• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 1991

This study was conducted to investigate the dietary and nutritional status supplied by group feeding for blue color and white color in Seoul and Kyunggi area. The results are summarized as follows : 1. Blue color and white color of the average food supply per person per day was 1370.0g. Blue color of the total fool supply was consisted of 35.1% grain, 44.1% vegetables. White color of the total fool supply was consisted of 31.8% grain, 44.0% vegetable. The amount of milk product, fruit and fat supply were very small. 2. Blue color and white color of the ratio of main dish and side dish supplied was 69 : 31, 60.0 : 39.7. 3. Main dish all is rice. Side dish ard kinds of soupes and Jigeai Johngol in the two groups. In the kind of side dish white color much more than blue color. Dessert are scarcely supplied in the two groups. 4. The mean daily supplies of energy and 9 nutrients were above the level of the R.D.A. Blue color and white color of the mean daily amount of energy supply was 2653.0㎉ 3022.6㎉. Blue color and white color of the ratio of carbohydrate, protein, and fat supplied was 68.4%, 18.6%, 13.1%, and 62.1%, 20.9%, 17.0%. 5. Blue color and white color of the average feeding cost amounts to 460won, 812won per meal. 6. Blue color; There were high correlations in supply amoung energy, protein, fat. Carbohydrate, calcium, iron, riboflavin, niacin. White color; There were high correlation in supply amoung energy, protein, carbohydrate, calcium, iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vit-C.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.69-80
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• 2012

This study was conducted to examine the nutritional status, quality of diet and quality of life in postmenopausal women with mild climacteric symptoms based on their food group intake patterns. The data for nutritional status were obtained using 3-day records. Quality of diet was assessed by INQ, NAR, MAR, DDS, DVS, DQI-I. Climacteric symptoms were analyzed by the questionnaire of Kupperman's index and MENoL. The subjects were classified into the five groups, GMVDF, GMVdF, GMVDf, GMVdf, GmVDF according to their food group intake patterns. Analysis of nutrient intakes showed that the GMVDF group took significantly higher levels of kcal, carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, folate, vitamin C, vitamin E, calcium, phosphorous, sodium, iron, zinc and fiber than GMVdf group did (p < 0.05). INQ of Ca and Fe appeared to be higher in GMVDF than in GMVdf groups (p < 0.05). Analysis of NARs showed that missing milk groups took lower riboflavin, Ca and P than other groups did as the same result with MAR (p < 0.05). Analysis of DDS and DQI showed that GMVdf group had the lowest quality of diet (p < 0.05); however, no difference was found on DVS. The GMVdf group showed the worst climacteric symptoms compared with those of the other groups (p < 0.05). However, we couldn't observe any differences in menopause-specific quality of life among the groups. In conclusion, it would be beneficial to meet all five food groups to increase the quality of diet and to reduce the climacteric symptoms in postmenopausal women.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.315-325
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• 2004

This study was conducted to develop the standard breakfast menu for those weak groups having insufficient breakfast intake. The following three target groups are classified as: 16-19 years old high school male student, 20-29 years old female who have job or college students, 20-29 years old male or female who have job (double income family). While developing menus for each target groups, we applied several basic guidelines for meal planning as follows: Nutrient intake level was set to $\graction one-Third$ of RDA, while the energy level to $\fraction one-quarter $ of RDAs. Most Sequent meal pattern of Koreans was adapted; Suitabilities of appropriate serving size and cost for middle-income families were considered; Domestic foods and ingredients were used. We developed 24 menus summed by 2 menus for each season and three target groups. When evaluating the menus, most of the breakfast menus were sufficient of nutrients as a meal for the subjects. Three food groups such as grain/starch group, meat/fish/egg/bean group, vegetable/fruit group were included in all menus. Even though milk/dairy products group was not excluded for some menus, other calcium substitutes like anchovies were used. Oil/nut/sugar group was used to a minimum. The average number of foods for each menu was 12.8, which ranged from 10 to 17 depending on the menus. The average weight of the menus including soup was 822 g, 633 g and 730 g for each target group, respectively. The average price of the menu ranged from 2,000 to 3,500 won per person. The above results could be applied at home as well as foodservice institutes and furthermore could offer information for developing breakfast-substituting food products.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.603-614
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• 1993

