• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.77-83
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• 1990

A three year's field experiment was carried out on newly reclaimed tidal saline soils to evaluate the salt tolerance and growht characteristics, and their relationship to dry matter production and nutrient quality of main selected pasture species. Nine temperate grasses (14 varieties) and two forage crops (sorghum and pearl millet) were grown under different mulching treatments with medium sand and red-yellow soils (fine loamy materials of Typic Hapludults) from 1986 to 1988. Tall wheatgrass, tall fescue, reed canarygrass and alfalfa showed a good tolerance to soil salinity, especially tall wheatgrass (cv. Alkar) produced 19.6 ton/ha dry matter yield annualy under mulching treatment with medium sand depth in lcm. Pearl millet (cv. Gahi-3) was also evaluated as a salt tolerable forage species. Under salt stress in newly reclaimed tidal lands, plant showed a decrease in the assimirable leaf area (LA) as well as specific leaf area (SP. LA) and a low leaf weight ratio(LWR), and it resulted in a low concentration of crude protein and low digestible dry matter contents. Absorption of macro and micro elements in the plant on tidal lands was increased markedly.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.644-649
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• 2012

The edible barnyard millets(Echinochloa spp.) which have essentially vanished in the farmhouses environment and in agricultural germplasm were evaluated with the aim of restoration as a crop. The proximate components and mineral elements of milled millet were nutritionally similar or better than brown rice, and the vitamin contents of $B_1$ and $B_2$ exceeded those of rice by 1.3 times and 2.3 times, respectively. ${\beta}$-Carotene which is absent from brown rice was detected at levels ranging from 15~31 ${\mu}g$ in millet samples. Nine essential amino acids, including histidine and arginine and eight non-essential amino acids, such as aspartic acid were detected. The sum of all amino acids was determined to be IEC518>525>510 in the range of 69~106 mg/g. Analysis of physiological active substances via their electron donating ability(EDA) revealed values ranging from 3.4~8.2%, with the total polyphenol component being 51.1~69.4 mg/g and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition ability determined as 8.3~10.9%. In terms of agronomical characteristics and yields of barnyard millet, three millet varieties(IEC510, 518, and 525) were suitable as edible crops. IEC525 was selected as optimum variety for cultivation on the basis of nutritional ingredients, physiological active substances, and yield.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.334-339
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• 1983

With the 91 lines of Italian millet collected throughout the whole country in Korea and the 238 varieties from several Asian countries, trial was carried out to elucidate its differentiation, dissemination and distribution, and the ethnobotanical relations to the adjacent area. Glutinous millets which consisted of 66% among the collected Korean lines were widely distributed throughout the whole country, but non-glutinous ones were mainly distributed in the mountainous regions and Jeju island. The variations in germinability at low temperature were recognized among lines, but seemed not to be closely related to their regional distribution. The collected lines with small grain size were distributed mainly in the mountainous regions of middle and northern part of Korea and larger ones in Jeonnam province and Jeju island. And some of them were larger in grain size as compared with that of Japanese and Republic of China varieties. Seed coat color of collected lines in Korea showed wide variations from yellow to gray, especially in Gyungbuk province. However, all lines from Chungnam, Jeonnam and Gyungnam province were yellow in seed coat color. All lines from Korean collection except two lines indicated negative(-) phenol reaction which is very similar to that of Japan and China, while these were quite different from the varieties of Republic of China, Philippines and India, of which 30-60% showed positive(+) phenol reaction. The pattern of the esterase isozyme m Korean lines was simillar to that of Japanese lines and this was quite different from that of Republic of China, Philippines and India. Variation of this trait was greater in Chinese and Korean lines.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.368-368
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• 2017

