• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.147-157
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• 2000

This study examined the effects of excess intake of calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) supplement on bone loss, nephrocalcinosis and renal function in osteoporotic model rats. Seven-week-old female rats were first fed a Ca-deficient diet for four weeks after ovariectomy operation, and then one of nine experimental diets for additional eight weeks, containing three levels of Ca, normal (0.5%) or high (1.5%) or excess (2.5%) and three levels of Fe, normal (35ppm) or high (210ppm) or excess (350ppm). The osteoporotic model rats showed a remarkable increase in body weight, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and decrease in breaking force, Ca, P, Mg contents of femur. Serum Ca concentration was not significantly affected by dietary Ca and Fe levles. Liver Ca content increased in rats fed a high-and excess-Ca diet. Kidney Ca content and microscopic Ca deposition remarkably increased in osteoporotic model rats compared to control group, and showed a tendency to decrease in rats fed a excess-Ca diet. Breaking force of femur increased with increasing dietary Ca levels, but Ca, P contents of femur and serum ALP were not significantly affected by dietary Ca and Fe levels. Serum total protein decreased in rats fed a excess-Ca diet, BUN increased in rats fed a excess-Ca diet, while serum uric acid and creatinine were not significantly affected by dietary Ca levels. Urinary creatinine, GFR increased in rats fed a high-and excess-Ca, diet, and GFR was highest in rats fed a excess-Ca/excess-Fe diet. These results suggest that excess intake of Ca may increase breaking force of femur, but not increase mineral contents of femur, and decrease kidney function. Furthermore, excess intake of Fe and Ca concurrently may aggravate kidney function leading to potential health problems in ovariectomized osteoporotic model rats.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.450-461
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• 2022

Purpose: DNA damage and repair responses are induced by metabolic diseases and environmental stress. The balance of DNA repair response and the antioxidant system play a role in modulating the entire body's health. This study uses a high-fat and high-calorie (HFC) drink to examine the new roles of a plant-based multivitamin/mineral supplement with phytonutrients (PMP) for regulating the antioxidant system and cellular DNA repair signaling in the body resulting from metabolic stress. Methods: In a double-blind, randomized, parallel-arm, and placebo-controlled trial, healthy adults received a capsule containing either a PMP supplement (n = 12) or a placebo control (n = 12) for 8 weeks. Fasting blood samples were collected at 0, 1, and 3 hours after consuming a HFC drink (900 kcal). The blood samples were analyzed for the following oxidative stress makers: areas under the curve reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), erythrocytes MDA, urinary MDA, oxidized low-density lipoprotein, and the glutathione:oxidized glutathione ratio at the time points. We further examined the related protein levels of DNA repair signaling (pCHK1 (Serine 345), p-P53 (Serine 15), and 𝛄H2AX expression) in the plasma of subjects to evaluate the time-dependent effects of a HFC drink. Results: In a previous study, we showed that PMP supplementation for eight weeks reduces the ROS and endogenous DNA damage in human blood plasma. Results of the current study further show that PMP supplementation is significantly correlated with antioxidant defense. Compared to the placebo samples, the blood plasma obtained after PMP supplementation showed enhanced DNA damage response genes such as pCHK1(Serine 345) (a transducer of DNA response) and 𝛄H2AX (a hallmark of DNA damage) during the 8 weeks trial on metabolic challenges. Conclusion: Our results indicate that PMP supplementation for 8 weeks enhances the antioxidant system against oxidative stress and prevents DNA damage signaling in humans.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2011

