• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.522-535
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• 2024

Objective: Transition period is considered from 3 weeks prepartum to 3 weeks postpartum, characterized with dramatic events (endocrine, metabolic, and physiological) leading to occurrence of production diseases (negative energy balance/ketosis, milk fever etc). The objectives of our study were to analyze the periodic concentration of serum beta-hydroxy butyric acid (BHBA), glucose and oxidative markers along with identification, and validation of the putative markers of negative energy balance in buffaloes using in-silico and quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay. Methods: Out of 20 potential markers of ketosis identified by in-silico analysis, two were selected and analyzed by qRT-PCR technique (upregulated; acetyl serotonin o-methyl transferase like and down regulated; guanylate cyclase activator 1B). Additional two sets of genes (carnitine palmotyl transferase A; upregulated and Insulin growth factor; downregulated) that have a role of hepatic fatty acid oxidation to maintain energy demands via gluconeogenesis were also validated. Extracted cDNA (complementary deoxyribonucleic acid) from the blood of the buffaloes were used for validation of selected genes via qRTPCR. Concentrations of BHBA, glucose and oxidative stress markers were identified with their respective optimized protocols. Results: The analysis of qRT-PCR gave similar trends as shown by in-silico analysis throughout the transition period. Significant changes (p<0.05) in the levels of BHBA, glucose and oxidative stress markers throughout this period were observed. This study provides validation from in-silico and qRT-PCR assays for potential markers to be used for earliest diagnosis of negative energy balance in buffaloes. Conclusion: Apart from conventional diagnostic methods, this study improves the understanding of putative biomarkers at the molecular level which helps to unfold their role in normal immune function, fat synthesis/metabolism and oxidative stress pathways. Therefore, provides an opportunity to discover more accurate and sensitive diagnostic aids.

• Molecular Medicine Reports
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.3903-3911
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• 2019

Female sex steroid hormones, including estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4), serve significant physiological roles in pregnancy. In particular, E2 and P4 influence placenta formation, maintain pregnancy and stimulate milk production. These hormones are produced by ovaries, adrenal glands and the placenta, of which the latter is a major endocrine organ during pregnancy. However, the mechanism of hormone production during pregnancy remains unclear. In the present study, the regulation of steroid hormones and steroidogenic enzymes was examined in human placenta according to gestational age. In human placental tissues, expression levels of steroidogenic enzymes were determined with reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The mRNA and protein expression of CYP17A1, HSD17B3 and CYP19A1, which are associated with the synthesis of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and E2, was elevated at different gestational ages in human placenta. In addition, to evaluate the correlation between serum and placental-produced hormones, steroid hormone levels, including pregnenolone (PG), DHEA, P4, testosterone (T) and E2, were examined in serum and placenta. Serum and placenta expression of DHEA and E2 increased with gestational age, whereas T and P4 were differently regulated in placenta and serum. To confirm the mechanism of steroidogenesis in vitro, placental BeWo cells were treated with E2 and P4, which are the most important hormones during pregnancy. The mRNA and protein expression of steroidogenic enzymes was significantly altered by E2 in vitro. These results demonstrated that concentration of steroid hormones was differently regulated by steroidogenic enzymes in the placenta depending on the type of the hormones, which may be critical to maintain pregnancy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.983-987
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• 2003

