• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.885-892
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• 2009

To investigate host defense mechanisms for protecting the mammary gland from mastitis infection, the membrane fraction of mammary tissues from Holstein cows was purified by differential velocity centrifugation, and then the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) separated proteins were identified by ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with a Surveyor high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. A total of 183 proteins were identified. Bioinformatics software was applied to analyse physicochemical characteristics of the identified proteins and to predict biochemical function. These data may provide valuable information to investigate the mechanisms of mammary gland milk secretion and infectious disease, and enable a clear identification of proteins and potential protein targets for therapies.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.305-311
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• 1993

A total of thirty male Holstein calves were reared outdoors with simple housings or in warmed pens in three experiments conducted in three consecutive midwinters in Hokkaido. Average outdoor air temperatures during the experiments were between -5.3 and $-6.1^{\circ}C$, and average minimum air temperatures were between -9.7 and $-10.6^{\circ}C$. The age of calves at the start of the experiments were $16{\pm}6$ hours. There was no difference in the liquid feed intake, while the solid concentrate (artificial milk) intake by the calves in the simple housing systems (outdoors, calf hutch and open shed) tended to be higher than those in the warmed pen. No significant differences in the daily gain or the monthly development of wither height were observed among housing systems. There were no serious cases of diarrhea. However, coughing was observed in several of the calves reared in the poorly ventilated warmed pens.

• 한국건강관리협회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.84-96
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• 2005

Rice is the primary main dish of Traditional Korean diet. Although there have been changes in food consumption and nutrient intake among Koreans, traditional dietary pattern is stil dominant among Koreans. Traditional Korean diet has emphasized breakfast, which is the most frequently missed meals in Korea today but important for daily work performance and health. Compared to diets of the U.S. and Greece, Korean diet is high in carbohydrate and low in fat and cholesterol due to low intake of meat. Koreans also consume large amount of plant food, which makes fiber content of diet to be high. However fruit and milk consumption tends to be low in Korea. Koreans use fermented food, including kimchi, very frequently as well as foods cooked and consumed at high temperature and over direct fire. Traditional cooking methods are time consuming which limits the usage among modern city dwellers with working women. Despite the strengths of traditional Korean diets in reducing risk factors of chronic diseases, preservation of the tradition in modern Korean society requires special attention and efforts to make them more adaptable to contemporary life styles.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.477-486
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• 2017

This review provides an overview of dietary nucleotides as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics for weaning pigs. Dietary nucleotides are composed of DNA or RNA molecules and are normally contained in protein-rich feed ingredient, brewer's yeast, yeast extract, and milk. Weaning pigs are suffering from several stresses, such as environmental challenges (i.e. crowding, transportation, and feeding). Such stressors can damage the intestinal epithelium and cause an invasion by Escherichia coli, secondary inflammatory responses, and post weaning diarrhea. To overcome weaning disorder, people often use antibiotics which reduce symptoms and boost growth performance. However, since antibiotics were banned due to concerns of antibiotic resistant bacteria, researchers are studying alternative materials to antibiotics. Dietary nucleotides are one of the alternative materials for replacing antibiotics and can be used in abnormal conditions, such as weaning diarrhea, low digestibility, and disease condition. Nucleotides have substances that have important roles in cell division and cell growth, affecting growth performance, intestinal condition, and immunological effect at the weaning stage. However, nucleotides' composition is very different between sources and this aspect makes it difficult to utilize nucleotides at the weaning stage. Therefore, this review paper focuses on i) the characteristics and functions of dietary nucleotides and ii) the effect of dietary nucleotides on the growth performance and immune system of pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.1453-1457
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• 2002

