• 대한가정학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.49-61
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• 1987

The main purpose of these studies was the improvemen of nutritional supply and of the future physical coditions. The two groups which were regional difference were chosen and research for the nutritional status of elementary school students. The nutritional status of lunch-box between one elementary School of 98 students in the 6th year grade(hence-forward it was called "A-Group"), located at the center of Masan City, being provided the milk and the other elementary School of 134 students in the 6th year grade(hence-forward it was called "B-Group"), located in the small farm and fishing villages of Kusan-myun, Euichang-kun, Kyungnam province, were seweyed from the period of Nov. 20, 1986 to Dec. 4, 1986 and conclusion were as follows: 1. Nutritional status of lunch-box 1) It is indicated that in the case of A-Group, the nutirtional intake except animal protein and vitamin A were lower than the Recommended Daily Allowances of Korenas and in the case B-Group, was also lower than except vitamin A respectively and especially in both groups, the percentage of Fe was lowest and intended difference between A Group and B was that B-Group in the intake of calorie, fat, Ca, Fe and etc were lower than A-Group. 2) The total calorie-intake was short of the extent to approx. 83.8% as compared to the RDA. On the viewpoint at ratio of intake of caloric nutrients, A-Group appeared to be 69.5 : 16.5 : 14 and B-Group, 77.5 : 19.5 : 13 in order carbohydrate, protein and fat. As a result of the above ratio, B-Group depended upon carbohydrate as a staple food more than A-Group. It can be considered that the total calorie-intake is short, and that the amount of lunch-box was greatly insufficient for taking optimal nutrition. 3) Calorie, carbohydrate, vitamin B, and niacin were taken nutrition from a staple food and protein from at similar ratio of staple and subsidiary food and fat, Fe, vitamin A, vitamin B1, adn vitamin C were mainly taken from a staple food. It was indicated that B-Group was higher at the supply-ratio by a staple food than A-Group. 3. The realities of improvement of physical conditions The improvement of physical conditions of the two groups were lower in accordance with Korea Children's Growth Standard, but B-Group was inferior to A-Group. 4. Seeing that the total intake of nutrition being taken at lunch time was lower as campared to the RDA intakes between the two Groups were remakably different, a lot of efforts should be made to improve the calorie-intake for the purpose of the farm and fishing villages. For balanced intake of nutrition, selection of foods and various cooking ways are important, therefore, throughout the expansion of the lowest stratum of elementary schools for milk-supply, high-quality protein, fat, Ca, vitamin B2 and etc should be supplied to the growing students. That can narrow the gaps of the intake of nutrition and physical condition between the students who live in cities and the students who live in the country.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.34-45
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• 2008