Malpura and Kheri ewes (76) in their late gestation, weighing $34.40{\pm}0.95kg$ were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups of 19 each (G1, G2, G3 and G4). Ewes in all the groups were grazed on natural rangeland from 07.00 h to 18.00 h. Ewes in G1were maintained on sole grazing while ewes in G2, G3 and G4, in addition to grazing received concentrate mixture at the rate of 1% of their body weight during late gestation, early lactation and entire last quarter of pregnancy to early quarter of lactation, respectively. The herbage yield of the community rangeland was 0.82 metric ton dry matter/hectare. The diet consisted of (%) Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) bhusa, (59.2), Babool pods and leaves (17.2), Bajra (Pennisetum typhoides) stubbles (8.8), Doob (5.3), Aak (4.2) and others (5.3). The nutrient intake and its digestibility were higher (p<0.01) in G2, G3 and G4 as compared to G1 because of concentrate supplementation. The intakes of DM ($g/kg\;W{^0.75}$), DCP ($g/kg\;W{^0.75}$) and ME ($MJ/kg\;W{^0.75}$) were 56.7, 5.3 and 0.83; 82.7, 12.2 and 1.16; 82.7, 12.1 and 1.17 and 83.1, 12.3 and 1.18 in G1, G2, G3 and G4, respectively. The per cent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF and cellulose was 57.9, 68.8, 68.7, 52.3, 37.5 and 68.4; 67.6, 76.1, 82.3, 60.6, 44.5 and 73.4; 67.6, 76.1, 81.5, 60.6, 44.8 and 74.5 and 67.6, 76.1, 82.3, 60.6, 44.7 and 73.3 in G1, G2, G3 and G4, respectively. The nutrient intake of G2, G3 and G4 ewes was sufficient to meet their requirements. The ewes raised on sole grazing lost weight at lambing in comparison to advanced pregnancy. However, ewes raised on supplementary feeding gained 1.9-2.5 kg at lambing. The birth weight of lambs in G2 (3.92) and G4 (4.07) was higher (p<0.01) than G1 (2.98), where as in G1 and G3 it was similar. The weight of lambs at 15, 45 and 60 days of age were higher in G2, G3 and G4 than in G1. Similarly, the average daily gain (ADG) after 60 days was also higher in G2, G3 and G4 than in G1. The milk-yield of lactating ewes in G2, G3 and G4 increased up to 150-250 g per day in comparison to G1. The birth weight, weight at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days, weight gain and ADG at 30 or 60 days was similar both in male and female lambs. It is concluded from this study that the biomass yield of the community rangeland is low and insufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of ewes during late gestation and early lactation. Therefore, it is recommended concentrate supplementation at the rate of 1% of body weight to ewes during these critical stages to enhance their production performance, general condition as well as birth weight and growth rate of lambs.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.151-159
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• 2007

본 시험은 분만 전 3주부터 분만 후 3주까지 전환기라고 지칭되는 시기의 젖소들에 대한 대사적 변화를 최소화하기 위한 방법으로 사료 섭취량 저하를 방지하고 분만 후 대사성 질병의 발생을 줄이기 위한 목적으로 수행되어졌다. 대사성 질병에 관여하는 주요 요인으로는 건물섭취량, 혈중 glucose 함량, NEFA 함량, 반추위 환경, 면역 등인데, 분만 전 후 Holstein 젖소에 사료급여 형태를 조 농분리(저질 조사료와 양질 조사료 급여구) 및 TMR로 다르게 하였을 때 사료섭취량 변화와 혈중 NEFA 및 glucose 함량 변화를 측정하고 분만 후 젖소의 생산성에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 수행하였다. 처리별 사료 건물 섭취량은 저질 조사료 조 농 분리, 양질 조사료 조 농 분리, TMR 급여구에서 각각 13.48, 13.10, 17.11kg으로 TMR 급여구에서 유의성 있게 높았으며(P<0.05), TDN 섭취량은 처리 구별 각각 7.35, 7.19, 5.66kg으로 처리간에 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 신체충실지수(BCS)는 저질 조사료구에서는 3.03이였으며, 양질 조사료구와 TMR 급여구에서는 각각 3.19, 3.16이었다. 분만 후 1주부터 5주까지 측정한 평균 산유량은 저질 조사료 조 농 분리, 양질 조사료 조 농 분리, TMR 급여구에서 각각 34.1, 35.1, 35.6kg 였으며, 분만 후 4~5주에 최고 비유기에 달했다. 처리별 평균 유지율은 저질 조사료 조 농 분리, 양질 조사료 조 농 분리, TMR 급여구에서 각각 3.74, 3.68, 3.95%였다. 혈청내 NEFA 함량은 저질 조사료 조 농 분리, 양질 조사료 조 농 분리, TMR 급여구에서 각각 744.4, 381.8, $266.7{\mu}Eq/L$로 처리간에 큰 차이를 보여 양질 조사료 급여와 TMR 급여시 혈중 NEFA 함량이 저질 조사료 급여에 비해 유의성 있게 낮았다(P<0.05). 혈청내 glucose함량은 저질조사료 및 양질 조사료 조 농 분리, TMR 급여구에서 각각 39.3, 56.3, 62.4mg/dl로 양질 조사료 급여와 TMR 급여시 혈중 glucose 함량이 저질 조사료 급여에 비해 유의성 있게 높았다(P<0.05). 이상의 결과들을 종합해 볼 때, 분만 전 3주부터 분만 후 3주까지의 전환기 동안 사료섭취량 증가와 대사성 질병의 지표로서 혈중 NEFA 및 glucose 함량 변화를 살펴 본 결과 분만 전 3주부터는 양질의 조사료나 TMR 형태로 급여하는 것이 사료섭취량 증가와 대사성 질병의 발생을 감소시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.1485-1491
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• 2005

