• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.245-257
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• 1998

This study was performed to measure the changes of the mandibular movement and the masticatory muscular activities - anterior temporal and masseter muscle of both side - reflected by intentional increase of anterior guidance angie. For this study, 5 volunteers (3 males and 2 females with average age of 24.0) were selected. Each volunteer had Angle's classification I and did not have any missing tooth except third molar and any extensive restorations. Metallic guide plate was made at volunteer's working model fabricated by improved dental stone and cemented to the palatal surface of maxillary central incisor using resin cement(Panavia $21^{(R)}$) and then adjusted not to give any occlusal interferences at intercuspal position. The activity of masticatory muscles and the changes of mandibular movement were recorded by EMG and Sirognathograph in Biopak analysing system(Bioresearch Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA). Measurement was done at before experiment, immediatley after placement, 1 week after placement, immediately after removal, and 1 week after removal. The results were as follows: 1. Moderate phonetic disturbance and mild headache were occured to 3 volunteers for 2 days after setting and 1 volunteer had positive reaction to percussion and slight midline diastema. But all of these clinical signs were diappeared 1 week after removal and the other volunteer did not have any special clinical sign. 2. In the EMG of the mandibular rest position, the mean value of anterior tempotal muscle was increased immediately after placement(p<0.01) and then decreased 1 week after placement(p<0.05) and increased 1 week after removal(p<0.05) but not recovered as before experiment. The mean value of masseter muscle was decreased during the experiment period. 3. In the EMG during mandibular protrusive movement, all muscular activity was decreased during the experiment period. Reduced activity was not recovered 1 week after removal(p<0.03). 4. During the habitual opening, anteroposterior movement of mandible was decreased immediately after placement(p<0.05) and then increased 1 week after placement but not statistically significant(p>0.1). Vertical movement was not shown significant difference during the experiment period(p>0.1). Lateral movement was decreased immediately after placement(p<0.05) and then increased 1 week after placement but not recovered as before experiment. The opening and closing velocity of mandible was shown minor changes but not statistically significant. 5. During the habitual opening, anteroposterior movement of mandible was decreased 1 week after placement(p<0.05) and then increased immediately after removal and recovered 1 week after removal as before experiment. Vertical movement was not shown significant changes. Lateral displacement of mandible was increased continuously and recovered 1 week after removal. Opening velocity was temporarily increased immediately after removal but recovered and closing velocity was not shown significant changes. 6. During the right side chewing, anteroposterior movement of mandible was increased immediately after removal but recovered and vertical movement was not shown statistically significant results. Lateral displacement and velocity of mandible were not shown significant results. 7. During the left side chewing, the changes of mandibular movement pattern were not shown statistically significant results.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.645-661
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• 2009

The water extract of Dohongsamul-Tang(DHSMT) has been traditionally used to stroke and brain injuries in Oriental Medicine. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of DHSMT on the gene expression profile of cerebral infarction by cDNA microarray in photothrombotic ischemia mouse model. Photothrombotic ischemia was induced in stereotactically held male BALB/c mice using rose bengal and cold light. MRI was performed 24 hours after inducing photothrombosis using 1.5 T MRI and 47 mm surface coil to obtain T2-weighted, and contrast-enhanced images. After MRI test, animal was sacrificed and the brain sections were stained for hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemistry. MRI and histological analysis revealed that lesion of thrombotic ischemia was well induced in the cortex with the evidence of biological courses of infarction. The target area of thrombotic infarction was 1 mm anterior to bregma and 3 mm lateral to midline with 2 mm in diameter, which were decreased by administration of DHSMT. To assess gene expression pattern of cerebral infarction, mRNA was isolated and reacted with microarray chip(Agilant's DNA Microarray 44K). Scatter and MA plot analysis were performed to clustering of each functional genes. M value [M=log2(R/G), A={log2(R ${\times}$ G)}/2] was between -0.5 and +0.5 with 40% difference. After pretreatment with DHSMT, the expression levels of mRNA of many genes involved in various signaling pathway such as apoptosis, cell cycle, cell proliferation, response to oxidative stress, immune response, angiogenesis, and inflammatory cytokine were markedly inhibited in photothrombotic ischemia lesion compared to the control group. These results suggest that DHSMT prevent ischemic death of brain on photothrombotic ischemia model of mice through modulation of gene expression at the transcriptional level.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.369-375
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• 1995