This study was undertaken to investigate the dietary factors related to the incidence of stomach and colon cancers in Korean. The subjects were 139 stomach and 52 colon cancer patients recruited from 3 general hospitals in Seoul. Food intake, anthropometric measurement, and blood compositions were studied through personal interview and using medical records. Body weight, body mass index, triceps skinfold thickness, body muscle mass of the subjects were lower than reference values. The body weight was reduced after the onset of the illness, which suggests body waste due to the cancers. The patients showed the lower valuies of hemoglobin and hematocrit. Serum protein and calcium were at lower limit of the normal range. Therefore the untritional status assessed by anthropometry and blood composition should be said to be marginal. The average intake of most of the nutrients except Ca of the subjects met the RDA, but the range was wide and the nutrient intake of large proportion of the subjects feel below 75% of RDA. The food intake of egg, milk, legumes, and fruts were lower than national average, on the other hand the subjects had higher intake of meat, vegetables, and fats. The subjects drank and smoked heavily, stomach cancers being more severs. From this results, dietary risk factors for the stomach and colon cancers in Korean did not agree with the reports of western societies. Even though the intakes of meat and animal food of colon cancer patients can not be classified as high, it was higher than stomach cancer and national average. Therefore it could be concluded that with increasing consumption of animal food, the incidence of colon cancer would be increased in Korea.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.918-926
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• 1999

This study was an investigation of nutrient intake and food habit of college students in Taegu. A total of 200 apparently healthy college students living in Taegu were selected for the study. The 24-hour recall were obtained from subjects. The following anthropometric measurements were made on all participants: weight, height, waist and hip circumferences, and bioimpedence. Dietary habits and energy expenditure were examined through questionnaires. Among the subjects 8.3% were obese and 17.7% were underweight in male and 38.8%, respectively. The average intake of nutrients and energy were below the RDA in male(except protein, vitamin C and phosphate) and female(except vitamin C and phosphate), whereas phosphorus intakes well exceed the RDAs for both groups. Lowest mean intake as percentile of RDA were calcium and riboflavin in male, and calcium and iron in female. The mean adequacy ratio(MAR), an index of overall dietary quality was 0.735 for males and 0.730 for females. The index of nutritional quality (INQ) were under 1.0 for vitamin A(0.91), B2(0.628), Ca(0.074), Fe(0.845) in male students and vitamin B2(0.752), Ca(0.649), Fe(0.594) in female students. The alcohol consumption level was negatively correlated (p<.05)with thiamin, ascorbic acid, carbohydrate, and energy consumption in male students. Also the alcohol consumption was negatively correlated (p<.05) with milk consumption in male students. Thus, unfavorable nutritional patterns of alcohol drinkers put them at double jeopardy regarding micronutrient intake and bone health. In conclusion, this study indicates that nutrient intake in the college student in Taegu is considerably lower than RDA. Another important finding of this study is that an unacceptable calcium and iron status was prevalent in a high percentage of subjects in the college student.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.137-159
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• 2021

Long-chain (LC) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), in particular docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are nutrients involved in many metabolic and physiological processes, and are referred to as n-3 LCPUFA. They have been extensively studied for their effects in human nutrition and health. This paper provides an overview on metabolism, sources, dietary intake, and status of n-3 LCPUFA. A summary of the dietary recommendations for n-3 LCPUFAs for different age groups as well as specific physiological conditions is provided. Evidence for n-3 LCPUFA in cardiovascular diseases, including new studies, is reviewed. Expert recommendations generally support a beneficial effect of n-3 LCPUFA on cardiovascular health and recommend a daily intake of 500 mg as DHA and EPA, or 1-2 servings of fish per week. The role of n-3 LCPUFA on brain health, in particular neurodegenerative disorders and depression, is reviewed. The evidence for beneficial effects of n-3 LCPUFA on neurodegenerative disorders is non-conclusive despite mechanistic support and observational data. Hence, no definite n-3 LCPUFA expert recommendations are made. Data for the beneficial effect of n-3 LCPUFA on depression are generally compelling. Expert recommendations have been established: 200-300 mg/day for depression; up to 1-2 g/day for major depressive disorder. Recent studies support a beneficial role of n-3 LCPUFAs in reducing the risk for premature birth, with a daily intake of 600-800 mg of DHA during pregnancy. Finally, international experts recently reviewed the scientific evidence on DHA and arachidonic acid (ARA) in infant nutrition and concluded that the totality of data support that infant and follow-on formulas should provide both DHA and ARA at levels similar to those in breast milk. In conclusion, the available scientific data support that dietary recommendations for n-3 LCPUFA should be established for the general population and for subjects with specific physiological conditions.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.1623-1631
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to validate and evaluate the dry matter (DM) intake prediction model of the Korean feeding standards for dairy cattle (KFSD). Methods: The KFSD DM intake (DMI) model was developed using a database containing the data from the Journal of Dairy Science from 2006 to 2011 (1,065 observations 287 studies). The development (458 observations from 103 studies) and evaluation databases (168 observations from 74 studies) were constructed from the database. The body weight (kg; BW), metabolic BW (BW^0.75, MBW), 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM), forage as a percentage of dietary DM, and the dietary content of nutrients (% DM) were chosen as possible explanatory variables. A random coefficient model with the study as a random variable and a linear model without the random effect was used to select model variables and estimate parameters, respectively, during the model development. The best-fit equation was compared to published equations, and sensitivity analysis of the prediction equation was conducted. The KFSD model was also evaluated using in vivo feeding trial data. Results: The KFSD DMI equation is 4.103 (±2.994)+0.112 (±0.022)×MBW+0.284 (±0.020)×FCM-0.119 (±0.028)×neutral detergent fiber (NDF), explaining 47% of the variation in the evaluation dataset with no mean nor slope bias (p>0.05). The root mean square prediction error was 2.70 kg/d, best among the tested equations. The sensitivity analysis showed that the model is the most sensitive to FCM, followed by MBW and NDF. With the in vivo data, the KFSD equation showed slightly higher precision (R² = 0.39) than the NRC equation (R² = 0.37), with a mean bias of 1.19 kg and no slope bias (p>0.05). Conclusion: The KFSD DMI model is suitable for predicting the DMI of lactating dairy cows in practical situations in Korea.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.723-750
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• 2023