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of iron from an amino acid complex (Availa-$Fe^{\circledR}$) on the iron status of neonatal and suckling piglets. A total of 24 gestating sows (Landrace${\times}$Large White) were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments. The control diet contained 80 mg $kg^{-1}$ Fe from ferrous sulfate heptahydrate ($FeSO_4$.$7H_2O$), while the two experimental diets were supplemented with an additional 120 mg $kg^{-1}$ Fe from Availa-$Fe^{(R)}$ or $FeSO_4$.$7H_2O$, respectively. The lactating sows remained the same iron treatments as gestating sows, while neonatal piglets of 24 litters born from the above sows were allotted to another three treatments. Piglets from the sows of the control treatment were fed basal diet with no supplemental Fe as control treatment, but were injected with 100 mg Fe as Fe dextran at birth. Piglets from the sows of Availa-$Fe^{(R)}$ or $FeSO_4$.$7H_2O$ treatments were supplemented with 120 mg $kg^{-1}$ iron from Availa-$Fe^{(R)}$ or $FeSO_4$.$7H_2O$, respectively. The total born alive and weaned, and the average piglets weight at birth and at weaning were not significantly affected by the sow' dietary treatments (p>0.05). Iron from Availa-$Fe^{(R)}$ did not demonstrate a statistically significant improvement in hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit and plasma iron of sows on day 90 and 105 of pregnancy and the milk iron of sows during lactation (p>0.05). Neonatal piglets in the Availa-$Fe^{(R)}$ treatment had a significantly higher hemoglobin concentration (p<0.05) and higher hematocrit and plasma iron (p>0.05) than those in the other two treatments, respectively. The hemoglobin of suckling piglets in the Availa-$Fe^{(R)}$ treatment was higher than that of piglets in $FeSO_4$.$7H_2O$ treatment on day 28 (p<0.05). The total iron binding capacity of piglets in Availa-$Fe^{(R)}$ treatment was lower than that of piglets in the control and $FeSO_4$.$7H_2O$ treatment on day 14 (p<0.05), but there was not a statistically significant difference among three treatments on day 28 (p>0.05). However, the hemoglobin and hematocrit of suckling piglets injected with Fe were higher than those of piglets in the other two treatments (p<0.05). This study indicated that the addition of 120 mg $kg^{-1}$ iron from amino acid complex into the diets improved iron status of neonatal and nursing piglets more effectively than the addition of 120 mg $kg^{-1}$ iron from $FeSO_4$.$7H_2O$, however, this improvement of the organic Fe was not sufficient to replace the Fe injection for prevention of iron-deficiency anemia.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.40-46
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• 2006

