• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.285-289
• /
• 2015

Complicated and expensive seawater desalination technology is a big challenge in boron removal process. Conventional seawater desalination process of coagulation utilized for pre-treatment is difficult to remove boron. Boron can be removed more effectively in Reverse Osmosis (RO) process than any other processes. In this study, a coagulant with the name Mineral Cluster was examined its boron removal ability. Boron removal efficiency of Mineral Cluster depended on pH value and Mineral Cluster dosage. Desalination process combines the pre-treatment process with Mineral cluster diluted at the ratio of 1:2500 and the RO membrane process. The original sea water could be desalinated to drinking water quality, 1 mg/L, without any pH adjustments. Therefore, if the Mineral cluster is added without any other chemicals for adjusting pH, the desalination process would be much safer, efficient and economical.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.227-230
• /
• 2011

Seawater desalination technology is a complicated and expensive process. Besides salt removal from seawater, thesignificant problem that needs to be solved is boron removal. Boron removal is difficult so it is a considerable challenge for the desalination process. The main technology of this process is reverse osmosis (RO). RO can remove salt and boron more effectively than other technologies. In a conventional seawater desalination process, coagulant is utilized for pre-treatment but it is difficult to remove boron through this stage. In this study, a coagulant called Mineral Cluster was examined for boron removal. Therefore, Mineral Cluster can be considered a potential coagulant for boron removal in seawater desalination technology.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.77-90
• /
• 1999

Characteristics and variations of chemical compositions in Co-rich crusts occurred in the EEZ of the Republic of Marshall Islands were reviewed. Correlation coefficient analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, and Q-mode factor analysis for 62 samples were done in this study. All data were selected and gathered from the open file report of the cooperative cruise done by United States Geological Survey with Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of Hawaii or Korea Ocean Research Development Institute. The average of crust thickness. Co content, and Ni content of 62 samples from the 21 seamounts were 30mm, 0.58 wt% and 0.40%, respectively. The mineral phases and associated elements assigned by correlation coefficients, cluster analysis and Q-mode factor analysis are following four. 1) CFA: P, Ca, CO2, Y, Sr: 2) Mn-oxide mineral: As, Mn, Co, Na: 3) Al-silicate mineral: Pd,Si, Al, Cu, Fe: 4) PGE-bearing mineral: Rh, Pt, Ir.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.39 no.5
• /
• pp.460-466
• /
• 2006

To investigate the effects of dietary patterns on bone mineral density and its biochemical markers among Korean healthy college women for 2 years, 34 female college students were recruited through convenience sampling. Bone mineral density was measured using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) twice at baseline and two years later. Osteocalcin and parathyroid hormone were measured in fasting serum and N-teleopeptides of type collagen (NTx) in urine. Dietary intake was assessed by 24-hour recall method 8 times with average 4-month interval. Dietary patterns with percent energy of each food group using cluster analysis were classified into two groups. The first cluster (n = 16) was characterized with high consumption of bread, snack, fast foods, beverage and considerable of rice so it was determined as 'Modified dietary pattern group'. The second cluster was characterized with high consumption of rice and kimchi so determined as 'Traditional dietary pattern group'. There were no significant difference of age, menarcheal age, body mass index but percent of body fat by pattern groups. The traditional group showed higher value of bone mineral density among lumber spine and all femur sites at baseline and 2 years later but it was not significant after adjusted for percent of body fat. Serum osteocalcin and urine NTx was higher among the traditional group at baseline than the modified group. There were similar proportions of carbohydrate:fat:protein between groups but significantly higher intake of protein, iron, vitamin A among the traditional group. In conclusion, there were two distinctive dietary patterns among Korean college women. There was difference of bone mineral density and its biochemical markers between two patterns. Further research would be necessary to explore the relationship between dietary patterns and health risks for larger-sized and various populations.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.214-217
• /
• 2013

Twenty-nine Korean wheat cultivars were analyzed for 8 important minerals (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ca, K, Mg and P) using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). A hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was applied to classify wheat cultivars, which has a similarity in mineral compositions. The concentration ranges of the micro-minerals Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn: 0.12~0.71 mg/100 g, 2.89~5.89 mg/100 g, 1.65~4.48 mg/100 g, and 2.58~6.68 mg/100 g, respectively. The content ranges of the macro-minerals Ca, K, Mg and P: 31.3~46.3 mg/100 g, 288.2~383.3 mg/100 g, 113.6~168.6 mg/100 g, and 286.2~416.5 mg/100 g, respectively. The HCA grouped 6 clusters from all wheat samples and a significant variance was observed in the mineral composition of each group. Among the 6 clusters, the second group was high in Fe and Ca, whereas the fourth group had high Cu, Mn and K concentrations; the fifth cluster was high in Zn, Mg and P. The variation in mineral compositions in Korean wheat cultivars can be used in the wheat breeding program to develop a new wheat cultivar with high mineral content, thus to improve the nutritional profile of wheat grains.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.56-65
• /
• 1997

