• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.638-652
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• 2010

A valid food or dish frequency questionnaire needs to be developed in Korea for accurate dietary assessment because the dietary practices of Koreans are very different from those of other countries. This study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the newly developed, semi-quantitative, dish-based frequency questionnaire (Semi-DFQ) with 12-day dietary records (12-DRs) as a gold standard. The study subjects were 115 men and 173 women aged 30-65 years old. We calibrated the frequency, portion size and daily intake of 112 dish items reported in Semi-DFQ with those in 12-DRs by Spearman rank correlation coefficients (SCCs). The consumption frequency and portion size reported in Semi-DFQ were higher than those in 12-DRs. The SCCs for the consumption frequency of various dishes ranged from -0.07 (fried seaweed) to 0.70 (instant coffee), the portion size ranged from -0.09 (cold seaweed soup) to 0.68 (soju), and the daily intake ranged from -0.07 (fried seaweed) to 0.71 (soju). The SCCs were higher for dishes consumed daily, such as steamed rice,milk, coffee and alcohol, than those of foods eaten rarely. The overall agreements between the Semi-DFQ and 12-DRs were low for categories of consumption frequency and portion size, even though some dishes showed high SCCs. The SCCs of the two methods in consumption frequency and amount were higher among the women and younger subject. The results revealed the limitation of the Semi-DFQ for evaluating the status of usual individual intake. Therefore, the Semi-DFQ can be used in addition as dietary records and 24-hour recall depending on the research aims.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.193-205
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• 2014

본 연구에서 국민건강영양조사 데이터를 활용하여 우리나라 성인에서 성별 영양표시의 활용 정도에 따른 식습관, 생활 습관 및 식사 섭취 상태에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과, 영양표시를 읽지 않고, 영양표시의 영향을 받지 않는 성인의 경우 음주 빈도가 높거나 (남성), 라면의 섭취 빈도는 높은 반면 우유, 요구르트, 두유와 같은 바람직한 식품의 섭취 빈도는 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 영양표시를 활용하지 않는 대상자에서 비타민 $B_2$, 비타민 C 및 칼슘과 같은 미량영양소 섭취의 질이 낮게 나타난 의미있는 결과를 도출하였다. 이와 같은 결과는 영양표시의 이용 및 영향 여부와 같은 적절한 식태도가 영양소 섭취의 질 및 식품 선택에도 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 제안할 수 있는 근거자료가 될 수 있으며, 향후 영양표시 이용에 대한 세분화된 영양교육시 기초자료가 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.93-101
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• 2018

Objectives: With the increasing number of single households and so-called Honbab-jok, those who eat alone, people tend to enjoy convenient and simple meals, such as single dish meals. This study was performed to provide data on the energy and nutrient content, and nutritional adequacy of single-dish meal. Methods: From the literature reviews, 61 types of single-dish meals were selected, and divided into 4 groups (steamed rice, noodle, porridge, and sandwich burger), and a further 11 sub-groups (bibimbab, fried rice, topped rice, rolled rice/ warm noodle, cold noodle, seasoned noodle, dukgook/ porridge/, and sandwich, burger). In addition, 382 junior high school students from Gyeonggi, Sejong, Jeonbuk, and