The gut microbiome is critical in human health, and various dietary factors influence its composition and function. Among these factors, animal products, such as meat, dairy, and eggs, represent crucial sources of essential nutrients for the gut microbiome. However, the correlation and characteristics of livestock consumption with the gut microbiome remain poorly understood. This review aimed to delineate the distinct effects of meat, dairy, and egg products on gut microbiome composition and function. Based on the previous reports, the impact of red meat, white meat, and processed meat consumption on the gut microbiome differs from that of milk, yogurt, cheese, or egg products. In particular, we have focused on animal-originated proteins, a significant nutrient in each livestock product, and revealed that the major proteins in each food elicit diverse effects on the gut microbiome. Collectively, this review highlights the need for further insights into the interactions and mechanisms underlying the impact of animal products on the gut microbiome. A deeper understanding of these interactions would be beneficial in elucidating the development of dietary interventions to prevent and treat diseases linked to the gut microbiome.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.170-176
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• 2002

The objective of this study was to investigate the current status of calcium fortification in processed foods for obtaining basic data on nutrition fortification policy and nutrition labeling, Surveyed samples were the products fortified wish calcium among processed products sold in department store and large mart in Seoul from Aug. 1998 to Aug. 1999. But supplementary health food or special nutritious food and weaning food and infant formula were excluded from them. We examined the kinds and numbers of added nutrients except calcium and the amounts of calcium per 100 g product and nutrient labeling of calcium-fortified foods. Surveyed products were 81 foods and they were grouped in grain products, milk and milk products, processed meat and fishes, ramyuns, retort pouch foods, fruit juice and drinks. and others. Calcium fortification was found in wide food groups, especially in snack foods and carbonated beverages. In relation to surveyed products, most of them were fortified with only calcium. The number of added nutrients in the product were relatively various in comparison with each food groups. In addition to calcium, the most frequently added nutrient was DHA, and were followed vitamin, mineral, oligosacchride, fiber, etc. This result showed that the kind(s) and the number(s) of nutrient added to product did not consider nutrition balance of calcium-fortified foods. Units of calcium content were decided by companies, therefore consumers confused labelled content with mouth dose of calcium and the comparison of the amounts added calcium among products was difficult. The amounts of calcium in products were from 16.4 to 1226 mg Per 100 and from 2.5 to 27.6% RDA (recommended daily allowance) per serving size. The amounts of calcium in many products were less than 10% RDA per serving size, whole appraisal about fortified content was needed. And for nutrient labeling on calcium, they used various term whether it is approved by law or not.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.422-434
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• 2019

Purpose: The consumption of processed foods has recently been increasing due to changes in the living environment. The purpose of this study was to identify the contribution of processed food to the nutrient intake of adult Koreans. Methods: A total of 15,760 adult people in the $6^{th}$ National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013 ~ 2015) were included in this study. According to the Korea Food and Drug Administration's classification criteria for processed foods, the 24 hour dietary recall data of the subjects were classified as processed food or natural food. The processed food intake, nutrient intake and major processed food sources by food groups were analyzed. Results: Men consumed more processed foods than did the women. Consumption of processed foods decreased with age, but it increased with the education level and the income level. The total daily processed food intake accounted for 68.1% of the total food intake. The food groups with high processed food intake were beverage, vegetables, cereals and grain products, fruits, and milk and dairy products in this order. The top food source of each food groups were beer, kimchi, bread, processed apple products, and milk. After adjusting for age, gender, and energy intake, all the nutrient intakes and percentage of dietary reference intakes for Koreans, except carbohydrates, were significantly higher in processed foods than in natural foods. The sodium intake from the processed food was 96.3% of total daily sodium intake. The intakes of nutrients from processed foods, excluding vitamins C, dietary fiber, iron, and vitamin A, were higher in men than in women. The intake of sodium from processed foods was highest for people of 30 ~ 49 years of age, and the intake of sodium from processed foods decreased for people over 50. Conclusion: Korean adults consumed more processed food than the natural food, consuming more calories and most of the nutrients from the processed food overall total daily intakes. The intake of processed foods is expected to further increase in the future, and nutritional education and research on the ingestion and selection of healthy processed foods are necessary.