• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.27-34
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• 1972

The present study is concerned with the demonstration of the influence of long term treatment with caffeine and phenobarbital on pentobarbital sleeping time, gastric secretion, increase rate of body weight and brain and liver weight in rats. The experimental subjects were rats weighing about 140 to 150 g, each of them was isolated in a separate cage. Each group was given 1 ml normal saline solution as control, caffeine 10 mg/kg and phenobarbital 30 mg/kg as experimental groups. All drugs were injected intraperitoneally, daily for 4 weeks. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. There was significant difference between before and after injection of drugs (caffeine citrate 10 mg/kg and phenobarbital 30 mg/kg) on pentobarbital sleeping time. The sleeping time of caffeine treated group was delayed (22.4%, p<0.01) significantly compared with that of before injection. The sleeping time of phenobarbital treated group was markedly shortened (93.6%, p<0.001) compared with that of before injection of drugs. 2. The volume, free and total acidity and pH of gastric juice determined five hours after pyloric ligation in fasting rats were not significantly changed in experimental groups compared with control group. However the volume of gastric juice was increased 25% in both caffeine and phenobardital treated group. 3. The increased ratio of body weight revealed no remarkable difference compared with intial body weight. However, caffeine treated group showed markedly increased body weight after first and second week of injection. 4. The brain and liver weight in experimental group showed no significant difference compared with control group (as percentage of body weight).

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.2163-2173
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• 2000

The optimum pH range for biosorption of cobalt by methanotrophic bacteria was broadened to 6.0~12.0 which was compared to pH 10.5~11.5 of bios or bent-free control case. Removal efficiency of cobalt by methanotrophic biomass was pH dependent, but less sensitive than that of control. With 1.0 g biosorbent/L at initial solution pH 6.0. methanotrophic biomass took up cobalt from aqueous solutions to the extent of 170 mg/g biomass. As a result of scanning electron microscope(SEM) micrographs, cobalt removal by methanotrophic biomass seemed to be through adsorption on the surface of methanotrophic biomass and by exopolymer around the biomass. Optimum amount of methanotrophic biomass for maximum cobalt uptake was 1.0 g/L for initial 400 mg Co/L at initial pH 6.0. Removal efficiency of cobalt was slightly affected by ionic strength up to 2.0 M of NaCl and $NaNO_3$, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.862-868
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• 2005

Korean mountain ginseng roots were freeze-dried at $-70^{\circ}C$ and extracted by different extracting solution conditions to investigate chemical compositions of extracts. The soluble solid content of the extract from $7.04\~13.45\%\;and\;50\%$ EtOH and MeOH extracts were higher than those of other extracts. $100\%\;water\;and\;90\%$ EtOH extracts gave the highest Brix with $19.98\%$\;and\;19.65\%$, respectively. pH of the extracts were ranged from $5.82\~6.60$. Browning color at 470 nm of the extract were high value in 50$\%$ EtOH extract. In case of Hunter's color value, L value of extract was higher in $100\%$ water extract (21.28) than EtOH extract $(17.18\~21.02)$, a and b values of extract were the highest in $100\%$ water (-0.12) and $90\%$ MeOH extract (1.34). The contents of free sugars in the EtOH extract were increased with the ethanol concentration. Sucrose contents of $90\%$ EtOH and MeOH extracts were 6,159 mg/100 g and 5,238 mg/100 g. Major organic acids of the extract were citric and malic acids. Major free amino acids of the extract were L-arginine, L-proline, $\gamma$ -amino-n-butyric acid, alanine and aspartic acid. The highest ginsenoside content was shown to be about $10.50\%\;in\;90\%$ MeOH extract. Major minerals of extract were P, K, Na, Mg and Ca.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.108-115
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• 2012