For the correct dietary habit and balanced dietary intake of aged people, the nutrition management that fits to the dietary behavior change stage has to be accomplished. In order to do so, in this paper, we chose 175 women that are aged more than 65 years old who are rural long life community residents and surveyed the dietary intake for 2 days including a twice depth interview and the 24 hour recall method. Also, for the sake of our aim, using the transtheoretical model, the dietary behavior change stage group was divided into the contemplation stage group, the preparation stage group, the action stage group and the maintenance stage group. The results are as follows: In the intake amount of protein (p < 0.01), vitamin $B_1$ (p < 0.05) and vitamin $B_6$ (p < 0.05), the intake amount of these nutrients in the action stage group and the maintenance stage group were significantly larger than the intake amount in the contemplation stage group and the preparation stage group. The nutrition evaluation according to the dietary behavior change stage, the ratio of subjects who took insufficient amount of energy, protein, vitamin A, and vitamin C were low as the dietary behavior change stage was upgraded. The subjects of maintenance stage group were most likely to consume vegetables more than once a day, and consume fruits and milk and milk products more than 5 times/week. MAR [13], MAR [10] and MAR [4] of subjects in the action stage group and the maintenance stage group were significantly higher than MAR [13], MAR [10] and MAR [4] of subjects in the contemplation stage group and the preparation stage group (p < 0.001). From the above results, there were differences of nutrient intakes according to the dietary behavior change stage. Therefore, it is considered that the intervention for the dietary behavior motivation induction has to be advanced before accomplishing the individually fitting intervention at the time of nutrient management intervention.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.174-184
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate nutrients intakes, glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL) according to obesity index in elementary school students. The study subjects included 229 elementary school students (boys=108, girls=121) who were divided into 3 groups consisting of an underweight group (obesity index<-10%, n=58), a normal weight group (10%${\leq}$ obesity index<10%, n=130) and an overweight group (obesity index${\geq}$10%, n=41) by their obesity index. The nutrient and food intakes data obtained by a 3-day food record were analyzed. Daily dietary GI and GL values were calculated from the 3-day food record. The average age of the subjects was 11.9 years. The mean daily energy intake was 2,186.8 kcal in the underweight group, 2,123.5 kcal in the normal weight group, and 2,174.2 kcal in the overweight group. The intakes of calcium and animal calcium per 1,000 kcal in the overweight group were significantly lower than in the underweight and normal weight groups (p<0.01, p<0.05), and fruit, egg and milk intakes in the overweight group were lower than those in the underweight group (p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.05). The mean daily dietary GI of the underweight, normal weight, and overweight groups were 67.7, 68.4 and 69.5, respectively (p<0.05). The mean daily dietary GL of the underweight, normal weight, and overweight groups were 212.8, 208.1 and 213.3, respectively. The major food source of dietary GI and GL in the three groups was rice. Other major food sources of dietary GI were croquettes, hand-rolled noddle soups, instant noddles, milk, and rice cake. Dietary GI was not significantly correlated with weight, obesity or body mass index, when adjusted for energy, carbohydrate, and dietary fiber. However, GL adjusted to energy, carbohydrate and dietary fiber tended to correlate with obesity index (r=0.126, p=0.059). These results suggest that dietary GI and GL have possibility affecting obesity-related indicators in elementary school students.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권10호