Chungnam areas were recruited for the survey. The survey questionnaires were composed of the characteristics, preference, and intake frequency of single-dish meals. The representative energy content (arithmetic mean) of single-dish meals were calculated, and compared with the energy contents of preference and intake frequency-weighted values adjusted. The representative nutrient contents, energy contribution ratio, and INQ (index of nutritional quality) of a single-dish meal were calculated for a nutritional adequacy evaluation. Results: The study subjects considered a single-dish meal as tasty, simple and fast to prepare, inexpensive, nutritious, and no low calorie food. The preference scores of all but 1 sub-group of singledish meals were ${\geq}5.00$ (5.00~5.97), and 1 sub-group (porridge) was 4.67 on a 7-point scale. The intake frequency of 11 sub-groups were 0.31~1.71/week, porridge was the lowest at 0.31 and warm noodles was the highest at 1.71. Fried rice, rolled rice, and warm noodle' intake frequency were ${\geq}1/week$. The representative energy of steamed rice, noodle, sandwich burger were 443, 429, and 428 kcal, respectively, and that of porridge was 264 kcal. Less than 5% differences in the representative energy of 4 groups were observed when adjusted for the preference or intake frequency-weighted values. The energy contribution ratio of macro-nutrients calculations showed that porridge was a high carbohydrate and low fat food, whereas sandwich burger were high fat and low carbohydrate foods. The INQ of calcium and vitamin C were less than 1.0 in all 4 food groups, but the INQ of protein and thiamin were > 1.0 in all 4 single-dish food groups. Conclusions: The representative energy in the 4 groups of single-dish meal was 264~450 kcal, which is a rather low calorie meal, and the energy contribution ratio of macro-nutrients were inadequate. The protein and thiamin levels were sufficient but the calcium and vitamin C levels were insufficient in all 4 groups of a single-dish meal judged by the INQ. The additional intake of fruits and milk dairy products between meals with a single-dish meal, supply of calcium and vitamin C may increase, which will result in an improved nutritional balance.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.23-38
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• 2021

본 연구는 수행된 제6기와 제7기 1차년도 국민건강영양조사 2013-2016 자료를 이용하여 만 19-64세 성인 1인 가구의 식이 패턴에 따른 건강 및 영양상태를 조사하고 대사증후군 구성요소의 유병율과 위험도를 분석하였다. 주요 식이 패턴 도출을 위해 연구대상자의 장기간 섭취 패턴을 파악하고 만성질환과의 연관성을 평가하기에 적절한 [47] 반정량 식품섭취빈도조사지를 이용하였다. 식품섭취빈도조사지의 개별식품을 19개의 식품군으로 재분류하고 군집분석을 실시한 결과, 연구대상자들의 식이 패턴은 '밥과 김치' 패턴, '혼합식' 패턴, '유제품과 과일' 패턴의 총 3개 군집으로 추출되었다. 식이 패턴에 따른 연구대상자들의 일반적 특성은 '밥과 김치' 패턴과 '혼합식' 패턴에서 남성의 비율이 높았으며, 여성의 비율은 '유제품과 과일' 패턴에서 높았다. 연령은 '혼합식' 패턴은 19-29세가 많았으며, '유제품과 과일' 패턴은 50-64세가 많았다. 교육수준도 식이 패턴 간에 차이를 보였는데, '밥과 김치' 패턴에서 저학력 비율이 높은 반면 '유제품과 과일' 패턴은 고학력 비율이 높았다. 식생활 관련 요인을 비교한 결과, '혼합식' 패턴에서 아침 결식과 외식 비율이 높았으며, '유제품과 과일' 패턴은 식이보충제 이용이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 건강관련 요인을 분석한 결과, '혼합식' 패턴에서 높은 음주 빈도와 흡연 비율을 보였고, EQ-5D index는 '밥과 김치' 패턴에서 낮은 점수를 보였다. 영양소 섭취량을 비교한 결과에서 탄수화물 섭취량은 '밥과 김치' 패턴에서 높은 것으로 나타났으나, 그 외 지방, 비타민 A, 리보플라빈, 비타민 C, 나이아신, 칼슘, 인, 칼륨은 모두 '유제품과 과일' 패턴에서 섭취량이 가장 높았다. 