy, the corresponding measurement values were 137.6 cGy and PDD 76.44%, 152.3 cGy and PDD 84.61%, 148.6 cGy and PDD 82.56%, 159.7 cGy and PDD 88.72%, and 148.6 cGy PDD 82.56%, respectively, and the total average was 149.36 cGy and PDD 82.98%. To determine if the difference between the total averages was statistically significant, the independent sample T-test of the SPSS statistical program was used, which indicated that the P-value was P=0.024, which was 0.05 lower than the significance level. Thus, it can be understood that the null hypothesis can be dismissed, and that there was a difference in the averages. In conclusion, even though the treatment dose was similar, there could be a difference in the dose entering the body surface from the radiation treatment plan; however, depending on the properties of the treatment devices, there is a difference in the dose affecting the body surface. Thus, the absorbed dose entering the body surface can be high. During breast cancer radiotherapy, radiation dermatitis occurs in almost all patients. Most patients have a difficult time while undergoing treatment, and therefore, when choosing a radiotherapy treatment method, minimizing radiation dermatitis is an important consideration.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.111-116
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• 2014

Purpose: The standard surgical procedure recommended to treat gastric cancer in advanced cases is dissection of D2 lymph nodes (LNs). However, the optimum number of LNs that should be retrieved in advanced gastric cancer (AGC) remains debatable. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the optimum number of retrieved LNs and determine the clinical implications of retrieved LN numbers on the treatment of AGC. Materials and Methods: Of 575 AGC patients reviewed, 369 who underwent open curative gastrectomy with D2 or more extensive LN dissection at our institution were analyzed according to their clinicopathologic characteristics and number of LNs retrieved. Results: Multivariate regression analysis revealed that tumor size (P=0.006), depth of invasion (P=0.000), LN metastasis (P=0.000), and stage (P=0.000) were independent variables with predictive value. The 5-year survival rates were differed significantly according to the numbers of LNs retrieved ([1] 15~25 vs. >25 and [2] 15~39 vs. ${\geq}40$) in patients with differentiated carcinoma. Conclusions: Tumor size, depth of invasion, LN metastasis, and stage were independent predictive factors for survival. The number of retrieved LNs was significantly associated with a long-term survival benefit in patients with differentiated carcinoma. Therefore, our data suggest that the retrieval of a minimum of 15 LNs may not be sufficient to warrant a recommendation for further curative surgery and that extensive LN dissection should be considered in advanced carcinoma of the differentiated type.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.2-10
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• 2013

A common failure in endodontic treatment of the permanent maxillary first molars is likely to be caused by an inability to locate, clean, and obturate the second mesiobuccal (MB) canals. Because of the importance of knowledge on these additional canals, there have been numerous studies which investigated the maxillary first molar MB root canal morphology using in vivo and laboratory methods. In this article, the protocols, advantages and disadvantages of various methodologies for in-depth study of maxillary first molar MB root canal morphology were discussed. Furthermore, newly identified configuration types for the establishment of new classification system were suggested based on two image reformatting techniques of micro-computed tomography, which can be useful as a further 'Gold Standard' method for in-depth morphological study of complex root canal systems.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1479-1483
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine discharge learning needs of patients undergoing thyroidectomy. The population of this descriptive study consisted of patients undergoing thyroidectomy in the Endocrine Surgery Unit of a university hospital between February and December 2013. The study included 251 patients who were discharged after thyroidectomy. Data obtained using the data collection form and the Patient Leaning Needs Scale (PLNS) were analyzed by frequency, mean, standard deviation, Kruskal Wallis and student-t tests. The mean age of the patients was $47.91{\pm}13.05$ and 76.1% were females. The PLNS total mean score was $208.38{\pm}34.91$, with the maximum score of $39.23{\pm}6.80$ on the subscale of treatment and complications and the minimum score of $19.45{\pm}4.70$ on the subscale of feelings related to condition. It was found that the PLNS total score of the patients was not influenced by age, gender, marital status (p>0.05). This study demonstrated that patients had high learning needs after thyroidectomy.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.586-589
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• 1997

Antifungal activities of 6-[(N-4-bromophenyl)amino]-7-chloro-5,8-quinolinedione (RCK7) were tested. The MIC values of RCK7 were determined for antifungal suceptibility, in vitro against Aspergillus niger, Cryptococcus neoformans and Trichophyton mentagrophyte by standard agar streak method. In vitro, RCK7 showed more potent antifungal activity than fluconazole and ketoconazole. Also, RCK7 was tested for in vivo antifungal activity in the treatment of systemic infection with Candida albicans in normal mice. The therapeutic potential of RCK7 had been assessed by evaluating their survival rate against systemic infections compared with that of ketoconazole. $ED_{50}$ of intraperitoneally administered RCK7 ws $2.05{\pm}0.30mg/kg$ but that of ketoconazole was $8.00{\pm}0.73 mg/kg$, respectively. When RCK7 was administered intravenously at the $ED_{50}$(2.05 mg/kg). the colony counts of Candida albicans in the liver after 7 days and 14 days were reduced as likely as ketoconazole at the $ED_{50}(8.00 mg/kg)$, and the better survival rates than ketoconazole's were achieved after 14 days. The results suggest that RCK7 may be a potent antifungal agent.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.9
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• pp.1322-1326
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• 2013

New antifungal agents are required to compensate for the increase in resistance to standard antifungal agents of Candida albicans, which is an important opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes minor infections in many individuals but very serious infections in those who are immune-compromised. In this study, combinations of theaflavin and epicatechin are investigated as potential antifungal agents and also to establish whether antifungal synergy exists between these two readily accessible and cost-effective polyphenols isolated from black and green tea. The results of disc diffusion assays showed stronger antibacterial activity of theaflavin:epicatechin combinations against C. albicans NCTC 3255 and NCTC 3179, than that of theaflavin alone. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1,024 ${\mu}g/ml$ with theaflavin and 128-256 ${\mu}g/ml$ with theaflavin:epicatechin combinations were found. The fractional inhibitory concentration indexes were calculated, and the synergy between theaflavin and epicatechin against both isolates of C. albicans was confirmed. Theaflavin:epicatechin combinations show real potential for future use as a treatment for infections caused by C. albicans.

• Knee surgery & related research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.275-283
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• 2018

Purpose: To compare the clinical outcomes between the open posterior approach and arthroscopic suture fixation for displaced posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) avulsion fractures. Methods: A literature search was performed on MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases. The inclusion criteria were as follows: papers written in English on displaced PCL avulsion fractures, clinical trial(s) with clear description of surgical technique, adult subjects, a follow-up longer than 12 months and modified Coleman methodology score (CMS) more than 60 points. Results: Twelve studies were included with a mean CMS value of 72.4 (standard deviation, 7.6). Overall, 134 patients underwent the open posterior approach with a minimum 12-month follow-up, and 174 patients underwent arthroscopic suture fixation. At final follow-up, the range of Lysholm score was 85-100 for the open approach and 80-100 for the arthroscopic approach. Patients who were rated as normal or nearly normal in the International Knee Documentation Committee subjective knee assessment were 92%-100% for the open approach and 90%-100% for the arthroscopic approach. The range of side-to-side difference was 0-5 mm for both approaches. Conclusions: Both arthroscopic and open methods for the treatment of PCL tibial-side avulsion injuries resulted in comparably good clinical outcomes, radiological healing, and stable knees.