We investigated the effect of a lactic acid extract of Sargassum horneri (ExSL) as a calcium supplement on bone formation in 48 female Sprague-Dawley rats for 4 weeks of their growth phase. The rats were divided into four groups based on diet: two calcium-sufficient and two calcium-deficient diets. The normal control group (NC) was fed AIN-93G; the NCS group was fed the same diet containing 1% extract; the calcium-deficient control (DC) diet was based on AIN-93G; and the DCS group received the same calcium-deficient diet plus 1% extract. Bone formation in the rats was evaluated using the wet weight, length, diameter, and bone mineral density (BMD) of the femur. Serum parameters were also examined. The food intake among the groups did not differ significantly (P<0.05). The NCS group gained the most body weight, while the DC group gained much less weight than the other groups. The feeding efficiencies of the groups that received the extract (NCS and DCS) were slightly higher than those of the control groups (NC and DC). The calcium intakes of all groups depended on the amount of calcium in the feed; the NCS and DCS diets contained 12.15 mg more calcium than the NC and DC diets. The calcium absorption was lower in NCS than in DC and DCS, but significantly higher than in NC (P<0.05). The BMDs in the calcium-sufficient groups were not significantly different (P<0.05), while in the calcium-deficient groups the BMD was significantly higher in DCS than in DC (P<0.05). The serum calcium and phosphorus levels in all groups were not associated with markers of bone growth related to the extract. The osteocalcin content and alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity were higher in the calcium-deficient groups than in the normal groups (P<0.05). Ultimately, the osteocalcin content and ALPase activity were lower in DCS compared to DC. These results suggest that the addition of ExSL promotes bone formation and calcium absorption in growing rats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.844-850
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• 2002

The potential nutritive value was studied on leaves of seven fodder trees in Central Sudan during dry season at two distinct periods, the early dry and the late. The chemical composition, mineral concentration, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), in situ OM or nitrogen degradability and estimated metabolizable energy showed a wide variation among fodder tree species and between different periods of the dry season. Crude protein (CP) ranged from 285 to 197 g/kg DM at early dry season, with a significant reduction in late dry season. Ziziphus spina-christi and Balanites aegyptiaca showed the least reduction in CP content. The NDF, ADF and lignin were about 200, 160 and 19 g/kg DM, respectively at the early period, and significantly increased at the late period of the dry season, except for lignin of Z. spina-christi. For mineral concentration, all fodder tree leaves were rich in calcium but poor in phosphorus. In situ OM degradability significantly decreased at the late period of dry season, but values remained as high as over 600 g/kg OM. At both periods, Z. spina-christi showed the highest value, while the lowest was recorded in Acacia seyal. The IVOMD showed a similar trend to those of in situ OM degradability, except for A. seyal. The nitrogen degradability was highest in B. aegyptiaca and lowest in Z. spina-christi at both periods. A significant and positive correlation had existed between CP and IVOMD or in situ OM degradability (r=0.68, p<0.05; r=0.77, p<0.05, respectively). Also, a significant but negative correlation was found between condensed tannins and nitrogen degradability (r=-0.87, p<0.01). Results demonstrated that Z. spina-christi potentially has a good nutritive value as dry season feed or supplement, while A. seyal tends to be less promising. A. nubica and B. aegyptiaca may be a useful source for degradable protein, even though it may have a limited supply of energy to animals. A. tortilis, A. mellifera and A. ehrenbergiana may have potential value for a supplementation of energy or protein, if they were harvested in the early dry season or in wet season as preserved feed. It is highly recommended to supplement with an appropriate amount of phosphorus when these fodder trees were used.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.16 no.sup1
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• pp.113-125
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• 2022