본 연구에서는 식이 패턴에 따른 대사증후군 위험요소 위험도를 파악하기 위해 교란변수들을 차례로 보정한 후 분석을 실시하였다. 허리둘레와 중성지방은 기준치 이상이 될 위험도가 연령과 성별을 보정한 후에도 '유제품과 과일' 패턴에서 기준식이 패턴인 '밥과 김치' 패턴에 비해 각각 0.217배, 0.444배로 낮아졌으나 BMI, 폐경, 흡연상태, 음주, 에너지 섭취량을 보정한 후에는 유의적인 차이가 없었다 '밥과 김치' 패턴을 기준으로 대사증후군의 위험도를 비교하였을 때, 보정하지 않은 Model 1에서는 '유제품과 과일' 패턴에서 대사증후군 위험이 0.395배 (95% CI = 0.204-0.763)로 낮아 유의한 차이를 보였다. 교란변수를 차례로 보정한 후 식이 패턴이 대사증후군 위험도에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과에서는 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 현재 지속적으로 1인 가구가 증가하고 있는 추세로 보아 1인 가구에 대한 실태 파악은 매우 중요하다. 따라서 1인 가구의 식이 섭취 현황을 기반으로 한 특성을 다양하게 고려하여 대상별 영양관리 프로그램을 맞춤형으로 실시한다면 이들의 건강 및 영양관리가 효율적으로 이루어질 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제38권11호
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• pp.1543-1550
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• 2009

본 연구는 아토피피부염을 가지고 있는 아동과 정상 아동의 식습관, 식품섭취양상 및 영양소섭취상태 비교를 위해 서울 소재 1개교와 울산의 2개 초등학교에 재학 중인 5, 6학년 388명을 대상으로 설문지를 이용하여 실시되었다. 조사는 2008년 7월 7일부터 7월 18일까지 총 2주간 실시하였으며, 조사대상자 중 아토피피부염군은 16.7%(65명), 정상 아동군은 83.3%(323명)로 나타났다. 아토피피부염 아동군은 남학생 29명, 여학생 36명으로 남아보다는 여아에게서 더 호발 되었으며 대부분 7-13세에 아토피피부염이 유발된 것으로 나타났다. 아토피피부염 아동군 중 병원치료를 받고 있는 경우는 20.0%였고 아토피피부염 유발에 영향을 주는 식품인 튀김, 패스트푸드, 우유 등의 섭취를 제한하고 있었다. 식습관의 경우, 아토피피부염 아동군이 정상 아동군에 비해 식습관이 불규칙적인 것으로 나타났으며(p<0.05), 아토피피부염의 유발과 연관 있는 식품 중 우유, 돼지고기, 게, 메밀, 닭고기, 고등어, 복숭아, 토마토의 섭취량이 정상 아동군에 비해 아토피피부염 아동군에서 높게 나타났다. 또한, 아토피피부염 아동군이 열량(p<0.001), 총 단백질(p<0.05), 식물성 단백질(p<0.001), 당질(p<0.001), 식이섬유소(p< 0.01), 칼륨(p<0.05), 아연(p<0.001), 비타민 B1(p<0.001), 나이아신(p<0.01), 비타민 C(p<0.05) 및 엽산(p<0.01) 등의 섭취량이 정상 아동군에 비해 유의적으로 적었다. 본 연구결과 아토피피부염 아동은 정상아동에 비해 식습관이 불규칙적이고, 아토피피부염 유발식품의 섭취량은 많았으며, 대부분의 영양소 섭취량이 정상아동에 비해 적었다. 이러한 결과는 식품과 연관성이 높은 소아 아토피피부염에 부정적인 영향을 줄 수 있을 것으로 보이며, 아토피피부염 아동에 대해 적절한 식품의 선택과 균형 잡힌 식생활 및 식습관 교정의 필요성이 매우 절실한 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 아토피피부염을 악화시키는 원인식품의 섭취를 제한하는 것과 더불어 올바른 영양교육 및 지도가 이루어져야할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.427-439
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to determine whether Nutrition Quotient (NQ) for children, which has been developed from data on urban children, can be applied to children in rural areas. A total of 200 children (108 boys and 92 girls) in fifth and sixth grade at three elementary schools in rural areas of Gyeongbuk participated in the survey conducted during June 2012. Questionnaires consisted of items on food intake frequency and dietary behavior. Food intake data were obtained using the 24-hour recall method, and nutrient intake was calculated using the CAN-Pro 4.0 Program. Percentages of children who took less than the estimated average requirement were 76.5%, 49.5%, 45.5%, 33.5%, and 26.0% for calcium, vitamin C, iron, vitamin A, and folate, respectively. Significant associations were observed between intake frequencies of vegetables, kimchi, and fruits, and intake of vitamin C, folate, and dietary fiber. White milk and legumes showed positive correlation with intake of calcium and vitamin A. Eating breakfast, meal regularity, and diverse side dishes showed positive correlation with intake of folate and calcium. The 19 food checklist items could be categorized according to five factors. The mean NQ score of the