• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 1985

시판(市販)되고 있는 쥐치포의 미생물(微生物) 오염도(汚染度)를 조사(調査)하고 流通中(유통중) 衛生管理(위생관리)에 필요(必要)한 기초자료(基礎資料)를 얻고자 3회(回)에 걸쳐 수집한 후 오염지표균(汚染指標菌) 및 유해세균(有害細菌)의 존재(存在)를 검사(檢査)하고 microflora를 조사(調査)한 결과(結果) 호기성(好氣性) 중온균(中溫菌), 일반대장균군(一般大腸菌群), 분별성 대장균군(大腸菌群), Enterobacteriaceae 및 분변성 Streptococci의 오염도(汚染度)가 각각(各各) $3.5{\times}10^3{\sim}1.1{\times}10^8CFU/g$, $2.3{\sim}4.6{\times}10^5MPN/g$, $2.3{\sim}1.1{\times}10^5MPN/g$, $3.0{\times}10{\sim}4.4{\times}10^5CFU/g$ 및 $1.6{\times}10^2{\sim}7.6{\times}10^6CFU/g$이었다. microflora에 있어서는 호기성(好氣性) 중온균(中溫菌)의 경우 Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus hemolyticus, Micrococcus varians, M. luteus 및 Streptococcus cremoris가, Enterobacteriaceae의 경우 E. coli와 Proteus rettgeri, 분변성 Streptococci는 Sc. faecium과 S. avium이 구성 미생물(微生物)이었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.1791-1798
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• 2006

When ginsenoside Rg5, a main component isolated from red ginseng, was incubated with three human fecal microflora for 24 h, all specimens showed hydrolyzing activity: all specimens produced ginsenoside Rh3 as a main metabolite, but a minor metabolite $3{\beta},12{\beta}$-dihydroxydammar-21(22),24-diene (DD) was observed in two specimens. To evaluate the antiallergic effect of ginsenoside Rg5 and its metabolites, the inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rg5 and its metabolite ginsenoside Rh3 against RBL-2H3 cell degranulation, mouse passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction induced by the IgE-antigen complex, and mouse ear skin dermatitis induced by 12-O-tetradecanoilphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) were measured. Ginsenosides Rg5 and Rh3 potently inhibited degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells. These ginsenosides also inhibited mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in RBL-2H3 cells stimulated by IgE-antigen. Orally and intraperitoneally administered ginsenoside Rg3 and orally administered ginsenoside Rg5 to mice potently inhibited the PCA reaction induced by IgE-antigen complex. However, intraperitoneally administered ginsenoside Rg5 nearly did not inhibit the PCA reaction. These ginsenosides not only suppressed the swelling of mouse ears induced by TPA, but also inhibited mRNA expression of cyclooxygenase-2, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and IL-4 and activation of transcription factor NF-kB. These inhibitions of ginsenoside Rh3 were more potent than those of ginsenoside Rg5. These findings suggest that ginsenoside Rg5 may be metabolized in vivo to ginsenoside Rh3 by human intestinal microflora, and ginsenoside Rh3 may improve antiallergic diseases, such as rhinitis and dermatitis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.1554-1560
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• 2000

Ninety-six crossbred (Large White${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Duroc) pigs, weaned at 35 days of age, were assigned to four dietary treatments in order to investigate the effects of oral antibiotics on the performance and the intestinal microflora of weanling pigs. Pigs were fed either a basal diet, without antibiotics, or the basal diet plus either 50 ppm acetylspiramycin, 50 ppm olaquindox, or 100 ppm bacitracin zinc. The pigs were housed eight per pen with three pens per treatment in an environmentally controlled nursery. Ten days after weaning, three pigs from each treatment were slaughtered and intestinal pH, microflora, and volatile fatty acid concentration were determined. At the end of the 4 week trial, the remaining pigs were weighed and feed consumption was measured. Average daily gains for pigs fed acetylspiramycin, olaquindox, bacitracin zinc and the control diet were 0.43, 0.40, 0.37, and 0.34 kg per day (p=0.001), respectively. Antibiotic addition did not modify feed intake, but acetylspiramycin improved feed conversion (p=0.003). In comparison with the control, acetylspiramycin significantly increased Bifidobacteria numbers in the jejunum (p=0.082) and ileum (p=0.014) and decreased total bacterial counts throughout the intestine (p<0.01 except for the ileum where p=0.079). Acetate production was significantly lower in the cecum (p=0.028) and colon (p=0.079) of pigs fed acetylspiramycin. In addition to increasing numbers of Bifidobacteria in the jejunum (p=0.082) and ileum (p=0.014), olaquindox increased Lactobacillus in the jejunum (p=0.004) and decreased E. coli in the colon (p=0.022). Bacitracin zinc increased Lactobacillus numbers in the jejunum (p=0.004) and Bifidobacterium concentrations in the jejunum (p=0.082) and ileum (p=0.014).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.261-266
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• 2012