우유에 풍부하게 존재하는 유당은 galactose와 포도당의 $\beta(1\rightarrow4)$ glycosidic 결합으로 구성되어 있고, 인간에서 이를 가수분해하는 효소는 lactase, 세균에서는 $\beta-galactosidase$로 알려져 있다. Lactase의 활성이 낮은 사람이 우유를 섭취했을 경우 일시적인 설사를 일으키고 때로는 만성적인 대감의 염증으로 인한 만성설사의 원인이 되기도 한다. 겨울철에 젖소를 사육하는 축사 주변에서 저온에서 생육하는 세균 AS-20을 분리하여 $\beta-galactosidase$ 활성을 갖는 균주를 선별하고 온도별로 분리균의 성장을 조사하였다. 그 결과 대장균이 자라지 못하는 $10^{\circ}C$에서도 분리된 AS-20은 생육이 가능하였고 생육 최적온도는 $30^{\circ}C$이였으며 이 온도에서 세대시간은 60여분 이었다. AS-20의 생화학적 특성을 bioMerieux Vitek Gram negative identification card (GNI+)로 조사한 결과 포도당을 발효, 산화시켰으며 유당, maltose, mannitol, xylose, L-arabinose 등을 이용하여 97% Hafnia alvei, 2% Escherichia coli로 동정되었다. Polymerase chain reaction으로 16S rRNA유전자를 증폭하여 1,426 bp의 염기서열을 결정하여 기존에 보고된 유전자들과의 유사도를 조사한 결과 분리된 균주 AS-20은 Hafnia alvei와 99%의 염기서열상 동성을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 BioMerieux Vitek Gram negative identification card 키트로 동정한 결과와 일치하였다. AS-20을 $10^{\circ}C,\;20^{\circ}C,\;30^{\circ}C$에서 배양하면서 $\beta-galactosidase$ 활성을 조사한 결과 저온인 $10^{\circ}C$와 $20^{\circ}C$에서 배양하였을 때에 배양최적 온도인 $30^{\circ}C$에서 배양했을 때 보다 1.5 배 정도 높은 효소활성을 보여주었으며, $30^{\circ}C$에서 배양된 대장균 보다 6배 이상의 효소활성을 보여 주어 저온조건에서 분리균의 효소생산이 비교적 높은 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.812-813
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• 1995

Lactococcal cells are nutritionally fastidious and thus, generally cultured either in milk or M17 medium (Terzaghi and Sandine, 1975). In this study, Lactococcus cremoris wild-type (KH) and its less­proteolytic mutant (KHA1) cells were grown on the M17 medium or with modified M17 medium by replicated parallel experiments. The modified M17 medium had the same composition as M17 medium, except that lactose was replaced by glucose. Analyses of culture-broth samples, in which the M17 and the modified M17 media were used, were conducted by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). But, working with these media created noisy problems in analyses of samples. Therefore, a new semi-synthetic medium was developed on the basis of nutritional requirements (Morishita et al., 1981). The composition of the semi-synthetic medium determined on the basis of the nutritional requirements and the composition of milk, is presented in Table 1. The composition of M17 medium is also presented and compared in the table. L. cremoris KH and KHA1 cells were grown again on the new synthetic medium containing glucose or lactose. The broth samples were then drawn and analyzed by HPLC. Clearer separations of fermented products were achieved from the new medium than those with the M17 and the modified M17 media. In comparison with the M17 or the modified M17 media, growth on the new medium was good (Kim et al, 1993). Additional fermentations were also carried out at a controlled pH of 7.0, where enhanced growth of lactococcal cells was obtained. In the fermentations, samples were also analyzed for the concentrations of sugar and lactic acid. The results showed that the new synthetic medium was as good as or better than the M 17 and the modified M 17 media. This is because casein hydrolysate in the synthetic medium provided a ready supply of amino acids and peptides for L. cremoris KH and KHA1 cells. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) including Lactococcal cells have been known to be an effective means of preserving foods, at the same time as giving particular tastes in fields of dairy products. LAB also have always occupied an important place in the technology of sea products, and marine LAB have known to be present in traditional fermented products (Ohhira et al, 1988). To apply the new synthetic medium to marine LAB, two different LAB were isolated from pickled anchovy and pollacks caviar and were grown on the new media in which various concentrations of NaCl $(3, 5, 7 and 10\%)$ added. They were also grown on the medium solution in natural seawater $(35\%o\;salinity)$ and on the solution of natural seawater itself, too. As seen in Fig. 1, Marine LAB were grown best on the synthetic medium solution in natural seawater and the higher concentrations of NaCl were added to the medium, the longer lag-phase of growth profile appeared. Marine LAB in natural seawater were not grown well. From these results, the synthetic medium seems good to cultivate cells which are essential to get salted fish aged. In this study, it showed that the new synthetic medium provided adequate nutrition for L. cremoris KH and KHA1 cells, which have been used as cheese starters (Stadhouders et al, 1988). Using this new medium, the acid production capability of starter cultures could be also measured quantitatively. Thus, this new medium was inferior to the M17 or the modified M17 medium in culturing the cheese starters and in measuring fermentation characteristics of the starter cells. Moreover, this new medium found to be good for selected and well-identified marine LAB which are used in rapid fermentations of low-salted fish.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.687-700
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• 2004