Rice is the world's three major crops that is the staple food of Asian. Japonica type rice is consumed in Korea. Rice cultivation area decreases steadily. That is affected by decrease of the farm income with the inventory of 1.7 million tons, which is 2 to 3 times more than the optimal amount due to the decrease in the consumption of rice per person and cultivate high yield varieties. In recent years, as income level has improved, interest in health has been high and consumption for health food has been steadily increasing. For health food, rice is added by adding grains such as millet, sorghum, oats, beans and colored rice rather than white rice. In 1997, RDA(Rural Development Administration) developed black rice 'Heuknambyeo', and then 20 varieties were bred until 2017. In CBARES(Chungbuk Agricultural Research and Extension Services), we have developed new rice varieties 'Cheongpungheukchal' in 2010, 'Cheongpungheukhyangchal' in 2014, 'Cheongpungheukchal' is high in farming preference because of high yield. Black rice has high content of GABA and water-soluble phenol, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and consumers are interested in the function in the body. Therefore, functional and antioxidant activities(anthocyanin, total polyphenol, ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ inhibition) and antioxidant activities(ABTs, DPPH) were analyzed by comparing white and black rice. Testing varieties are 'Chucheongbyeo', best quality cultivars 'Daebo' and 'Samgwang' as white rice which are cultivated much in Chungbuk area, and black rice are 10 varieties including 'Cheongpungheukchal', 'Cheongpungheukhyangchal', 'Josaengheukchal' and so on. It has transplanted on 25th May, at CBARES research paddy by 100% fertilizer recommendation rate. Harvesting time was 50 days after heading by varieties, and has researched growth properties, yield and yield components, functional and antioxidant activities. Anthocyanin content was not measured because there was no pigmented in white rice, the highest value of anthocyanin content was 'Shintoheukmi' and in the range of 125.6~249.6mg/100g by black rice varieties. Total polyphenol content was high 'Cheongpungheukchal' and 'Shintoheukmi' and in the range of 96.68~244.34 mg/100g in black rice, white rice lower than blackish rice at 19.84~22.51mg/100g. ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ inhibition was high 'Cheongpungheukchal', 'Cheongpungheukhyangchal' and 'Shintoheukmi' in the rage of 75.87~98.85% by black rice varieties, especially 'Samgwang' was 80.75% and the other white rice was higher than 58~68%.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.142-146
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• 1989

Anther and/or tissue culture of cross pollinated crops would be very important because it can result in the direct use of haploids or doubled haploids for developing superior hybrids or varieties. The objective of the study was to investigate the response frequencies in anther and/or tissue-cultured hybrids of corn. pearl millet and buckwheat to identify agronomically acceptable germplasm of the crops. 27 crosses of corn inbred lines were evaluated by plating their anthers on N6. MS and Yu-Pei media. Two genotypes of FR1l41/FR16 hybrid cultured on N6 medium and Fla 2BT73/S6013 hybrid cultured on N6 medium responded with one anther producing calli when plated after 5$^{\circ}C$ low temperature treatment for one week. Immature embryos of corn hybrid Suwon 19 responded producing calli that were regenerated to plants at a 8.6 percent success rate. Of the 20 corn hybrids. immature tessels of FR1l41/FR16. B68/A1l6N//KS15. KS16/KS17. GA209/DB578 and SDB126/GA209 crosses responded at a relatively higher success rate producing calli that were regenerated to plants. In tissue culture of elongating culms of pearl millet x Napier grass interspecific hybrid. 2.5-4.0mm long pieces of the culm were good for callus induction resulting in higher success rate. The epicotyl of buckwheat was very good for tissue culture. and the node produced the plants regenerated directly without callus induction on the B5 medium containing I ppm BA and 0.05 ppm IBA. There were great differences in response to anther and/or tissue culture of corn, pearl millet and buckwheat due to genotype x medium and environment interactions.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.192-200
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• 2021