Fermented Chlorella vulgaris CBT$^{(R)}$ was evaluated for its effects on egg production, egg quality, liver lipids and intestinal microflora in laying hens. One hundred and eight Hy-line Brown layers (n = 108), 80 wk of age, were fed a basal diet supplemented with CBT$^{(R)}$ at the level of 0, 1,000 or 2,000 mg/kg, respectively for 42 d. Egg production was measured daily and egg quality was measured every two weeks. Five eggs from each replicate were collected randomly to determine egg quality. Egg production increased linearly with increasing levels of CBT$^{(R)}$ supplementation (p<0.05), although there was no significant effect of treatment on feed intake. Egg yolk color (p<0.001) and Haugh unit (p<0.01) improved linearly with increasing dietary CBT$^{(R)}$. Hepatic triacylglycerol level was linearly decreased with increasing dietary CBT$^{(R)}$ (p<0.05). The supplemental CBT$^{(R)}$ resulted in linear (p<0.001) and quadratic (p<0.01) response in population of cecal lactic acid bacteria. In conclusion, fermented Chlorella vulgaris supplemented to laying hen diets improved egg production, egg yolk color, Haugh unit and positively affected the contents of hepatic triacylglycerol and the profiles of cecal microflora.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권7호
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• pp.1015-1020
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• 2012

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of bacteriophage supplementation on egg performance, egg quality, excreta microflora, and moisture content in laying hens. A total of 288 Hy-line brown commercial laying hens (36-wk-old) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments in this 6-wk trial and dietary treatments included: i) CON, basal diet; ii) T1, CON+0.020% bacteriophage; iii) T2, CON+0.035% bacteriophage; iv) T3, CON+0.050% bacteriophage. There were 6 replicates for each treatment with 6 adjacent cages (2 hens/cage). Laying hens in T2 and T3 treatments had higher (p<0.05) egg production than those in CON and T1 treatments during wk 0 to 3. In addition, egg production in T1, T2, and T3 treatments was increased (p<0.05) compared with that in CON treatment during wk 4 to 6. At wk 4 and 5, birds in T2 group had higher (p<0.05) HU than those in CON. In addition, at wk 5 and 6, HU in birds fed T1 and T3 diets was greater (p<0.05) than those fed CON diet. E. coli and Salmonella spp. concentrations in excreta were decreased (p<0.05) by T1, T2, and T3 treatments. However, egg weight, egg shell color, yolk height, yolk color unit, egg shell strength, egg shell thickness, egg gravity, and excreta moisture content were not influenced by dietary treatments during the entire experimental period. In conclusion, bacteriophage supplementation has beneficial effects on egg production, egg albumen, and excreta microflora concentration in laying hens.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.17-22
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• 1969

English sole(가재미종) 어편을 Polymylar bag에 밀봉하여 500 Krad의 감마선에 조사한 후 36일간의 0-2$^{\circ}C$ 저장기간중 조사한 것과 조사하지 않은 어편내에 축적되는 부패표시 물질과 총 균수를 측정하였다. 단백질 분해균을 직접 계수하기 위하여 Casein agar Plate 법을 만들어 저장기간중의 총균수비 대한 단백질분해균의 비율을 측정하는데 사용하였다. 500 Krad 선량 조사결과 어편의 총 균수는 10분의 1로 감축되었고 저장중 조사하지 않은 어편의 총균수 보다 훨씬 적어 1000분의 1선까지 내려갔다. 이에 따라 TVB와 TMA 축적도 억제되어 부패선을 넘지 못했으며 단백질 분해균 역시 총균수의 1% 이하선으로 감축되었으며 저장 기간중 이 선을 넘지 못했다. 반면에 조사하지 않은 어편엔 총 균수에 대한 이들의 비율은 저장기간중 점차 상승하여 22일째까지 총균수의 85.5%를 차지하였다. 방사선 조사로 인한 이 단백질 분해균의 선택적인 제거는 그 어편의 단백질 분해 부진 현상을 초래했다.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.154-161
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• 2001

In recent years, colon cancer has been reported to be one of the most important causes of cancer morbidity and mortality in Korea. Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) used to ferment dairy products inhibits colon carcinogenesis. The present study was designed to determine whether the colon cancer inhibitory effect of LAB (Bifidobacterium longum Hy8001; Bif and Lactobacillus acidophilus HY2l04; Lac) of Korean origin, is associated with intestinal microflora composition and certain enzyme activity in rats treated with azoxymethane (AOM). At five weeks of age, SD rats were divided at random into four (AOM alone, Bif, Lac, and Bif+Lac) groups. Oral administration of lactic acid bacteria cultures were performed daily until the termination of the study. Two weeks later all animals were given a subcutaneous injection of AOM dissolved in normal saline at a dose of 15 mg/kg of body weight once weekly for 2 weeks. Every two weeks for 10 weeks, five of the rats in each group were randomly chosen for fecal specimen collection. The fecal specimens were used for assay of $\beta$-glucuronidase and nitroreductase, and analysis of intestinal microflora composition. The activity of $\beta$-glucuronidase which plays an important role in the production of the carcinogenic metabolite of azoxymethane was remarkably increased in the AOM alone group after AOM injection and maintained the high level during the experiment. However, LAB inhibited the AOM-induced increase in $\beta$-glucuronidase activity. Nitroreductase activity decreased by 30-40% in LAB treated groups in comparison with that of the AOM alone group. The results of the present study suggest that LAB inhibits colon carcinogenesis by modulating the metabolic activity of intestinal micro-flora and improving the composition of intestinal microflora.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.43-52
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• 2005