subjects was 62.0, which was similar to that of urban children, 64.4. NQ score and factor scores for balance, regularity, and practice were significantly lower in children with lower socioeconomic level as compared to those with higher socioeconomic level. Higher NQ score showed an association with increased intake of vitamin B2, folate, vitamin C, and calcium. In conclusion, NQ offers a valuable instrument for evaluation of food habit and dietary quality of rural children as well as urban children, and children with low socioeconomic status should be monitored by testing with NQ checklist before implementation of nutrition programs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.392-402
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare the eating habit, food intake frequency and preferred food and taste of juvenile delinquents (100 numbers) and male high school students (100 numbers), using questionnaires from August to October 2004. 1) It was shown that the juvenile delinquents took more unbalanced diet (p<0.05), smoking (p<0.001) and drinking (p<0.001) than general students, while general students had more eating between meals (p<0.01). 2) The intake of food was a significant difference in white rices (p<0.01), bibimbab (p<0.001), kimbab (p<0.001), fried rice (p<0.001), ramen (p<0.001), jajangmyun (p<0.001), jambong (p<0.001), hamburger (p<0.001), pizza (p<0.001) and breads (p<0.05). The juvenile delinquents took more major food than that of general students in all the items except for white rice. It was observed, then, that the juvenile delinquents showed more intake of such subsidiary foods as bulgoki (p<0.001), roasted thin pork chops (p<0.001), grilled pork belly (p<0.001), pork cutlet (p<0.01), sweet and sour pork (p<0.001), chicken with ginseng (p<0.001), fried chicken (p<0.001), kimchi pot stew (p<0.01) and zucchini (p<0.05) than general students, with general students taking more kimchi (p<0.01) and fried or boiled soybean curd (p<0.01). The intake of dessert was a significant difference in yogurt (p<0.01), orange juice (p<0.001), cola (p<0.001), soft drinks (p<0.001), ion drinks (p<0.001), coffee (p<0.001), apple (p<0.01), banana (p<0.001), orange (p<0.001), cake (p<0.001), hot dog (p<0.001), ddokbokgi (p<0.01), mandu (p<0.001), fried fish paste (p<0.05), steamed korean sausage (p<0.001), fried foods (p<0.05), hem & sausage (p<0.001), cheese (p<0.001), ice-cream (p<0.001), candy (p<0.01), chocolate (p<0.001), mayonnaise (p<0.05), jam (p<0.01) and butter & margarine (p<0.01). Then, the juvenile delinquents were shown to entirely have more intake of all the desserts than those of general students. 3) Regarding preference of foods, it was shown that the juvenile delinquents preferred cereals (p<0.05), grilled pork belly (p<0.001), chicken with ginseng (p<0.01), anchovies and small fish (p<0.05), chicken with ginseng (p<0.05), seasoned spinach (p<0.001), seasoned zucchini (p<0.001), milk (p<0.05), coffee (p<0.001) and butter & margarine (p<0.05) while general students did egg (p<0.01), soybean sprout soup (p<0.001), boiled or fried potato (p<0.05), seasoned soybean sprout (p<0.05), boiled or fried soybean curd (p<0.01), fried foods (p<0.01) and snack (p<0.05). For their preference of tastes, hot taste (p<0.01) was higher in the juvenile delinquents. 4) Under general environments there was a change of the difference in their behaviour of pork cutlet (p<0.01) intake in accordance with other family and of milk (p<0.001) and butter & margarine (p<0.05) preference in accordance with growth in a big city between the two groups.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.71-78