The hyperpolarization-activated current ($I_h$) is an inward cation current activated by hyperpolarization of the membrane potential and plays a role as an important modulator of action potential firing frequency in many excitable cells. In the present study we investigated the effects of extracellular divalent cations on $I_h$ in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons using whole-cell voltage clamp technique. $I_h$ was slightly increased in $Ca^{2+}$-free bath solution. BAPTA-AM did not change the amplitudes of $I_h$. Amplitudes of $I_h$ were decreased by $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $Ba^{2+}$ dose-dependently and voltage-independently. Inhibition magnitudes of $I_h$ by external divalent cations were partly reversed by the concomitant increase of extracellular $K^+$ concentration. Reversal potential of $I_h$ was significantly shifted by $Ba^{2+}$ and $V_{1/2}$ was significantly affected by the changes of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentrations. These results suggest that $I_h$ is inhibited by extracellular divalent cations ($Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $Ba^{2+}$) by interfering ion influxes in cultured rat DRG neurons.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.730-737
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate vasorelaxant effect of Epimedium koreanum(EK) extract on rabbit carotid artery. In this study, to determine vasorelaxant effect of EK extract on rabbit carotid artery, arterial rings with intact or damaged endothelium were used for experiment using organ bath, and were contracted by norepinephrine(NE). After being contracted, arterial rings were treated with EK extract in a dose-dependent manner To study its mechanism, the contracted arterial rings induced by NE were pretreated with indomethacin(IM), $N_{\omega}$-nitro-L-arginine(L-NNA), methylene blue(MB) or tetraethylammonium chloride(TEA) and 0.1 $mg/m{\ell}$ EK extract was added. To analyze the effect of the EK extract on influx of extracellular calcium chloride($Ca^{2+}$) in rabbit carotid artery, in $Ca^{2+}$-free krebs solution, krebs solution containing 1 mM $Ca^{2+}$ was infused into the contracted arterial ring by NE after pretreatment of EK extract. To measure the cytotoxicity of the EK extract, cell viability of human umbilical vein endothelial cell(HUVEC) was measured by MTT assay, and nitric oxide(NO) was measured by Griess reagent. The EK extract significantly was relaxed the arterial ring with intact endothelium contracted by NE, but the vasorelaxant effect of the EK extract was inhibited in the arterial rings with damaged endothelium. The vasorelaxant effect of the EK extract was not different between the IM-pretreatedand and non-treated arterial rings. The vasorelaxant effect of EK extract were significantly inhibited, when arterial rings were pretreated with L-NNA, TEA, MB. And in $Ca^{2+}$-free krebs solution, increasing of arterial contraction by $Ca^{2+}$ addition were also inhibited by the treatment of EK, but not significant. The treatment of EK extract was increased NO concentration in HUVEC. This study suggested that the vasorelaxant effect of EK extract would be related with EDHF and NO production and increasing of cyclic GMP.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.23-35
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• 1988

The role of calcium in the production of oxygen radical which causes reperfusion damage of ischemic heart has been examined. The reperfusion damage was indrced in isolated Langendorff perfused rat hearts by aortic clamping for 60 min followed by reperfusion with oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit solution with or without 1.25 mM $CaCl_2.$ On reperfusion of the ischemic hearts with the calcium containing solution, the release of cytosolic enzymes (LDH and CPK) increased abruptly. These increased release of enzymes were significantly inhibited by additions of oxygen radical scavengers (SOD, 5,000 U; catalase, 12,500 U) into the reperfusion solution. In the hearts isolated from rats pretreated with allopurinol(20 mg/kg orally, 24 hr and 2 hr prior to the experiments), the levels of enzymes being released during reperfusion were significantly lower than that of the control. However, in the hearts perfused with the calcium-free but oxygenated solution, the increase in the release of cytosolic enzymes during reperfusion was neither inhibited by oxygen radical scavengers nor by allopurinol pretreatment. For providing the evidence of oxygen radical generation during the reperfusion of ischemic hearts in situ, the SOD-inhibitable reduction of exogenously administered ferricytochrome C was measured. In the hearts perfused with the calcium containing solution, the SOD-inhibitable ferricytochrome C reduction increased within the first minute of reperfusion, and was almost completely inhibited by allopurinol pretreatment. When the heart was perfused with the calcium free solution, however, the reduction of ferricytochrome C was not only less than that in the calcium containing condition, but also was not so completely inhibited by allopurinol pretreatment. By ischemia, xanthine oxidase (XOD) in the ventricular tissue was changed qualitatively, but not quantitatively. In the heart made ischemic with the calcium containing condition, the oxygen radical producing O-form of XOD increased, while the D- and D/O-form decreased. However, in the ischemic heart reperfused with the calcium free condition, the D/O-form of XOD was elevated without significant increase in O-form of the enzyme. It is suggested from these results that the calclum may play a contributing role in the genesis of reperfusion damage by promoting the conversion of xanthine oxidase from the D/O-form to the oxygen radical producing O-form in the ischemic myocardium.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.501-507
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• 2013

We evaluated the effects of temperature, time, solvent type, and solvent concentration on the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of rosemary extracts. The antioxidant capacity of rosemary extracts was demonstrated by their ability to scavenge stable free radicals, and the phenolic content of the extracts was determined using the Folin Ciocalteu method. The highest values were obtained by water-based extraction at $90^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, a 75% methanol solution at $60^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, and a 50% ethanol solution at $70^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. The aqueous solution of 75% methanol, extraction temperature of $60^{\circ}C$, and extraction time of 30 min were the most efficient parameters for the extraction of polyphenols from dry rosemary.