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• pp.856-863
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• 2005

Dietary Variety Score (DVS) or Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) offers a way of comparing eating habits across populations and across countries. This study compared nutrients intakes, food intakes, DVS, and NAR between Korean and US adults using the large national survey data. 4662 Korean adults (men: 2201, women: 2461) aged 20-49 years were selected from the 'Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey,2001' and 4199 US adults (men: 2127, women: 2072) aged 20-49 years were selected from the 'US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES IV,1999-2002)'. The total plant food intakes were high in Korean adults, but the total animal food intakes were high in US adults. Intakes of legumes and nuts, vegetables and mushrooms were higher in Korean than in US adults. On the other hand, intakes of meats, milk and dairy products of US adults were higher than Korean. Beverage intakes were 8 - 10 times higher in US adults than in Korean. The mean DVS of Korean men and women were higher than US men and women. Intakes of fat, calcium and vitamin $B\_{2}$ of US adults were 1.5 - 2 times higher than those of Korean, which could probably related to larger consumption by US adults on milk and dairy product. While the intakes of carbohydrate and vitamin C of the Korean were higher than the US adults, which could presumably related to higher grain and vegetable consumption. Percent energy intakes from carbohydrate, protein, and fat were $64.1\%$, $15.8\%$, and $20.1\%$ for Korean men, $52.4\%$, $15.0\%$, and $32.6\%$ for US men, $65.9\%$, $14.9\%$, $19.2\%$ for Korean women, and $52.1\%$, $14.7\%$, $33.2\%$ for US women respectively, which showed higher $\%$energy from carbohydrate in Korean and higher $\%$energy from fat in US adults. Most nutrient intakes except energy and vitamin C expressed as $\%$RDA were higher in US than in Korean adults. Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) of US men and Korean men were both 0.85, while the MAR was 0.81 for Korean women,0.79 for US women. The Korean women's diet showed more diverse and adequate than the US women's diet.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제37권7호
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• pp.869-878
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• 2008

최대골질량에 근접할 수 있는 20대 여성들의 골격건강 상태는 중년기 이후 급증하는 골절이나 골다공증 발병과 밀접한 관련이 있다. 본 연구는 골격계질환 예방을 위하여 청년층의 식사지침 설정에 필요한 기초자료를 얻고자, 20대 여대생들의 골밀도를 측정하여 정상군과 골질환군으로 분류한 후, 신체계측과 식사섭취 상태 등을 조사 비교하고, 골밀도와 관련된 제 요인들을 분석하였다. 대상자들의 골밀도는 WHO에서 분류한 T-score값에 따라 정상군 59명($-0.42{\pm}0.45$), 골감소증군(골다공증 2명+골감소증 41명, $-1.52{\pm}0.41$) 43명이었으며, 골다공증과 골감소증을 나타낸 대상자는 전체 대상자의 약 42%로 나타났다. 평균 연령은 21.43세, 신장, 체중 및 체질량지수(BMI)는 각각 $161.25{\pm}4.77\;cm$, $56.05{\pm}9.20\;kg$과 21.5($kg/m^2$)이었으며 전체 대상자 중 60명(58.8%)만이 정상체중군에 속하였고 골감소증군에서 저체중자의 비율이 높게 나타났다. 정상군과 골감소증군의 신체계측치를 비교했을 때, 체중, 체단백질(protein mass), 무기질(mineral mass), 골격근량(skeletal muscle mass), 제지방량(fat free mass) 및 체수분(total body water) 함량 등이 골감소증군에서 유의적으로(p<0.05) 낮게 나타났다. 