The experiment was conducted to find out the effect of 4 feeding systems on growth, feed intake, eating behavior, lactation performance, gestation period, post-partum heat period, conception rate and parasitic infestation of Black Bengal goat. Twenty four does of approximately 1 year of age were randomly selected for 4 treatment (feeding systems) groups having 6 replications in each. Treatments were stall feeding ($T_1$), tethering ($T_2$), restricted grazing ($T_3$) and grazing ($T_4$). $T_1$ group was housed continuously and adequate amounts of natural grass were supplied for ad libitum feeding. $T_2$ group was tethered for grazing natural grass from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. being moved at one hour intervals. Goats of $T_3$ group were allowed grazing from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m. $T_4$ group was grazed from 8 a. m. to 4 p.m. Concentrate supplement was given at the rate of 150 g per day per goat for all of the treatment groups. Duration of experiment was 219 days. Daily live weight gain was significantly (p<0.05) higher in case of stall fed goats than that of others. DM intake also significantly (p<0.05) differed among the treatment groups and was 3.40 3.95, 3.76 and 4.05 per cent of their live weight for stall feeding, tethering, restricted grazing and grazing groups, respectively. Rate of rumination was significantly (p<0.05) higher in case of tethering group of goats than that of others. Birth weight of kids, milk yield, lactation period and post-partum heat period were significantly higher in case of stall fed goats than others. Tethering group showed significantly (p<0.05) higher litter size than others. Infestation rate of Fasciola was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the grazing group. In conclusion, it may be stated that among these feeding groups overall performance of stall fed goats was more satisfactory, and that the tethering group showed better performance than the others.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.961-970
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• 2013

Eight multiparous Holstein cows ($569{\pm}47$ kg of BW; $84{\pm}17$ DIM) were used to evaluate the effects of different levels of coarsely ground wheat (CGW) as replacements for ground corn (GC) in diets on feed intake and digestion, ruminal fermentation, lactation performance, and plasma metabolites profiles in dairy cows. The cows were settled in a replicated $4{\times}4$ Latin square design with 3-wk treatment periods; four cows in one of the replicates were fitted with rumen cannulas. The four diets contained 0, 9.6, 19.2, and 28.8% CGW and 27.9, 19.2, 9.6, and 0% GC on dry matter (DM) basis, respectively. Increasing dietary levels of CGW, daily DM intake tended to increase quadratically (p = 0.07); however, apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were significantly decreased (p<0.01) in cows fed the 28.8% CGW diets. Ruminal pH remained in the normal physiological range for all dietary treatments at all times, except for the 28.8% CGW diets at 6 h after feeding; moreover, increasing dietary levels of CGW, the daily mean ruminal pH decreased linearly (p = 0.01). Increasing the dietary levels of CGW resulted in a linear increase in ruminal propionate (p<0.01) and ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) (p = 0.06) concentration, while ruminal acetate: propionate decreased linearly (p = 0.03) in cows fed the 28.8% CGW diets. Milk production was not affected by diets; however, percentage and yield of milk fat decreased linearly (p = 0.02) when the level of CGW was increased. With increasing levels of dietary CGW, concentrations of plasma beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) (p = 0.07) and cholesterol (p<0.01) decreased linearly, whereas plasma glucose (p = 0.08), insulin (p = 0.02) and urea nitrogen (p = 0.02) increased linearly at 6 h after the morning feeding. Our results indicate that CGW is a suitable substitute for GC in the diets of dairy cows and that it may be included up to a level of 19.2% of DM without adverse effects on feed intake and digestion, ruminal fermentation, lactation performance, and plasma metabolites if the cows are fed fiber-sufficient diets.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.8-14
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• 2017

최근 들어 국민 식생활 문화가 개선되고 생활수준이 향상됨에 따라 소프트 아이스크림, 슬러시와 같은 일회용 냉동 유제품의 소비가 급증하고 있다. 이들 냉동 유제품은 소형 냉동 시스템에서 만들어진다. 소프트 아이스크림 제조기의 경우 냉각기는 동심 원통으로 구성되며 냉매는 환형부에서 증발하고 냉각기 표면에 형성된 얼음 결정이 내측에서 회전하는 스크레이퍼에 의해 빙삭되어 아이스크림이 만들어진다. 본 연구에서는 냉각기 체적 2.8 리터인 R-404A를 사용하는 소프트 아이스크림 제조기에 대하여 최적화와 성능평가를 수행하였다. 최적화는 냉각기 스크레이퍼 회전수 및 냉매 유로 개선에 주안점을 두고 실제 아이스크림 제조기에서 요소 부위의 온도와 압력 그리고 소비동력을 측정함으로써 수행되었다. 실험 결과 최적 회전수는 124 rpm으로 나타났다. 이 회전수에서 아이스크림 제조 시간은 6분 2초이고 이 때 성적계수는 0.90이었다. 또한 물-공기를 사용한 가시화 실험을 통하여 냉매측 유로 개선을 시도하였다. 유로가 개선된 제품은 아이스크림 제조 시간을 현저히 감소시켰다. 본 연구 결과는 냉동식품 제조기를 비롯한 여타 냉동 사이클의 최적화에도 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제56권7호
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• pp.24.1-24.6
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• 2014