In the current years, it has now become necessary to establish standards for micronutrient intake based on scientific evidence. This review discusses issues related to the development of the 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRI) for magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), and future research directions. Following issues were encountered when establishing the KDRI for these minerals. First, characteristics of Korean subjects need to be applied to estimate nutrient requirements. When calculating the estimated average requirement (EAR), the KDRI used the results of balance studies for Mg absorption and factorial analysis for Zn, which is defined as the minimum amount to offset endogenous losses for Zn and Mg. For Cu, a combination of indicators, such as depletion/repletion studies, were applied, wherein all reference values were based on data obtained from other countries. Second, there was a limitation in that it was difficult to determine whether reference values of Mg, Zn, and Cu intakes in the 2020 KDRI were achievable. This might be due to the lack of representative previous studies on intakes of these nutrients, and an insufficient database for Mg, Zn, and Cu contents in foods. This lack of database for mineral content in food poses a problem when evaluating the appropriateness of intake. Third, data was insufficient to assess the adequacy of Mg, Zn, and Cu intakes from supplements when calculating reference values, considering the rise in both demand and intake of mineral supplements. Mg is more likely to be consumed as a multi-nutrient supplement in combination with other minerals than as a single supplement. Moreover, Zn-Cu interactions in the body need to be considered when determining the reference intake values of Zn and Cu. It is recommended to discuss these issues present in the 2020 KDRI development for Mg, Zn, and Cu intakes in a systematic way, and to find relevant solutions.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1157-1163
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• 2017

This study, analyzed the general and minerals composition of kamut and investigated its effect on blood components in mice fed a high fat diet. The content of each general component of kamut was as follows: $11.02{\pm}0.75%$ water, $13.16{\pm}1.28%$ crude protein, $1.85{\pm}0.19%$ crude fat, and $1.97{\pm}0.13%$ ash. The leptin level was the highest in the HF group($30.00{\pm}0.00ng/mL$) when compared to the control group. There was a significant decrease of $23.65{\pm}5.54ng/mL$ in the HFK group when compared to the HF group (p<0.05). The blood LDL-cholesterol concentration was the lowest in the control group at $10.00{\pm}2.00mg/dL$. The level was highest in the HF group at $28.00{\pm}0.00mg/dL$ when compared with the other groups (p<0.05). The aspartate transaminase (AST) level was significantly higher in the HFK group ($179.33{\pm}173.88U/L$) than in the control ($61.00{\pm}12.73U/L$) and HF groups ($132.00{\pm}0.00U/L$). According to the results of this study, the consumption of kamut lowers the blood LDL-cholesterol level more than the consumption of wheat flour. Additionally, kamut contains antioxidant substances such as selenium and zinc, which are thought to contribute to vascular health and thus aid in maintaining good health. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a variety of health foods using kamut; it should be used as a functional food for the maintenance of good health.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.889-900
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• 2010

Spices can be used as novel supplements to enhance the utilization of low quality forages (LQF) and reduce nutrient wastage by ruminant animals. However, it is essential to characterize these spices alongside LQF before testing their potential use as supplements in ruminant diets. This study characterized four spices (cinnamon, cumin, clove and turmeric) alongside three forages (rice straw, wheat straw and hay) for their chemical components before evaluating their effect at four different doses (0, 10, 30 and 90 mg/g forage DM) on the in vitro rumen degradability of dry matter (DM) (IVD) and organic matter (OM) (IVOMD) of these forages at various incubation times. It appeared that some spices could provide complementary nutrients which could improve the utilization of LQF where hay had better chemical composition than the other two forages. Cumin contained more crude protein (CP), ether extract and mineral contents whereas turmeric contained more soluble sugars than the other spices. Cinnamon was least acceptable as a ruminant supplement due to its higher condensed tannin and saponin and lower CP and mineral contents. The IVD and IVOMD were highest for hay and lowest for wheat straw with all spices at all incubation times (p<0.001). Due to relatively better nutrient profiles, cumin and turmeric had greater effect on IVD and IVOMD of the forages. In contrast, cinnamon had negative effects on IVD and IVOMD. IVD and IVOMD were greater at 10 mg/g than at other levels of most spices suggesting that using certain amounts of spices can increase forage degradability. However, the choice of a spice will depend upon the forage type being offered to ruminants. Further studies will examine the effect of these spices on fermentation profile, methane production and nitrogenous loss by ruminants.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.881-886
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to Investigate the effects of green tea catechin on changes of mineral contents in chronic cadmium-poisoned rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100 $\pm$ 10g were randomly assigned one of normal group and three cadmium poisoned groups. Cadmium groups were classified to catechin free diet(Cd-0C group), 0.25% catechin diet(Cd-0.25C group) and 0.5% catechin diet(Cd-0.5C group) according to the levels of catechin supplement. Animals were raised for 20 weeks. Cadmium was supplied in drinking water which contained 50ppm Cd$^{2+}$. Effects of catechin were analyzed on changes of mineral contents in chronic cadmium poisoned rats by determining the calcium accumulation in bones, blood, urine and faces and phosphorus In blood and urine. Cd-poisoning inducted the decrease of red blood cell(RBC), white blood cell(WBC), contents of blood hemoglobin and hematocrit, but the levels of those indices were increased by catechin supplementation. The contents of tibia and femur in Cd-0C group was significantly lower than in normal group, but those of catechin supplemetation group was similar to normal group. The calcium contents of urine and faces were higher in Cd-poisoned groups than in normal group, but they was lowered by catechin supplementation. The phosphorus contents of blood and urine in Cd-0C group was significantly lower than in normal group, but that of catechin supplementation group was similar to normal group. Catechin supplementation improved the calcium metabolism in chronic cadmium poisoned rats by increasing the contents of minerals such as calcium and phosphorus in blood and femur and by lowering the urinary and fecal calcium.m.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1741-1746
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• 2001