영양소 섭취 상태를 분석한 결과에서는 한국인영양섭취기준(KDRIs)의 75% 이하로 섭취하고 있는 영양소에는 비타민 C(73%), 엽산(49%), 칼슘(66%)과 칼륨(45%) 등이었고, 영양섭취기준에 비해 높게 섭취하고 있는 영양소에는 단백질(136%), 비타민B6(120%), 인(122%) 및 나트륨(충분섭취량의 256%) 등이었다. 체중 1 kg당 영양소섭취량을 분석 비교한 결과에서는 두 군간 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았으나, 정상군에 비해 골감소증군에서 에너지섭취량이 다소 높았고, 칼슘은 섭취량자체는 많았지만 동물성칼슘의 비율이 낮게 나타났고, 마그네슘(Mg)의 섭취량도 적게 나타났다. 식품군별 섭취량과 섭취빈도를 분석한 결과에서는, 정상군과 골질환군에서 섭취량에는 유의적인 차이가 없었으나 우유와 유제품의 섭취빈도가 골감소증군에서 다소 낮게 나타났다. Tscore와 관련성을 보인 신체계측지수는 체중(p<0.01), PIBW(p<0.05), 신장(p<0.01), 체단백질(p<0.001), 체지방량(plt;0.05), 무기질(p<0.001), 체수분(p<0.001), 근육량(p<0.001), 제지방량(p<0.001), BMI(p<0.05), 골격근량(p<0.001), 허리둘레(plt;0.05) 및 엉덩이둘레(plt;0.05) 등이었으며, 체중 1 kg당 영양소섭취량과의 관련성에서는 에너지, 단백질, 지질, 당질, 인, 나트륨 및 칼륨이 유의적으로($p<0.05{\sim}p<0.01$) 음(-)의 관련성을 나타내었고, 섭취빈도와의 관련성에서는 우유 및 유제품의 섭취빈도는 양(+)의, 버섯류의 섭취빈도는 음(-)의 유의적인(p<0.05) 관련성을 보였다. 이상의 결과에서 최대의 골질량에 근접해야하는 20대 여대생의 골격건강상태는 약 42%의 대상자가 골감소증군으로 나타나, 중년층의 골질환 발병율과 거의 같은 수준을 보였다. 따라서 이에 대한 예방대책이 조속히 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다. 골격건강 상태에 영향을 주는 요인으로는 적정 체중유지가 중요한데, 전체 대상자의 약 59%만이 적정체중 범위에 있었고, 골감소증군에서 저체중자의 비율이 높게 나타나 건강체중유지에 대한 교육도 강조되어져야 할 것이다. 식사관련요인에서는 각 영양소의 섭취량 자체도 중요하지만 특히 칼슘, 인, 나트륨, 칼륨 및 마그네슘등의 경우 각 영양소 상호간의 섭취 비율이 골격건강에 더 많은 영향을 주는 것으로 사료된다. 취약한 칼슘섭취상태를 보완하기 위한 주요 급원식품으로는, 우유와 유제품의 공급이 우선시되어야 함을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.23-38
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• 2021

본 연구는 수행된 제6기와 제7기 1차년도 국민건강영양조사 2013-2016 자료를 이용하여 만 19-64세 성인 1인 가구의 식이 패턴에 따른 건강 및 영양상태를 조사하고 대사증후군 구성요소의 유병율과 위험도를 분석하였다. 주요 식이 패턴 도출을 위해 연구대상자의 장기간 섭취 패턴을 파악하고 만성질환과의 연관성을 평가하기에 적절한 [47] 반정량 식품섭취빈도조사지를 이용하였다. 식품섭취빈도조사지의 개별식품을 19개의 식품군으로 재분류하고 군집분석을 실시한 결과, 연구대상자들의 식이 패턴은 '밥과 김치' 패턴, '혼합식' 패턴, '유제품과 과일' 패턴의 총 3개 군집으로 추출되었다. 식이 패턴에 따른 연구대상자들의 일반적 특성은 '밥과 김치' 패턴과 '혼합식' 패턴에서 남성의 비율이 높았으며, 여성의 비율은 '유제품과 과일' 패턴에서 높았다. 연령은 '혼합식' 패턴은 19-29세가 많았으며, '유제품과 과일' 패턴은 50-64세가 많았다. 교육수준도 식이 패턴 간에 차이를 보였는데, '밥과 김치' 패턴에서 저학력 비율이 높은 반면 '유제품과 과일' 패턴은 고학력 비율이 높았다. 식생활 관련 요인을 비교한 결과, '혼합식' 패턴에서 아침 결식과 외식 비율이 높았으며, '유제품과 과일' 패턴은 식이보충제 이용이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 건강관련 요인을 분석한 결과, '혼합식' 패턴에서 높은 음주 빈도와 흡연 비율을 보였고, EQ-5D index는 '밥과 김치' 패턴에서 낮은 점수를 보였다. 영양소 섭취량을 비교한 결과에서 탄수화물 섭취량은 '밥과 김치' 패턴에서 높은 것으로 나타났으나, 그 외 지방, 비타민 A, 리보플라빈, 비타민 C, 나이아신, 칼슘, 인, 칼륨은 모두 '유제품과 과일' 패턴에서 섭취량이 가장 높았다. 본 연구에서는 식이 패턴에 따른 대사증후군 위험요소 위험도를 파악하기 위해 교란변수들을 차례로 보정한 후 분석을 실시하였다. 허리둘레와 중성지방은 기준치 이상이 될 위험도가 연령과 성별을 보정한 후에도 '유제품과 과일' 패턴에서 기준식이 패턴인 '밥과 김치' 패턴에 비해 각각 0.217배, 0.444배로 낮아졌으나 BMI, 폐경, 흡연상태, 음주, 에너지 섭취량을 보정한 후에는 유의적인 차이가 없었다 '밥과 김치' 패턴을 기준으로 대사증후군의 위험도를 비교하였을 때, 보정하지 않은 Model 1에서는 '유제품과 과일' 패턴에서 대사증후군 위험이 0.395배 (95% CI = 0.204-0.763)로 낮아 유의한 차이를 보였다. 교란변수를 차례로 보정한 후 식이 패턴이 대사증후군 위험도에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과에서는 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 현재 지속적으로 1인 가구가 증가하고 있는 추세로 보아 1인 가구에 대한 실태 파악은 매우 중요하다. 따라서 1인 가구의 식이 섭취 현황을 기반으로 한 특성을 다양하게 고려하여 대상별 영양관리 프로그램을 맞춤형으로 실시한다면 이들의 건강 및 영양관리가 효율적으로 이루어질 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.92-98
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• 1976