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• 1996

This study was conducted to compare the dietary factors which influence on the bone status of 28 women in urban and 30 women in rural area. Urinary excretion of hydroxyproline(Hpr) and Calcium(Ca) were measured as biological markers of bone resorption. Mean daily intake levels of total protein, animal protein, total calcium, calcium, calcium from milk and milk products, animal calcium, Ca / P ratio by 24 hr recall method were significantly higher in urban women. However, mean daily sodium(Na) intake levels were not significantly different between two groups. Ca Index score and Na Index score by food frequency methods were also significantly higher in urban than in rural subjects. While urinary Ca excretion elves of two groups were similar, Na excretion levels were significantly higher in rural women. Mean urniary levels of Ca / creatinine(cr) and Hpr / cr as bone status index were within normal range and not significantly different between two groups. However, prevalence of poor bone status as assessed by hydroxyproline was higher in rural women. Na Index, urinary Ca excretion and Ca / cr ratio were significantly correlated with bone status(Hpr / cr) in urban women, while only age was related to bone status in rural women. These demonstrated that high Na intake results in increased urinary excretion of Na and Ca and could cause bone resorption. Multiple regression analysis indicated that Na Index score and age have greater effect than other variables in urban women and only age has greater effect in rural women.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.198-203
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• 2008

This study was conducted to compare the effects of feeding high protein and low energy milk replacer (HPR; CP 25%, ME 3.6 Mcal/kg DM) with low protein and high energy milk replacer (HPR; CP 21%, ME 4.2 Mcal/kg DM) on feed consumption, body weight (BW) gain, health and selected blood metabolites in Holstein calves during the pre-weaning period. At each feeding, each milk replacer (MR) was prepared by mixing 0.125 kg of dry MR in 1L of warm ($60^{\circ}C$) water. The calves were fed either HPR (n = 10) or HER (n = 10) using mobile plastic bottles fitted with soft rubber nipples. All calves received 1.8L diluted MR at each feeding 3 times daily during the first 4 weeks of age; feeding frequency was reduced to 2 times daily for the next 2 weeks of age and then to once daily during the last week of the experiment. Jugular blood was sampled in calves at day 7, 14, 21, 35 and 49 of age to enumerate selected metabolites. Daily MR, starter and hay intake during the pre-weaning period were similar in calves fed HPR and HER. Consumption of starter, MGH and total DM steadily increased with the age of calves. Final