Purpose : To evaluate the efficacy of hydroxyurea with radiation in carcinoma of the cervix, huge exophytic or endophytic stage IIA and IIb. Materials and Methods : Sixty four patients with carcinoma of the cervix stage IIA (29 patients) with exophytic ($\geq$3cm in diameter) or huge endophytic mass and IIB (35 patients) treated with radiation and hydroxyurea at the Department of Radiation Oncology, Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University. School of Medicine from Aug, 1989 to May, 1991. The maximum and mean follow up durations were 68 and 57 months respectively. The radiation therapy consisted of external irradiation to the whole pelvis(3600-5400cGy) and boost parametrial doses (for a total of 4500-6300cGy) with midline shield ($4{\times}10$ cm), and combined with intracavitary irradiation (3000-3500 cGy to point A). Hydroxyurea was to be taken in a single oral dose of 1.0gm/day during radiation therapy. Results : The control rate was 89.1%. The actuarial overall five year survival rate was 78.8% for stage IIA and 72.8% for stageIIB. The overall recurrence rate was 25% (16/64). Tewnty-three percent of the patients developed leukopenia ($\geq$grade 3) and four percent of the patients developed grade 3 or greater thrombocytopenia. Grade 3 or greater GI, GU complication and anemia were not noted. There was no treatment related death noted. Conclusion : We considered that hydroxyurea and radiation therapy may improve survival rate in huge exophytic and endophytic stage IIa cervical carcinoma with acceptible morbidity.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.263-268
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• 2013

Objectives: The interforminal region, between the mandibular foramen, is known as a relatively safe area that is free of anatomic structures, such as inferior alveolar nerve, submandibular fossa, and lingual side of the mandible is occasionally neglected for its low clinical importance. Even in the case of a severely constricted alveolus, perforation of the lingual cortical bone had been intended. However, anterior extension of the inferior alveolar canal, important anatomic structure, such as concavity of lingual bone, lingual foramina, and lingual canal, has recently been reported through various studies, and untypical bleeding by perforation of the lingual plate on implantation has also been reported. Therefore, in this study, we performed radiographic and statistical analysis on distribution and appearance frequencies of the lingual foramina that causes perforation of the mandibular lingual cortical bone to prevent complications, such as untypical bleeding, during surgical procedure. Materials and Methods: We measured the horizontal length from a midline of the mandible to the lingual foramina, as well as the horizontal length from the alveolar crest to the lingual foramina and from the lingual foramina to the mandibular border by multi-detector computed tomography of 187 patients, who visited Dankook University Dental Hospital for various reasons from January 1, 2008 to August 31, 2012. Results: From a total of 187 human mandibles, 110 (58.8%) mandibles had lingual foramina; 39 (20.9%) had bilateral lingual foramen; 34 (18.2%) had the only left lingual foramen; and 37 (19.8%) had the only right lingual foramen. Conclusion: When there is consistent bleeding during a surgical procedure, clinicians must consider damages on the branches of the sublingual artery, which penetrate the lingual foramina. Also, when there is a lingual foramina larger than 1 mm in diameter on a pre-implantation computed tomography, clinicians must beware of vessel damage. In order to prevent these complications and progress with a safe surgical procedure, a thorough radiographic examination before the surgery is indispensable. Further, clinicians should retract lingual flap definitely to confirm the shape of the lingual bone and existence of the lingual foramina.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.371-375
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• 2014

This article describes the use of laparoscopic-assisted cystoscopy for removal of urinary calculi in five dogs. All dogs had micturition disorder due to urinary calculi. The surgical technique used was same in all cases. A urethral catheter passed into the urinary bladder through the urethra preoperatively. A 5-mm diameter cannula was placed in the ventral midline, 1 to 2 cm cranial to the umbilicus, and the 5-mm laparoscope was introduced via the cannula. A 10-mm diameter cannula was placed adjacent to the apex of the bladder under the visual guidance of laparoscopy. The bladder was then partially exteriorized through the 10-mm portal site, and a stab incision was performed on the bladder wall. The incisional margin of the bladder was sutured to the skin of the second portal site in $360^{\circ}$ simple continuous suture. A 2.7-mm diameter cystoscope with a sheath was introduced into the bladder lumen. The cystic and urethral calculi were removed under the visual guidance of cystoscopy with continuous fluid flushing. No major postoperative complications were identified. During the follow up period (range 7 to 21 months), no episodes of urinary dysfunction or recurrence of clinical signs were observed.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.158-162
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• 2009