This study was performed to evaluate the relation between the interval of supportive periodontal therapy and the prevalence of the subgingival microflora. The subgingival plaques from 108 patients were used in the study. Control group were the patients with no periodontal treatment and test groups were assigned into 3 groups according to the period of recall check: group 1; 1-2 months, group 2; 3-4 months, group 3; 6months or more. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) used for direct identification of periodontal pathogens (P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis, T. denticola) in subgingival plaque. The results of this study were as follows. 1. The prevalence of P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis, T. denticola in control group were 100%, 87%, 90%. 2. In clinical parameters such as plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, control group was not significant different with group 1 but Significant different with group 2, group 3. 3. In group 1, the majority of P. gingivalis had type II fimA. 4. When group 3 were compared with group 1, the prevalence of P. gingivalis increased. But the prevalence of P. gingivalis with type II fimA, which have the virulence factor, decreased. 5. We were unable to find the correlation between P. gingivalis with type IV fimA and periodontal disease. 6. The prevalence of T. forsythensis, T. denticola in test group were 85%, 93% or more. From the above results, we were able to find the relation between the interval of supportive periodontal therapy and the prevalence of the subgingival microflora and the need of the strict supportive periodontal therapy to prevent recurrence of periodontal disease, because there were high prevalence of periodontal pathogens.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.15-25
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• 2001

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding two strains of Lactobacillus and virginiamycin on performance, nutrients digestibility and intestinal microflora of broiler chicks(Abor acres$\times$Abor Acres) were randomly allocated into six treatments with four replications for five weeks. Control(no supplement), 0.05% virginiamycin(VM), Lactobacillus crispatus avibro1(LC), Lactobacillus reuteri avibro2(LR), LC+0.05% VM(LC+VM), LR+0.05% VM(LR+VM) were supplemented into basal diets, which contained ME 3,100kcal/kg and CP 22.0, 20.0% for starting and finishing period, respectively. Weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion(FC) were weekly measured. Nutrients digestibility, intestinal microflora and fecal noxious gas were examined at the end of experiment. Weight gains of chicks fed Lactobacillus or VM was significantly higher than control(P〈0.05). Feed intake increased significantly in those supplemental groups(P〈0.05). FC of chicks fed Lactobacillus or VM significantly lower than control(P〈0.05). Degestibility of crude protein, calcium, and phosphorus improved significantly in alone or combined Lactobacillus treatments(P〈0.05). Whereas DM, crude fat and ash digestibility were not statistically different. Feeding Lactobacilli tended to increase the total Lactobacillus spp. in ileum at one and three weeks of age(WOA) and showed significantly higher in cecum than control at 5 WOA. Total yeast were not shown difference at 1 and 3 WOA, but significantly increased at 5 WOA(P〈0.05). The ileal and cecal anaerobes were started to increase from the first WOA. Fecal NH$_3$gas tended to decrease in Lactobacillus treatments compared to that of other treatments.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.253-259
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• 1999

The objects of this experiment was to investigate the effect of dietary several supplemental probiotics on performance and intestinal microflora of Lohmann brown laying hens from 68 to 80 weeks. Basal diets based on corn and soybean meal contained 18.0% CP and 2,720㎉/kg ME. Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus salvarius isolated from piglet(LSP) were fed at the level of 0.1 and 0.2% in a one way design. There were four replicates of 40 hens each per treatment. Egg production, feed intake, feed conversion ratio(FCR), eggshell quality were measured at every four weeks and intestinal microflora were examined at the end of experiment. Egg production of bird fed 0.2% individual probiotics was significantly higher than that of control(P 0.05). Birds fed the diet containing 0.2% LSC and LSP had significantly lower FCR than other treatments(P 0.05). However, egg weight of birds fed control and 0.2% BS diet showed higher than other treatments. Feed intake of 0.2% BS and 0.1% LSP treatment was significantly higher than other treatments, but was not consistency of all treatments(P 0.05). Eggshell breaking strength and thickness of hens fed probiotics tended to increase compared to that of control, but was not significantly different. Intestinal anaerobes, Lactobacillus spp. and yeast of hens fed all tested probiotics were significantly increased compared to those of control. The number of intestinal E. coli of all probiotics treatments except 0.1% LSP tended to decrease. Intestinal Lactobacillus spp. was increased significantly by 0.1% dietary LSC, whereas intestinal yeast showed significant increase in LSP treatments(P〈0.05). The results of this experiment indicated that feeding probiotics to laying hens improved the egg production, FCR and increased beneficial microflora.