Kunun-zaki, produced by submerged fermentation of a combination of millet and sorghum, is a popular beverage in Northern Nigeria. Owing to the nature of the process involved in its production, kunun-zaki is highly susceptible to contamination by food spoilage microorganisms, leading to inconsistent quality and short shelf-life. In this study, we investigated various food spices, including cinnamon, garlic, and nutmeg, as potential preservatives that could be used to extend kunun-zaki shelf-life. Kunun-zaki varieties were fermented with each of these spices mentioned above and subjected to bacterial, nutritional, sensory, and quality maintenance assessments (using a twelve-member sensory panel to evaluate the organoleptic properties of kunun-zaki). Bacterial counts in the final products ranged between 10^5-7 CFU/ml. We identified two bacterial genera, Weissella and Enterococcus, based on partial 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Three amino acids, namely leucine, aspartate, and glutamate, were abundant in all kunun-zaki varieties, while the total essential amino acid content was above 39%, suggesting that kunun-zaki could potentially be considered as a protein-rich food source both for infants and adults. The kunun-zaki products were also rich in carbohydrates, crude proteins, ash, crude fiber, and fat, with contents estimated as 81-84, 8-11, 0.8-4.0, 2.9-3.58, and 5.1-6.3%, respectively. However, this nutritional content depreciated rapidly after 24 h of storage, except for kunun-zaki fermented with garlic, which its crude protein and fat content was maintained for up to 48 h. Our results revealed that organic spices increased the nutritional content of the kunun-zaki varieties and could be potentially be used as natural preservatives for enhancing the kunun-zaki shelf-life. However, garlic might be considered a better alternative based on our preliminary investigation. The presence of the isolated microorganisms in the analyzed kunun-zaki samples should be highlighted to raise awareness on the possible health hazards that could arise from poor handling and processing techniques.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.300-307
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• 2015

In order to develop optimum paddy-upland rotation system, we evaluated the 1st and the 2nd upland growth and yield characteristics of foxtail millet, proso millet, sorghum rotated from paddy field and rice rotated from upland in paddy-upland rotation. Average number of ears per hill was 3.3 in the 2nd upland cultivation. The value was greater by 1 ear as compared to 1st upland cultivation (2.2 ears per hill). In average yield per 10a, the 2nd upland cultivation showed 220.3 kg, 23% increased yield compared to the 1st upland cultivation (179 kg per 10a). In average number of ears per hill, the 2nd upland cultivation showed 8.3 ears, increased 4 ears compared to the 1st upland cultivation (4.2 ears per hill). In average yield per 10a, the 2nd upland cultivation showed 152.8 kg, 16.8% increased yield compared to the 1st upland cultivation (130.8 kg per 10a). In average days from seeding to heading of 5 sorghum varieties, there were no significant difference between the 1st (68.6 days) and the 2nd (67.4 days) upland cultivation rotated from paddy field. In the average number of grains per ears, the 2nd upland cultivation showed 2,931.6 grains per ear, 12% increased compared to the 1st upland cultivation (2,619.6 grains per ears). Average yield per 10a of sorghum in the 2nd upland cultivation showed 242.3 kg, 4.6% increased compared to the 1st upland cultivation (231.7 kg per 10a). In growth and yield characteristics of rice in paddy-upland rotation, culm length in paddy-upland-paddy plot showed 82.9 cm, 7.3 cm longer compared to the continuous rice paddy field (75.6 cm). Ear length was also 1 cm longer than that of the continuous rice paddy field. In average number of ears per hill, paddy-upland-paddy plot showed 25.0 ears, 4.3 ears more than that of the continuous rice paddy field (20.7 ears per hill). In average yield of rice per 10a, the paddy-upland-paddy rotation plot showed 526.8 kg, 9.8% higher yield compared to the continuous rice paddy field (479.9 kg per 10a).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.11
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• pp.1785-1790
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• 2014

