• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.150-156
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• 2007

This study was conducted to analyze the genetic characteristics of Korean Native Pigs(KNP), and to establish an individual identification system comprising many microsatellite markers located on different pig autosomes. Genotype data from 13 microsatellites typed in 446 animals was used to determine the validation of a method of individual identification in 4 KNP. A total of 112 alleles of the 13 microsatellites were detected and average heterozygosities(polymorphic information content) ranged from 0.286(0.423) to 0.686(0.796) in this study. Comparing the pattern of allele frequency among the KNP, Yorkshire, Landrace and Duroc breeds, there was specific differentiation between populations at multi-allelic loci. The cumulative power of discrimination(CPD) was 99.999% by including 10 microsatellite loci for the individual identification system. The probability that two different individuals incidentally have same genotype was estimated to be $0.36{\times}10^{-9}$. The system employing these 10 markers therefore proved to be applicable to the individual identification of KNP.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.475-483
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• 2012

Tribolodon hakonensis(Cypriniformes; Leuciscinae) is anadromous; they are born in freshwater, migrate back to the ocean, then return to their home stream for spawning from mid-March to early-June. Here, five microsatellites were used to assess the level of gene flow among T. hakonensis populations from the Samcheok-Oship Stream, South Korea. The frequencies of dominant alleles across several loci differed between down-and upstream populations divided by several weirs, and pairwise multilocus $F_{ST}$ estimate was significantly high(0.083). However, there were no signs of any loss of genetic variation in the upstream population. Assignment tests of individuals in admixture model(K=2) to a set of baseline samples showed fairly correct assignment to each cluster; all of upstream individuals sere included in the first cluster, while the majority of downstream individuals(65%) comprise the second cluster. These results indicate reduced gene flow between up- and downstream populations but allowing passive downstream drift. It is likely that man-made structures might at least partially be a factor for creating and consolidating the current distribution patterns of genetic variation among T. hakonensis populations in the Samcheok-Oship Stream. This information will assist governing agencies in making informed decisions regarding conservation of anadromous fishes in Korean drainage systems.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.425-429
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• 2010

To develop an efficient DNA typing system for Chinese Holstein cattle, 17 microsatellites, which were amplified in four fluorescent multiplex reactions and genotyped by two capillary electrophoresis injections, were evaluated for parentage verification and identity test. These markers were highly polymorphic with a mean of 8.35 alleles per locus and an average expected heterozygosity of 0.711 in 371 individuals. Parentage exclusion probability with only one sampled parent was approximately 0.999. Parentage exclusion probability when another parent' genotype was known was over 0.99999. Overall probability of identity, i.e. the probability that two animals share a common genotype by chance, was $1.52{\times}10^{-16}$. In a test case of parentage assignment, the 17 loci assigned 31 out of 33 cows to the pedigree sires with 95% confidence, while 2 cows were excluded from the paternity relationship with candidate sires. The results demonstrated the high efficacy of the 17 markers in parentage analysis and individual identification for Chinese Holstein cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.1047-1052
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• 2004

The genomes of Chinese native chicken populations were screened using microsatellites as molecular markers. A total of, 528 individuals comprisede12 Chinese native chicken populations were typed for 7 microsatellite markers covering 5 linkage groups and genetic variations and genetic distances were also determined. In the 7 microsatellite loci, the number of alleles ranged from 2 to 7 per locus and the mean number of alleles was 4.6 per locus. By using fuzzy cluster, 12 Chinese native chicken populations were divided into three clusters. The first cluster comprised Taihe Silkies, Henan Game Chicken, Langshan Chicken, Dagu Chicken, Xiaoshan Chicken, Beijing Fatty Chicken and Luyuan Chicken. The second cluster included Chahua Chicken, Tibetan Chicken, Xianju Chicken and Baier Chicken. Gushi Chicken formed a separate cluster and demonstrated a long distance when comparing with other chicken populations.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1102-1106
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• 2009

The Tibetan Mastiff is one of the most archaic, ferocious and the largest dogs in the world. The Kunming dog is the chief working-dog breed in China. In this study, ten microsatellite loci were used to assess the genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships in six dog breeds, including Tibetan Mastiff, Kunming dog, Belgian Malinois, Labrador Retriever, English Springer Spaniel, and German Shepherd. The highest genetic diversity was exhibited by the Tibetan Mastiff, indicating useful protection and little inbreeding in the modern Tibetan Mastiff. Higher genetic diversity was observed in European breeds, supporting the hypotheses that breeders outcross their pure breed dogs occasionally to avoid deleterious effects in Europe. Evolutionary relationships showed that English Springer Spaniel and Labrador Retriever were clustered together, then with the Tibetan Mastiff, consistent with previous cluster results. German Shepherd and Kunming dog were grouped together, coinciding with the breeding history of Kunming dog. It is the first time that Tibetan Mastiff and Kunming dog have been analyzed with microsatellites.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.35-46
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• 2005