BW, daily BW gain and feed efficiency of calves were not affected by treatments. Serum glucose, cholesterol, creatinine were decreased (p<0.05) and blood urea N was increased (p<0.05) in calves fed HER or HPR as they grew older. Serum glucose, total protein and albumin concentrations in calves were not affected by treatments. Serum GPT and GOT concentrations were higher (p<0.05) in calves on HPR than on HER. Scouring score, days scoured, respiratory score, rectal temperature and general appearance were similar in calves fed HPR and HER. Poor general appearance (dullness and droopy ears) of calves fed either HPR or HER reflected nutritional insufficiency and stress. In conclusion, energy and protein concentrations in MR did not affect feed intake and BW gain in Holstein calves during the pre-weaning period. Poor general appearance and lower BW gain of calves compared to those reported in the literature for milk fed calves prompt a demand for further research to improve the daily nutrient supply to MR-fed calves.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제37권7호
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• pp.869-878
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• 2008

최대골질량에 근접할 수 있는 20대 여성들의 골격건강 상태는 중년기 이후 급증하는 골절이나 골다공증 발병과 밀접한 관련이 있다. 본 연구는 골격계질환 예방을 위하여 청년층의 식사지침 설정에 필요한 기초자료를 얻고자, 20대 여대생들의 골밀도를 측정하여 정상군과 골질환군으로 분류한 후, 신체계측과 식사섭취 상태 등을 조사 비교하고, 골밀도와 관련된 제 요인들을 분석하였다. 대상자들의 골밀도는 WHO에서 분류한 T-score값에 따라 정상군 59명($-0.42{\pm}0.45$), 골감소증군(골다공증 2명+골감소증 41명, $-1.52{\pm}0.41$) 43명이었으며, 골다공증과 골감소증을 나타낸 대상자는 전체 대상자의 약 42%로 나타났다. 평균 연령은 21.43세, 신장, 체중 및 체질량지수(BMI)는 각각 $161.25{\pm}4.77\;cm$, $56.05{\pm}9.20\;kg$과 21.5($kg/m^2$)이었으며 전체 대상자 중 60명(58.8%)만이 정상체중군에 속하였고 골감소증군에서 저체중자의 비율이 높게 나타났다. 정상군과 골감소증군의 신체계측치를 비교했을 때, 체중, 체단백질(protein mass), 무기질(mineral mass), 골격근량(skeletal muscle mass), 제지방량(fat free mass) 및 체수분(total body water) 함량 등이 골감소증군에서 유의적으로(p<0.05) 낮게 나타났다. 영양소 섭취 상태를 분석한 결과에서는 한국인영양섭취기준(KDRIs)의 75% 이하로 섭취하고 있는 영양소에는 비타민 C(73%), 엽산(49%), 칼슘(66%)과 칼륨(45%) 등이었고, 영양섭취기준에 비해 높게 섭취하고 있는 영양소에는 단백질(136%), 비타민B6(120%), 인(122%) 및 나트륨(충분섭취량의 256%) 등이었다. 체중 1 kg당 영양소섭취량을 분석 비교한 결과에서는 두 군간 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았으나, 정상군에 비해 골감소증군에서 에너지섭취량이 다소 높았고, 칼슘은 섭취량자체는 많았지만 동물성칼슘의 비율이 낮게 나타났고, 마그네슘(Mg)의 섭취량도 적게 나타났다. 식품군별 섭취량과 섭취빈도를 분석한 결과에서는, 정상군과 골질환군에서 섭취량에는 유의적인 차이가 없었으나 우유와 유제품의 섭취빈도가 골감소증군에서 다소 낮게 나타났다. Tscore와 관련성을 보인 신체계측지수는 체중(p<0.01), PIBW(p<0.05), 신장(p<0.01), 체단백질(p<0.001), 체지방량(plt;0.05), 무기질(p<0.001), 체수분(p<0.001), 근육량(p<0.001), 제지방량(p<0.001), BMI(p<0.05), 골격근량(p<0.001), 허리둘레(plt;0.05) 및 엉덩이둘레(plt;0.05) 등이었으며, 체중 1 kg당 영양소섭취량과의 관련성에서는 에너지, 단백질, 지질, 당질, 인, 나트륨 및 칼륨이 유의적으로($p<0.05{\sim}p<0.01$) 음(-)의 관련성을 나타내었고, 섭취빈도와의 관련성에서는 우유 및 유제품의 섭취빈도는 양(+)의, 버섯류의 섭취빈도는 음(-)의 유의적인(p<0.05) 관련성을 보였다. 이상의 결과에서 최대의 골질량에 근접해야하는 20대 여대생의 골격건강상태는 약 42%의 대상자가 골감소증군으로 나타나, 중년층의 골질환 발병율과 거의 같은 수준을 보였다. 따라서 이에 대한 예방대책이 조속히 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다. 골격건강 상태에 영향을 주는 요인으로는 적정 체중유지가 중요한데, 전체 대상자의 약 59%만이 적정체중 범위에 있었고, 골감소증군에서 저체중자의 비율이 높게 나타나 건강체중유지에 대한 교육도 강조되어져야 할 것이다. 식사관련요인에서는 각 영양소의 섭취량 자체도 중요하지만 특히 칼슘, 인, 나트륨, 칼륨 및 마그네슘등의 경우 각 영양소 상호간의 섭취 비율이 골격건강에 더 많은 영향을 주는 것으로 사료된다. 취약한 칼슘섭취상태를 보완하기 위한 주요 급원식품으로는, 우유와 유제품의 공급이 우선시되어야 함을 확인할 수 있었다.