This study was carried out to compare the physicochemical characteristics and sensory qualities of Sikhye (Korean traditional rice beverage) prepared with foxtail millet, proso millet, and sorghum. The cultivated varieties were Setaria italica Beauv. cv. Samdamae (SDM) and Samdachal (SDC), Panicum miliaceum L. cv. Ibaekchal (IBC), Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Nampungchal (NPC), Donganme (DAM), Oryza sativa cv. Ilpum (IP), and Baegokchal (BOC). The brix degrees of SDM, SDC, IBC, NPC, DAM, IP, and BOC Sikhye were 9.53, 8.63, 5.67, 7.57, 6.27, 12.50, and $12.27^{\circ}Bx$, respectively. There were no significant differences in pH (5.99~6.10) among the groups. The highest turbidity was 1.07 in DAM Sikhye. The L-value, a-value, and b-value were 30.85~41.11, -0.34~2.52, and 2.56~5.67, respectively. Total polyphenol contents of SDM, SDC, IBC, NPC, DAM, IP, and BOC Sikhye were 241.52, 213.69, 202.34, 258.25, 193.24, 160.81, and $170.31{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$, respectively. Total flavonoid contents of Sikhye were $19.21{\sim}54.30{\mu}g\;CE/mL$. The highest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were $16.85{\pm}0.39$ and $64.75{\pm}2.92mg\;TE/100mL$ in DAM Sikhye, respectively. Finally, the sensory evaluation results indicate that there were significant differences in appearance, aroma, and taste between the groups, and SDM Sikhye was similar with IP and BOC.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.315-321
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• 2011

Effects of antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activities of proso millet cultivated in different areas were determined. The cultivated areas were Milyang (plain area of interior), Wonju (mountainous territory) and Sinan (coastal area), and cultivated varieties were Hwanggeumgijang (HGG), Byeoruk-gijang (BRG), Norangchal-gijang (NRG), Bulgeun-gijang (BGG), Whin-gijang (WG). The highest total polyphenol contents of methanolic extracts were 2.54 and 2.65 mg/g in BGG and BRG produced in Sinan, respectively. The highest total flavonoid content were 2.66 and 2.59 mg/g in BGG and BRG produced in Sinan, respectively. The highest total tannin contents were 1.87 and 1.42 mg/g in BRG and NRG produced in Sinan. The DPPH radical-scavenging activity was the highest value of BGG (8.54 mg TE/g) and BRG (8.53 mg TE/g) produced in Sinan. The ABTS radical-scavenging activity was the highest value of BGG and BRG of 19.48 and 19.29 mg TE/g in the grains produced in Sinan, respectively. Generally, there was difference in antioxidant compound contents on the methanolic extracts of proso millet between the cultivated areas and varieties.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.283-289
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• 2016

This study was carried out to identify the optimum seeding dates for selecting a double-cropping system and to assess the effect of polyethylene film mulching on the yield of Proso millet. Seeds of the varieties Hwanggeumgijang and Ibaegchal were sown in Miryang on five different dates: 1st (May 25), 2nd (June 15), 3rd (June 25), 4th (July 5), and 5th (July 15), with and without polyvinyl mulching. The varieties have different characteristics, for example, Hwanggeumgijang is an early-maturing type and more sensitive to temperature, whereas Ibaegchal is a medium-maturing type and more sensitive to the duration for which it is exposed to sunlight. Late-sown Hwanggeumgijang had a short heading date from seeding and required a low accumulated temperature. It also had a shorter period of heading, a shorter culm length and a shorter diameter of stem. In contrast, it had had a higher number of ears $per\;m^2$ although similar ear length and similar 1000-grain weight. The yield potential of Hwanggeumgijang was found to decrease at a late seeding date. In particular, it significantly decreased at the seeding date of July 15. In the case of cultivation with polyvinyl mulching, the period of heading was shorter by 2-4 days and the yield potential was increased by approximately 12-32%. The length and diameter of culm in Ibaegchal were slowly decreased, but the length of ear, the 1000-grain weight and the yield potential were similar for all seeding dates (except July 15) and cultivation with and without mulching. When sown late, the length and diameter of the culm of Ibaegchal very rapidly decreased by the July 15 seeding date. The protein content of Ibaegchal was higher but the amlyose content of Ibaechal was lower compared to Hwanggeumgijang. At late seeding dates, the protein contents of the two varieties increased but the amylose contents were similar.