This paper addresses the design and analysis results of a 2-axes magnetometer for attitude determination of small satellite. A low-cost and efficient 2-axes fluxgate magnetometer was selected as the most suitable attitude sensor for LEO microsatellites which require a low-to-medium level pointing accuracy. An optimization trade-off study has been performed for the development of 2-axes fluxgate magnetometer. All the relevant parameters such as permeability, demagnetization factor, coil diameter, core thickness, and number of coil turns were considered for the sizing of a small satellite magnetometer. The magnetometer which is designed, manufactured, and tested in-house as described in this paper satisfies linearity requirement for determining attitude position of small satellites. On the basis of magnetometer which is designed in Space System Research Lab. (SSRL), commercial magnetometer will be developed.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.68-76
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• 2007

Due to the increasing interest in SNPs and mutational hot spots for disease traits, it is becoming more important to define and understand the relationship between SNPs and their flanking sequences. To study the effects of flanking sequences on SNPs, statistical approaches are necessary to assess bias in SNP data. In this study we mainly applied Markov chains for SNP sequences, particularly those located in intronic regions, and for analysis of in-del data. All of the pertaining sequences showed a significant tendency to generate particular SNP types. Most sequences flanking SNPs had lower complexities than average sequences, and some of them were associated with microsatellites. Moreover, many Alu repeats were found in the flanking sequences. We observed an elevated frequency of single-base-pair repeat-like sequences, mirror repeats, and palindromes in the SNP flanking sequence data. Alu repeats are hypothesized to be associated with C-to-T transition mutations or A-to-I RNA editing. In particular, the in-del data revealed an association between particular changes such as palindromes or mirror repeats. Results indicate that the mechanism of induction of in-del transitions is probably very different from that which is responsible for other SNPs. From a statistical perspective, frequent DNA lesions in some regions probably have effects on the occurrence of SNPs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.461-465
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• 2002

Nine microsatellite loci were analyzed in 84 random individuals to characterize the genetic variability of three domestic goat breeds found in Korea and China: Korean goat, Chinese goat and Saanen. Allele diversity, heterozygosity, polymorphism information content, F-statistics, indirect estimates of gene flow (Nm) and Nei's standard distances were calculated. Based on the expected mean heterozygosity, the lowest genetic diversity was exhibited in Korean goat ($H_E$=0.381), and the highest in Chinese goat ($H_E$=0.669). After corrections for multiple significance tests, deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were statistically significant over all populations and loci, reflecting the deficiencies of heterozygotes (global $F_{IS}$=0.053). Based on pairwise FST and Nm between different breeds, there was a great genetic differentiation between Korean goat and the other two breeds, indicating that these breeds have been genetically subdivided. Similarly, individual clustering based on the proportion of shared alleles showed that Korean goat individuals formed a single cluster separated from the other two goat breeds.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.762-766
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• 2005

This study was conducted to establish an individual identification system comprising of 19 microsatellite markers located on different bovine autosomes. The markers were typed on 257 animals from five cattle breeds. In total, 112 alleles were detected from the genotyping of 19 microsatellite markers. The average heterozygosities ranged from 0.292 to 0.824 and the polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.274 to 0.817 in Hanwoo. We found that there were differences in allele frequencies in Hanwoo when compared with other cattle breeds. The calculated cumulative power of discrimination (CPD) was 99.999% when nine microsatellite loci were used for analysis in the individual identification system. Also the matching probability, the probability that two unrelated animals would show the same genotypes, was estimated to be $0.44{\times}10^{-9}$. Therefore, the nine markers used in this study will be used for individual identification in two million Hanwoo individuals.

• Plant Resources
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.81-91
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• 1998

Fifty-nine Korean soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) landrace accessions were tested for genotype fingerprinting, differentiation and association between morphological traits and SSR profile. Using 8 SSR loci, 59 varieties were divided into 55 groups, and only 4 pairs of varieties were not uniquely identified. The resolving power of SSR for soybean genotyping was much higher than that of the morphological traits that were studied. Identification efficiency also differed among SSR loci. Those loci with higher numbers of alleles distinguished varieties more effectively. Genetic differentiation values of the soybean landraces varied from 0.57 to 0.82 with a mean of 0.68. The number of alleles detected by the 8 loci ranged from 3 to 8. and the effective number of alleles ranged from 2.3 to 5.1. In a study of the association of SSR alleles with morphological traits, some alleles seemed to be related with some specific morphological traits. Comparison of two kinds of dendrograms which were derived from SSR markers and quantitative traits indicated that the dendrograms were not consistent. Considering the correlation between single SSR locus and qualitative traits governed by major genes, the data suggest that alleles of microsatellite loci be more closely related to some traits determined by major genes than those determined by minor genes.