The present study investigated the effects of varying durations of nursery diets differing in percentages of milk products on growth performance of pigs during the nursery phase (NP) and subsequent grow-finish phase (GFP) to find the feasibility of reducing the use of nursery diets containing costly milk products. A total of 204 21-d-old weanling female and castrated male pigs were subjected to one of three nursery phase feeding programs differing in durations on the NP 1 and 2 and GFP diets containing 20%, 7%, and 0% lacrosse and 35%, 8%, and 0% dried whey, respectively, in 6 pens (experimental units) for 33 d: HIGH (NP 1, 2 and 3 diets for 7, 14, and 12 d), MEDIUM (NP 2 and 3 for 14 and 19 d), and LOW (NP 2 and 3 and GFP 1 for 7, 14, and 12 d). Subsequently, 84 randomly selected pigs [14 pigs (replicates)/pen] were fed the GFP 1, 2 and 3 diets during d 54-96, 96-135, and 135-182 of age, respectively. The final body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) of nursery pigs did not differ among the HIGH, MEDIUM, and LOW groups (14.8, 13.3, and 13.7 kg in BW and 273, 225, and 237 g in ADG, respectively). The average daily feed intake during the nursery phase was greater (p < 0.01) in the HIGH group than in the MEDIUM and LOW groups, whereas the gain:feed ratio did not differ across the treatments. The BW on d 182 and ADG during d 54-182 were greater in the HIGH and MEDIUM groups vs. the LOW group (110.0, 107.6, and 99.6 kg in BW, respectively; p < 0.01). The backfat thickness and carcass grade at slaughter on d 183 did not differ across the treatments. In conclusion, the MEDIUM program may be inferior to the commonly used HIGH program in supporting nursery pig growth. Nevertheless, the former appears to be more efficient than the latter in production cost per market pig whereas the LOW program is thought to be inefficient because of its negative effect on post-nursery pig growth.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.92-98
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• 1976