국내(國內)에서 생산(生産)되는 세가지 조제분유(調製紛乳) 및 한가지 발효유의 영양효과(營養效果)를 파악(把握)하기 위하여, 30%의 기초사료를 분유(紛乳)로 대치(代置)하고, 또한 발효유를 대비(對比)로 급여(給與)시켰을때 성장중(成長中)인 쥐의 증체량(增體量), 사료효율, 단백질효율(蛋白質效率), 장기중량(臟器重量), 영양이용률(營養利用率)에 미치는 영향을 조사하고저 60마리의 albino rats (male)을 이총하여 6주간(週間) 실험(實驗)을 하였던 바 그 결과(結果)를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 증체량(增體量)은 분유처리구(粉乳處理區) 및 발효유 처리구(處理區)가 대조구(對照區)보다 다소 높은 경향(傾向)이였으나 통계적(統計的) 유의성(有意性)은 없었다. 그러나 분유(粉乳)A 및 C의 증체량(增體量)이 가장 좋았고, 시험구 사료의 단백질(蛋白質)함량이 대조구사료보다 낮았음에도 불구(不拘)하고, 30%의 조제분유(調製粉乳)를 대치(代置)시키므로서 성장기(成長期) 흰쥐의 증체량(增體量)을 향상(向上)시켰다. 3. 대조구(對照區)사료를 먹는 군(群)들의 사료 섭취량이 분유(粉乳)처리군보다 많은 경향이 었으나 통계적(統計的) 유의성은 없었다. 3. 사료효율은 대조구(對照區)에 비(比)하여 분유처리구(粉乳處理區)가 현저히(P<0.01) 좋았고, 분유간(粉乳間)에는 차이(差異)가 없었으나, 분유(粉乳)A의 사료효율이 가장 좋았고, 발효유 급여군(給與群)과 비급여군간(非給與群間)의 유의성도 각각 검정되지 않았다. 4. 단백질효울(蛋白質效率)은 다섯가지의 분유(粉乳) 및 발효유 처리구가 모두 대조구보다 현저히 (P<0.01) 높았으나, 분유(粉乳)들간에는 차이가 없었고, 조제분유 B에 발효유를 첨가한 구가 다른 모든 구보다 단백질 효율이 훨씬(P<0.01) 좋았다. 이는 발효유가 단백질효율을 개선시키는데 어떤 효과(效果)를 미치거나, 다른 시험구 사료에 아미노산 함량(含量)이 요구량(要求量)보다 훨씬 높았고, 동물(動物)이 필요량(必要量) 이상의 필수아미노산 함량(含量)을 받으면 그 이용(利用)율이 저하되기 때문인 것으로 추측된다. 5. 최종장기(最終臟器)의 무게는 처리간(處理間)에 아무런 차이를 보이지 않았다. 6. 고형물의 소화율은 분유(粉乳)처리구 및 발효유처리구가 대조구보다 높았고, 지방과 탄수화물도 유제품구(乳製品區)가 높았으나, 단백질의 소화율은 차이가 없었다. 생물가(生物價) 및 단백질 이용율은 발효유구(區)> 분유구(區)> 대조구(區)의 순으로 좋아서 단백질 효율, 사료효율, 성장효과 등에 대한 이들 시험사료의 효과(效果)를 뒷받침한다고 생각된다. 7. 장내 미생물의 변화는 발효유를 급여한 군(群)이 비급여군(非給與群)에 비(比)해 불리(不利)한 대장균(大腸菌)은 적은 반면, 유리(有利)한 유산균(乳酸菌)은 많았다. 이상의 여러 결과(結果)들을 종합(綜合)할 때 세가지 분유(粉乳)사이의 영양효과(營養效果)는 비슷하고, 분유(粉乳)나 발효유(醱酵乳)의 첨가(添加)가 어린쥐의 성장(成長)을 도웁고, 사료효율이나 단백질(蛋白質) 이용률(利用率)을 증진(增進)시키는 것이 확실하다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.83-92
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• 2003

Improving dietary patterns, na, in turn, improving nutritional status, is now viewed as a key to improve public health and to prevent chronic diseases. There has been a peat needs to assess diet quality to identify nutritional risk group, however, little research has been done on methods to assess overall diet quality. The purpose of this study was to develope a mini dietary assessment (MDA) index for evaluation of overall dietary quality. A 10-component system was devised based on dietary guidelines and food Tower for Koreans. The system contained 4 food elements of which use is encouraged, such as milk, meat, vegetables, fruits, and 3 food elements of which use is limited, such as fat, salt, or sugar. Also the included were elements on dietary regulation and variety. A subject is to check one of ‘always' 'generally'seldom', which has score of 5, 3, and 1, respectively, so the total possible index score is 50. This index is to use without dietary survey and is to use even by non-nutritionist. A sample of 432 healthy males and females in their 30's and 40's contributed diet intake data based on 24-hour recall for the validation of MDA. The mean MDA score was 31.34 of a possible 50 points. The main nutrients for each MDA component was correlated very well with the results of 24-hour recall. Also, very good correlation was found between healthy eating index (HEI) score and MDA score. However, some of MDA components were needed a modification of term or/and statement. So the Uh was revised and another effort for validation was made with new sample of 169 subjects and even better correlation was found. The revised MDA could be used with minor modification to assess diet quality and to screen nutritional status. (Korean J Nutrition 36(1): 83-92, 2003)

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제27권
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• pp.56-67
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• 1984