Background: The loss of resistance (LOR) method is most commonly used to identify the epidural space. This method is thought to rely on the penetration of the ligamentum flavum. Unfortunately the exact morphology of the ligamentum flavum is variable at different vertebral levels. Especially, it has been pointed out that the lower cervical ligamentum flavum may be discontinuous in the midline in up to 50% of patients. Thus, the LOR method may be inaccurate to confirm the cervical epidural space. The aim of this study is to determine which method is the safest and most exact for confirming the cervical epidural space. Methods: 100 adult, chronic renal failure patients who were undergoing an arteriovenous bridge graft for hemodialysis at the upper arm under cervical epidural anesthesia were recruited for this study. During the cervical epidural puncture, we identified the cervical epidural space by subjectively feeling the resistance with using a finger just through the ligamentum flavum, and we also used the drip infusion method, the loss of resistance method using air, and the hanging drop method. By using 5 grades, we classified the extent of whether or not the techniques were effective. Results: Using the drip infusion method, we identify the epidural space in all the patients as ＋/＋＋ grade. The catheter insertion method was also successful in identifying those epidural spaces over a ${\pm}$ grade. The pseudo LOR was over ${\pm}$ grade in 47 patients. Conclusions: The combined LOR/hanging drop with drip infusion method is useful for confirming the cervical epidural space.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.4 s.63
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• pp.523-538
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• 1997

In order to investigate TMD prevalence in malocclusion patients and to study its relationship with occlusal factors, 205 malocclusion patients (M67, F138, 6Y1M-46Y8M) were examined. The following examinations were carried out, Questionnaire personal history, TMD symptoms, and the associated factors Clinical examination : TMJ sound and maximum mouth opening Orthopantomogram : condyle abnormalities, length of Co'-Inc' and Co'-Go', ratio Co'- Inc'/ Co'-Go', and depth of antegonial notch Transcranial view limitation of anterior movement of condyle Model Angle classification, overjet, overbite, midline discrepancy, missing of posterior teeth, posterior crossbite, attrition of palatal cusp of maxillary molars, crowding/spacing The results could be summarized as follows, 1. The prevalence of TMD showed that Helkimo Anamestic Inder(Ai) 0 was $46.8\%$, Ai I was $22.0\%$, Ai II was $31.2\%$ and subjective symptoms increased with aging (p<0.001) and were frequent in females (p<0.05). 2. Flattening ($4.4\%$) was the most frequent condyle abnormality on Orthopantomogram, and $8.3\%$ of subjects showed some abnormalities on Orthopantomogram. 3. The cases with neck and shoulder pain (p<0.001), clenching, lip biting (p<0.01), and headache (p<0.05) showed higher scores of Ai. 4. Angle class II showed high frequency of condylar abnormalities on Orthopantomogram, and subjects whose palatal cusp of maxillary molars had been attrided had the tendency to show high hi scores (p<0.05). The other occlusal factors had nothing to do with the symptoms of TMD. 5. In the cases that 1)the value of Co'-Inc', Co'-Go' or Co'-Inc'/Co'-Go' were low or 2)the differences of Co'-Go' or Co'-Inc'/Co'-Go' between the right and the left were large, condylar abnormalities were frequently obserbed on Orthopantomogram.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.581-595
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• 2001