국내(國內)에서 생산(生産)되는 세가지 조제분유(調製紛乳) 및 한가지 발효유의 영양효과(營養效果)를 파악(把握)하기 위하여, 30%의 기초사료를 분유(紛乳)로 대치(代置)하고, 또한 발효유를 대비(對比)로 급여(給與)시켰을때 성장중(成長中)인 쥐의 증체량(增體量), 사료효율, 단백질효율(蛋白質效率), 장기중량(臟器重量), 영양이용률(營養利用率)에 미치는 영향을 조사하고저 60마리의 albino rats (male)을 이총하여 6주간(週間) 실험(實驗)을 하였던 바 그 결과(結果)를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 증체량(增體量)은 분유처리구(粉乳處理區) 및 발효유 처리구(處理區)가 대조구(對照區)보다 다소 높은 경향(傾向)이였으나 통계적(統計的) 유의성(有意性)은 없었다. 그러나 분유(粉乳)A 및 C의 증체량(增體量)이 가장 좋았고, 시험구 사료의 단백질(蛋白質)함량이 대조구사료보다 낮았음에도 불구(不拘)하고, 30%의 조제분유(調製粉乳)를 대치(代置)시키므로서 성장기(成長期) 흰쥐의 증체량(增體量)을 향상(向上)시켰다. 3. 대조구(對照區)사료를 먹는 군(群)들의 사료 섭취량이 분유(粉乳)처리군보다 많은 경향이 었으나 통계적(統計的) 유의성은 없었다. 3. 사료효율은 대조구(對照區)에 비(比)하여 분유처리구(粉乳處理區)가 현저히(P<0.01) 좋았고, 분유간(粉乳間)에는 차이(差異)가 없었으나, 분유(粉乳)A의 사료효율이 가장 좋았고, 발효유 급여군(給與群)과 비급여군간(非給與群間)의 유의성도 각각 검정되지 않았다. 4. 단백질효울(蛋白質效率)은 다섯가지의 분유(粉乳) 및 발효유 처리구가 모두 대조구보다 현저히 (P<0.01) 높았으나, 분유(粉乳)들간에는 차이가 없었고, 조제분유 B에 발효유를 첨가한 구가 다른 모든 구보다 단백질 효율이 훨씬(P<0.01) 좋았다. 이는 발효유가 단백질효율을 개선시키는데 어떤 효과(效果)를 미치거나, 다른 시험구 사료에 아미노산 함량(含量)이 요구량(要求量)보다 훨씬 높았고, 동물(動物)이 필요량(必要量) 이상의 필수아미노산 함량(含量)을 받으면 그 이용(利用)율이 저하되기 때문인 것으로 추측된다. 5. 최종장기(最終臟器)의 무게는 처리간(處理間)에 아무런 차이를 보이지 않았다. 6. 고형물의 소화율은 분유(粉乳)처리구 및 발효유처리구가 대조구보다 높았고, 지방과 탄수화물도 유제품구(乳製品區)가 높았으나, 단백질의 소화율은 차이가 없었다. 생물가(生物價) 및 단백질 이용율은 발효유구(區)> 분유구(區)> 대조구(區)의 순으로 좋아서 단백질 효율, 사료효율, 성장효과 등에 대한 이들 시험사료의 효과(效果)를 뒷받침한다고 생각된다. 7. 장내 미생물의 변화는 발효유를 급여한 군(群)이 비급여군(非給與群)에 비(比)해 불리(不利)한 대장균(大腸菌)은 적은 반면, 유리(有利)한 유산균(乳酸菌)은 많았다. 이상의 여러 결과(結果)들을 종합(綜合)할 때 세가지 분유(粉乳)사이의 영양효과(營養效果)는 비슷하고, 분유(粉乳)나 발효유(醱酵乳)의 첨가(添加)가 어린쥐의 성장(成長)을 도웁고, 사료효율이나 단백질(蛋白質) 이용률(利用率)을 증진(增進)시키는 것이 확실하다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.249-254
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to investigate effects of dietary level of CLA and the duration of feeding CLAcontaining diets on reproductive performance in sows and piglet growth rate. Tallow (3% in gestation diet and 5% in lactation diet, respectively) was incorporated as a fat source in control diet, and each 50% (dietary CLA level of 0.75% in gestation diet, and 1.50% in lactation diet, respectively) or 100% (dietary CLA level of 1.50% in gestation diet, and 2.50% in lactation diet, respectively) of tallow was replaced by a commercial CLA preparation containing 50% CLA isomers. Diets containing CLA were fed either from d 15 premating to weaning or d 74 post-mating to weaning. The level of dietary CLA and feeding duration did not affect litter size. High dietary level of CLA, however, decreased piglet weights at birth (p<0.01) and tended to decrease backfat thickness of sows at weaning. Longterm feeding of CLA-containing diets decreased piglet weights at weaning (p<0.05) and backfat thickness of sows at weaning (p<0.05). CLA supplemented in sow diet was transferred to fetus and piglets during pregnancy and nursing period, respectively. CLA contents of femoral muscle of piglets were 2.08 to 2.57 mg per g of fat at birth, and 2.36 to 4.47 mg at 10 days of age in CLA groups, while CLA was not detected in the control group. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of CLA tended to lower backfat thickness of sow and piglets' weight at birth or weaning, but did not affect total litter size. Dietary CLA was transferred efficiently during prenatal and postnatal periods of time through the placenta and milk, respectively.