요구르트의 제조 시 기능성 성분을 함유한 첨가제로서 구기자, 구기엽 및 지골피를 기질로 하여 요구르트를 제조하여 젖산균주에 따른 발효특성을 시험하였고, 각 부위를 첨가한 요구르트의 cholestol 저하 효과 및 병원성 균주의 성장 억제 효과를 시험하였다. 상업용 starter를 사용한 모든 처리구에서 발효 후 pH가 4.06 이하로 나타나 발효 촉진 효과가 있었고, 산 생성은 S. salivarius ssp. thermophilus와 L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus에서 높아 발효촉진 효과가 우수하였으며 젖산균수는 S. salivarius ssp. thermophilus와 L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus를 이용한 구기자 extract 첨가구에서 9시간째 2.62${\times}$$10^9$ cfu/$m\ell$로서 최대 균수를 나타내었다. 유당분해율은 S. salivarius ssp. thermophilus와 L. dilbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus를 이용한 구기자, 구기엽, 지골피 extract 처리구에서 36.11%, 37.76% 및 32.70%를 나타내어 높았고, 유기산 생성은 S. salivarius ssp. thermophilus와 L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus 균주를 stsrter로 사용한 요구르트의 경우에만 isobutylic acid가 34.39${\sim}$37.72 mM로 높은 유기산을 생성하였다. 점도는 L. acidophilus, B. longum과 S. salivarius ssp. thermophilus를 starter로 사용하였을 때 1,615${\sim}$2,030 cP로서 모든 첨가구에서 높은 점도를 나타내었고, 관능검사 결과 대조구가 3.27${\sim}$3.44인데 비하여 구기자와 구기엽 extractffm 첨가한 요구르트의 관능검사 결과는 1.77${\sim}$2.58로서 상당히 낮은 기호도를 나타내었다. 그러나 지골피 extract 첨가구에서 L. casei와 L. acidophilus. B. longum 및 S. salivarius ssp. thermophilus를 starter로 사용한 요구르트 기호도의 경우는 3.34${\sim}$3.77로 나타나 기호성이 좋았다. 구기자, 구기엽 및 지골피 extract 첨가에 의한 cholesterol 저하 효과는 인체 유래의 각 젖산균과 상업용 starter 균주를 이용한 모든 처리구에서 17.38${\sim}$32.08%의 콜레스테롤 저하 효과를 나타내었다. 그 중 L. acidophilus KCTC315.와 L. salivarius subsp. salivarius CBU27 젖산균은 25.75${\sim}$32.08%의 높은 콜레스테롤 저하 효과를 보였다. 구기자, 구기엽 및 지골피 extract 첨가 요구르트의 식중독 유발 살모넬라 균주에 대한 성장 억제 효과는 S. typhimurium M-15 균주에서 약간의 억제 효과를 보였고, 설사와 식중독을 유발하는 것으로 알려진 대장균 중 E. coli KCTC1021와 리스테리아증을 유발하는 L. monocytogenes에 대해서는 높은 성장 억제 효과를 보여 구기자, 구기엽, 지골피를 기질로 한 요구르트가 살모렐라, 대장균 및 리스테리아 유발 병원성 균주에 대한 탁월한 억제 효과가 있었다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.227-233
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• 2017