An experiment was conducted at the experimental duck farm of Cantho University to determine the effects of feeding duckweed (Lemna minor) that completely replaced commercial protein supplements in diets for crossbred meat ducks. The experiment included five treatments, with four replicates and ten crossbred ducks per replicate (pen). The five diets were based on broken rice offered ad libitum, supplemented with either 27 (control, SB100), 19 (SB70), 15 (SB55), 12 (SB40) or zero (SB0) g/day of ground, roasted soya beans, with fresh duckweed supplied ad libitum, except for the control (SB0) treatment. A vitamin / mineral premix and salt were included in the control (SB100) diet, but not in the diets with duckweed. These diets were fed to growing crossbred meat ducks (Czechoslovak Cherry Valley hybrids) from 28 to 63 days of age, when two birds (one male and one female) per pen were slaughtered for carcass evaluation. Total daily intakes were 95, 108, 108, 105 and 107 g of dry matter (DM) (p<0.001) and daily live weight gains 26.1, 29.1, 28.3, 27.1 and 27.6 g (p<0.001) for the SB100, SB70, SB55, SB40 and SB0 diets, respectively. Corresponding feed conversion ratios (FCR, dry matter basis) were 3.63, 3.71, 3.82, 3.89 and 3.88 kg feed/kg gain, respectively. There were no significant differences in carcass yields, chest and thigh muscle weights, and internal organ weights between the ducks fed the control diet and those fed duckweed diets. Fresh duckweed can completely replace roasted soya beans and a vitamin-mineral premix in broken rice based diets for growing crossbred ducks without reduction in growth performance or carcass traits. If the duckweed is grown on farm, and managed and harvested by household labour, the saving over purchased protein supplements is up to 48%.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.383-388
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• 1992

Nutritional status of macro minerals (Ca, Mg and P) in goats grazed on the native pasture was investigated for 2 years in Luzon Island, Republic of the Philippines. Three regions in Luzon Island (Los Banos; Southern area, Munoz, Nueva Ecija; Central area and Baguio; Northern area) were objected to collect the samples of forages and blood of goats on the pasture. The average values in Ca, Mg and P contents of all the forage samples were 0.29-1.32, 0.13-0.56 and 0.15-0.45% of dry matter, respectively, and these figures almost exceeded the required dietary levels for sheep. There was no obvious changes in mineral content of forages between the seasons of rainy and dry, or among regions. In blood Ca level, more than a half of goats (57.9%) without supplement showed the level below the lower limit, and the low level was not improved even when they fed with some supplemental concentrates. The plasma levels of Mg and P were satisfactory, referring to the lower limit of normal level in goats. It is, therefore, necessary to decide the requirement and to establish a most suitable technique for supplying Ca to grazing goats in Luzon Island.