Chemical analysis, statistical analysis and geochemical study were carried out to investigate the influence of the geology on the chemical characferistics of the mineral water in Taegu area. A simple comparision between the chemical components of the mineral water and their bedrocks indicates that the bedrock types in the catchmerit area control the chemical characteristics of the surface water. However more objective evidences for the mineral water-bedrock relationship come from the statistical analyses(cluster analysis and factor analysis). The results of the statistical analyses suggest that the bedrock type factor explains the data variation seven times as much as pollution does, which evidently indicates that the bedrock in the study area mainly control the mineral water chemistries. The results of comparision of the statistical analyses results with the mineral weathering reactions and mineral stability diagrams can be summarized as follows: 1. Plagioclase weathering to kaolinite provides SiO$_2$ , Ca$^{2+}$ and Na$^+$, and muscovite weathering to kaolinite provides K$^+$, and amphibole and mica minerals weathering to kaolinite provides F to the mineral water. Most of Ca$^{2+}$ and Mg$^{2+}$ in the mineral water are the products of carbonate mineral dissolution. SO$_4^{2-}$ may be the byproduct of sulfide oxidation. 2. The weatering of silicate mineral produces Ca-rich smectite and kaolinite, but Ca-rich smectite is unstable and will be transformed to more stable kaolinite because of the continuous dilution of the mineral water by precipitation. By Hashimoto's Mineral Balance Index, S-10 and S-12 mineral spring water were evaluated tasty and healthy water, S-9 and S-11 mineral spring water were evaluated tasty water and S-7, S-8 and S-13 mineral spring water were evaluated healthy water.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2003.11a
• /
• pp.719-722
• /
• 2003

This paper presents the development of reservoir characterization model equipped with parallelized genetic algorithm, and its application for a heterogeneous reservoir system with integration of the well data and multi-phase production data. A parallel processing method performed by PC-cluster was applied to the developed model in order to reduce time for an inverse calculation. By utilizing the developed model, we performed the inverse calculation with the production data obtained from three layered reservoir system to estimate porosity and permeability distribution. As a result, the pressures observed at well almost identical to those calculated by the developed model. Also, it was confirmed that parallel processing could be applied for reservoir characterization study efficiently.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.14 no.5
• /
• pp.18-28
• /
• 2009

Both feasibility and accuracy of lumped approach to group 12 organic compounds in mixtures into a fewer number of pseudocompounds in sorption processes were evaluated using mixtures containing organic compounds with various physicochemical properties and low-surface-area mineral sorbents. The lumped approach for sorption to simulated mineral sorbents was developed by cluster analysis from statistics. Using the lumped approach, the sorption estimated from both reduced number of pseudocompounds and their sorption parameters (i.e., $K_f$, n) can approximate sorption behavior of complex organic mixtures. Additionally, the pseudocompounds for various mixtures to different types of low-surface-area mineral sorbents can be estimated a priori from the physicochemical properties of organic compound (i.e., ${\gamma_w}^{sat}$). Therefore, the lumped approach may help to simplify the complex fate and transport model of organic contaminant mixtures, reduce experimental efforts, and yet provide results that are statistically identical for practical purposes. Further research is warranted to enhance the accuracy of lumped approach using the multiple regression analysis considering the H-bonding capacity, site concentrations, functional groups for mineral sorbents.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.43 no.5
• /
• pp.491-503
• /
• 2010

Geochemical characteristics of the Moisan epithermal gold-silver deposit with total 140 samples in Haenam area, Jeollanamdo were studied by using multivariate statistical analysis (correlation analysis, factor analysis and cluster analysis). The correlation analysis reveals that Ag, Cu, Bi, Te are highly correlated with Au in the both non-mineralized and mineralized zone. It is resulted from the presence of Au-Ag bearing minerals (electrum, sylvanite, calaverite and stuezite) and non Au-Ag containing minerals (chalcopyrite, tellurobismuthite and bismuthinite). Mo shows relatively much higher correlation at the mineralized zone (0.615) than non-mineralized zone (0.269) which implies Mo content is strongly affected by Au-mineralization. While Mn, Cs, Fe, Se correlated with Au at the nonmineralized zone, they have negative correlation at the mineralized zone. Therefore, they seem to be eluviated elements from the host rock during gold mineralization. Sb is enriched during the gold mineralization showing high correlation at the mineralized zone and negative correlation at the non-mineralized zone. According to the factor analysis, Se, Ag, Cs, Te are the indicators of gold mineralization presence due to the strong affection of gold content in the non-mineralized zone. In the mineralized zone, on the other hand, Mo, Te and Sb, Cu are the indicators of gold and silver mineralization, respectively. While the cluster analysis reveals that Cd-Zn-Pb-S, Bi-Fe-Cu-Mn, Se-Te-Au-Cs-Ag, As-Sb-Ba are the similar behavior elements groups in the non-mineralized zone, Cd-Zn-Mn-Pb, Fe-S-Se, As-Bi-Cs, Ag-Sb-Cu, Au-Te-Mo are the similar behavior elements groups in the mineralized zone. Using multivariate statistical analysis as mentioned above makes it possible to compare the behavior of presented minerals and difference of geochemical characteristics between mineralized and non-mineralized zone. Therefore, it will be expected a useful tool on the similar type of mining exploration.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.288-292
• /
• 2011

This study was undertaken to evaluate the yield and petiole burst occurrence rate of ever-bearing strawberry by controlling crown numbers per plant and the first flower cluster for summer production at highland. The cultivar 'Flamenco' was planted on April 20 and split-plots were designed by managing the number of crown per plant in the main plot and the removed and non-removed first flower cluster in the sub-plot. Uptaken mineral amount of the plants showing petiole burst were higher than normal plants. Plants with one crown per plant showed 62-65% petiole burst rate in contrast to plants with three crowns per plant which showed 57-58% petiole burst. Date of initiation of the second flower cluster with less crown and removed first flower cluster was delayed. The flower clusters number of the plants managed with one crown per plant was 5.6, compared with 9.2 flower clusters of plants with three crowns per plant. The first harvesting with removed first flower cluster was delayed around 42-44 days. Aa a result, the yield performance of plants with two or three crowns per plant was 11,183-11,733 $kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ and the amount 65-75% higher than that of plants with one crown and removed first cluster.