As in many other country, the use of organic matter in Korea has long history. Farmers understand the value of organic matter as the source of plant nutrient and soil improving agent in general. Since 50 years ago, the sources of organic matter in paddy soils were compost, rice and barly straw, green manure, animal waste, fish and beancake, etc.. Application of green manures such as vetch and chinese milk vetch showed no significant effect on the yield of brown rice in paddy soil. On the other hand, the effects of compost and rice straw showed more significant on the yield of brown rice in paddy soil. Application of rice straw in rice cultivation is commonly made at different times between harvest, early spring and several weeks before transplanting. Considering the suitable paddy soil for application of rice straw under well to moderately well drained soil, the yield was pronounced more than poorly drained soil. Based on laboratory and field experimants, application of rice straw promoted the decrease of oxidation-reduction potential in well to moderately well drained soil. This results to be enhanced the release of some mineral nutrients,. such as potassium, calcium, silicon, and increase of availability of soil phosphorus. In the field experiments, results obtained from nitrogen fraction on the immobilization-mineralization of the tracer nitrogen applied in paddy soil,the amount and index of organic nitrogen incoporated in soil was more pronounced in rice straw application than control. Rice straw and its transformation products incoporated in the soil, provided the inflow of energy necessary to maintain heterotrophic microbes activities. Rice straw and its transformation products, especially soluble carbohydrate, enhanced the population of free-living heterotrophic $N_2$ - fixing microbes. Moreover, rice straw and its transformation products in paddy soil, enhanced the activities of soil enzymes such as dehydrogenase and urease.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.335-351
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• 2008

Adequate nutrients intake and regular eating habit are so important for the students to develop physical and mental health, and they contribute significantly for the development of intellectual capacity. The intake of simple sugar contained in the processed foods is known to have been related not only with such physical problems as obesity and diabetes but also with hyperactivity during growing period. This study analysed the effects of carbohydrate processed snacks on the middle school students' emotional intelligence and intended to demonstrate the correlation and the influence of the foods. The subjects of this study were 476 the 1st grade middle school students sampled from two public middle schools of Gyeonggi Province, Korea. Questionnaire contained 47 questions including the kinds of sugar containing processed foods, the frequency of intake, the frequency of normal diet, and the emotional test. All data obtained in this study were processed by SAS 8.2 program. 77.9% of the students had snacks more than once a day and the favored foods were in the order of bread, cookies, fruit, milk and dairy products, flour foods, ramen and ice cream. Less of the sugar contained processed snacks consumed high emotional intelligence showed(p<0.001). And low intake of carbohydrate processed snacks linked with having more regular meals and the higher levels of emotional intelligence. There was no gender difference in consuming simple sugar containing processed foods, however, out of these foods, carbonated drinks, ramen and pizza affected significantly the emotional intelligence of the male students. It was found that sugar contained processed snacks affect the eating habits like meal skipping and the emotional intelligence. It is determined that the effects of carbohydrate processed snacks on emotional intelligence can not be denied.