In performing implant procedures in the anterior portion of the maxilla, many difficulties exist because of anatomical reasons, such as the proximity of the nasal floor, lateral extension of the incisive canal, and labial concavity. On the other hand, in the posterior region of the maxilla, there is often insufficient recipient bone between the maxillary sinus and alveolar ridge due to alveolar ridge resorption and pneumatization of the maxillary sinus. In order to perform implants in such regions, ridge augmentation procedures such as onlay bone graft, guided bone regeneration, and maxillary sinus grafting are performed. In studies of Caucasians, use of autograft from mandibular symphysis has been reported to be highly successful in maxillary sinus grafting. However, in a clinical study of Koreans, autograft of mandibular symphysis has been reported to have significantly low success rate. It has been hypothesized that this is because of insufficient cancellous bone due to thick cortical bone. In order to test this hypothesis, bone quality and morphology of Koreans can be compared with those of Caucasians. In this study, the bone density and morphology of the cortical bone and cancellous bone in the mandibular symphysis of 35 Korean cadavers were evaluated. The following results were obtained: 1. In terms of bone density, type I, type II, and type III consisted of 1.4%(3/213), 72.3%(154/213), and 26.3%(56/213) of the cross-sectioned specimens, respectively. In general, the bone density tended to change from type II to type III, as cross-sectioned specimens were evaluated from the midline to the canine. Type IV wasn't observed in this study. 2. The distance between the root apex and the lower border of the cancellous bone was 18.34mm-20.59mm. Considering that the bone has to be cut 5mm below the root apex during the procedure, autografts with about 15mm of vertical thickness can be obtained. 3. The thickness of cortical bone on the labial side increased from the root apex to the lower border of the mandible. The average values ranged from 1.43mm to 2.36mm. 4. The labio-lingual thickness of cancellous bone ranged from 3.43mm to 6.51mm. The thickness tended to increase from the apex to the lower border of the mandible and decrease around the lower border of cancellous bone. From the above results, the anatomic factors of the mandibular symphysis (bone density, thickness, quantity and length of the cortical bone and cancellous bone) didn't show any difference from Caucasians, and it cannot be viewed as the cause of failure in autografts in the maxillary sinus for implants.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.40
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• pp.13.1-13.8
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• 2018

Background: We evaluated change in the mandibular condyle after orthognathic surgery using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in patients with facial asymmetry. Methods: Thirty patients with skeletal class III malocclusion and mandibular prognathism or facial asymmetry were classified into two groups according to the amount of menton deviation (MD) from the facial midline on anteroposterior (AP) cephalogram: group A (asymmetry, MD ≥ 4 mm; n = 15) and group B (symmetry, MD < 4 mm; n = 15). Position and angle of condylar heads on the axial, sagittal, and coronal views were measured within 1 month preoperatively (T0) and postoperatively (T1) and 6 months (T2) postoperatively. Results: On axial view, both groups showed inward rotation of condylar heads at T1, but at T2, the change was gradually removed and the condylar head returned to its original position. At T1, both groups showed no AP condylar head changes on sagittal view, although downward movement of the condylar heads occurred. Then, at T2, the condylar heads tended to return to their original position. The change in distance between the two condylar heads showed that they had moved outward in both groups, causing an increase in the width between the two heads postoperatively. Analysis of all three-dimensional changes of the condylar head positions demonstrated statistically significant changes in the three different CBCT views in group B and no statistically significant changes in group A. Conclusions: There was no significant difference between the two groups in condylar head position. Because sagittal split ramus osteotomy can be performed without significant change in symmetrical and asymmetrical cases, it can be regarded as an effective method to stabilize the condylar head position in patients with skeletal class III malocclusion and mandibular prognathism or facial asymmetry.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.550-556
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• 2005

Tooth impaction is defined as a cessation of the eruption of a tooth at the level of the oral mucosa or alveolar bone by any causes. Any tooth in the dental arch can be impacted, but the teeth frequently involved in a descending order are the mandibular and maxillary third molars, the maxillary canines, the mandibular and maxillary second premolars, and the maxillary central incisors. In these teeth, impaction of maxillary incisor occurs in about 0.1-0.5% and major causes are trauma, supernumerary teeth and periapical inflammation of primary maxillary incisor. Delayed eruption of a maxillary central incisor results in midline shift, the space's being occupied by an adjacent tooth and different levels of alveolar height. Treatment options are observation, surgical intervention, surgical exposure and orthodontic traction, transplantation and extraction. These cases were about the patients with delayed eruption of maxillary central incisor. We surgically exposed impacted tooth and guided it into normal position by the orthodontic traction. At the completion of traction, the maxillary central incisor was positoned fairly within the arch and complications such as root resorption were not observed.