Pig has been known to be one of the most feasible animals as a bioreactor to produce pharmaceuticals in milk and as a mediator in xenotransplantation research. Previously, we generated transgenic pigs for both purposes, which were expressing Factor 8, vWF, hTPA, and hEPO in milk, along with expression of MCP at GalT gene locus ($GalT^{-MCP/-MCP}$) as well as expressing MCP at GalT gene loci with CD73 expression ($GalT^{-MCP/+}/CD73$). In this study, we performed comparative analyses of sperm parameters between wild type male (WT) pig and those transgenic males to examine the effects of transgenes integrated into the pigs on motility, morphology, viability, and acrosome integrity of the spermatozoa. Our results showed that the rates of actively motile spermatozoa of WT, Factor 8, vWF, hTPA, hEPO, $GalT^{-MCP/+}/CD73$, and $GalT^{-MCP/-MCP}$ pigs were 85.0%, 83.3%, 82.5%, 83.3%, 82.5%, 77.5%, and 78.7%, respectively. Whereas, the rates of morphologically normal spermatozoa of WT, Factor 8, vWF, hTPA, hEPO, $GalT^{-MCP/+}/CD73$, and $GalT^{-MCP/-MCP}$ pigs were 90.0%, 80.0%, 80.0%, 83.3%, 85.0%, 91.8%, and 80.8%, respectively. In addition, the viability in spermatozoa of WT, Factor 8, vWF, hTPA, hEPO, $GalT^{-MCP/+}/CD73$, and $GalT^{-MCP/-MCP}$ pigs were 93.9%, 82.4%, 89.9%, 83.9%, 87.4%, 92.8%, and 83.6%, respectively. The rates of spermatozoa with normal acrosome integrity in WT, Factor 8, vWF, hTPA, hEPO, $GalT^{-MCP/+}/CD73$, and $GalT^{-MCP/-MCP}$ pigs were 98.1%, 98.6%, 98.6%, 98.7%, 98.1%, 99.5%, and 95.1%, respectively. There were no significant differences in motility, morphology, viability, and acrosome integrity of the spermatozoa among WT, Factor 8, vWF, hTPA, and hEPO, $GalT^{-MCP/+}/CD73$, and $GalT^{-MCP/-MCP}$ pigs. These mean that neither random integration nor targeted integration of the transgene into chromosome of pig effect on characteristics of spermatozoa. Ultimately, the transgenic male pigs subjected in this study could apply to propagate their progenies for production of human therapeutic proteins and advancing the xenotransplantation research.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.26-31
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• 2022

본 연구는 여름 사료작물 재배기간에 빈번하게 발생하는 가뭄, 폭우 등 이상 기후에 대응한 여름철 응급 조사료 자원을 선발하고 잠재적 생산성을 평가하기 위해 2020년 5월부터 2021년 10월까지 충청남도 천안시 소재 국립축산과학원 축산자원개발부 초지 조사료 시험포장에서 재배시험을 수행하였다. 시험 초종은 여름철 응급조사료 자원으로 유망한 사료용 피(Echinochloa species cv. Shirohie and Jeju native), 재래기장(Panicum miliaceum cv. Native), 진주조(Pennisetum glaucum cv. Feed milk 2), 클라인그라스(Panicum coloratum cv. Selection 75), 테프그라스(Eragrostis tef cv. Tiffany)를 수집하여 파종은 2020년에 5월 21일과 6월 23일에 각 각 파종하였으며 2021년에는 5월 21일과 6월 21일에 2회 파종하였다. 사료용 피와 클라인그라스의 출현소요일은 6~10일 정도로 파종 후 가장 늦게 출현되었고 재래기장과 진주조는 5~6일 소요되었으며 테프그라스는 3일로 가장 빨리 출현되었다. 파종부터 수확까지 재배기간은 사료용 피 만생종(84일 이내)을 제외하고 모든 초종이 60일 이내에 출수기에 도달하였다. 파종시기별 건물수량은 5월 파종에서 사료용 피 만생종의 건물수량이 23,872 kg/ha로 가장 높게 나타났으며 클라인그라스가 3,888 kg/ha로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 6월 파종은 사료용 피 만생종의 건물 수량이 17,032 kg/ha로 가장 높게 나타났으며 재래기장, 테프그라스와 클라인그라스가 각각 5,468, 5,442 및 5,197 kg/ha로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 조단백질 함량은 초종별로 다양하게 나타났는데 사료용 피 조생종, 테프그라스, 클라인그라스가 높은 경향을 보였으며 사료용 피 만생종이 5.7~5.9%로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 중성세제불용성섬유소(NDF)와 산성세제불용성섬유소(ADF) 함량은 5월 파종은 초종 간에 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나 6월 파종은 클라인그라스가 나머지 초종에 비해 낮게 나타났다.