• Journal of Sasang Constitution and Immune Medicine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.227-243
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• 1997

The experimental study used in this paper was done to examine the clinical effects of Taeumchowetang for the gastric ulcer and the function of gastrointestinal tract using rats and mice which were administered orally the water extraction from Taeumchowetang. Then, the counter-action of the water extraction on the isolated ileum and gastric fundus, the inhibitory effects of pylorus-ligated ulcer and indomethacin-induced ulcer, the associations with gastric juice secretion, total acidity, pepsin output, the transportability in the small and large intestine, were studied with administering acetylcholine chloride and barium chloride. In addition, it was investigated whether the central nervous system related to pain control and sleeping time was influenced by Taeumchowetang. The following results have been obtained; 1. As resulting from injection of acetylcholine chloride and barium chloride into the isolated ileum of rats and mice, Taeumchowetang led to have an inhibitory effect on the muscle contraction of the ileum. Then, acetylcholine chloride was measured as lower effect than barium chloride 2. For the inhibitory effect on contraction for the gastric fundus strip in rats by either acetylcholine chloride or barium chloride, the one showed low inhibitory effect, on the other hand the other showed density-dependent effect. 3. The water extraction was given on the pylorus ligated ulcer with using two different administration groups of 1,300mg/kg and 2,600mg/kg, each result was measured as 22.9% and 36.5% for an ulcerous inhibitory effect (p<0.05). 4. According to the two administration groups, the preventive effect was tabulated 18.1% and 29.3% for indomethacin-induced ulcer (p<0.05, P<0.01). 5. For associations with gastric juice secretion, total acidity, pepsin output in the administration group 2,600mg/kg, Taeumchowetang was recognized as having an inhibitory effects related to suppressive actions involving gastric juice secretion(p<0.05), and free acidity(p<0.01), but there was no significant association with total acidity and pepsin output. 6. To know the transportability in the intestine, BaSO4 solution was used. The transportability of the small intestine in the administration group 2,600mg/kg was 22.2% which was statistically significant compared with the large intestine's transportability(P<0.01). 7. In the administration group 1,300mg/kg and 2,600mg/kg, analgesic effect with against acetic acid was measured as being 16.8% and 24.4% which was shown as statistically siginificant(p<0.01). 8. No statistically significant association between Taeumchowetang and sleeping time was found in both 1,300mg/kg and 2,600mg/kg by administering phenobarbital-Na. According to the results of this study, Taeumchowetang has agreed with the effects of literature review. Further more in this study, Taeumchowetang also has preventive effects on pylorus-ligated ulcer. Hence, Teaumchowetang can be significant effect such as both anti ulcer agent and increasing gastric activity for the patients who suffer from gastric ulcer.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.2149-2161
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• 2000

Nonliving Absidia coerulea and Thraustochitrium sp. were used as biosorbents to remove lead and cobalt that are one of representative pollutant in wastewater and radioactive liquid waste. The optimum pH range for maximum lead and cobalt removal was increased 6.5~11.4 and 8.6~12.0 for Absidia coerulea and 4.2~10.5 and 8.9~11.6 for Thraustochitrium sp. to compared to biosorbent-free control, pH of 8.4~11.2 and 10.5~11.5, respectively. With 1 g biosorbent/L at initial solution pH 5.0. Absidia coerulea and Thraustochitrium sp. took up lead from aqueous solutions to the extent of 104 and 125 mg/g biomass, respectively, whereas Absidia coerulea and Thraustochitrium sp. at initial pH 6.0 took up only 2 and 20 mg/g biomass of cobalt, respectively. For initial 500 mg Pb/L at initial pH 5.0. optimum amount of biosorbent for maximum lead uptake was 0.2 g/L for Absidia coerulea and Thraustochitrium sp., whereas optimum 3.0 g biosorbent/L was needed for initial 200 mg Co/L at initial pH 6.0. Absidia coerulea and Thraustochitrium sp. had higher adsorption capacity for lead than that of cobalt.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.127-131
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• 2008

A refractometric glucose biosensor incorporating a vertically coupled microring resonator in polymers was proposed and realized. The ring was covered with a target analyte of glucose solution with a certain concentration, so that its effective refractive index could be altered and, as a result, the resonance wavelength of the sensor was shifted. Therefore the concentration of the glucose solution can be estimated by observing the shift in the resonance wavelength. Two schemes were exploited for enhancing the sensitivity of the sensor. First, the effective refractive index of the polymeric waveguide used for the resonator sensor was adjusted to approach that of the target analyte as best as possible. Second, the ring waveguide, which serves as a crucial sensing part, was appropriately over-etched to enlarge its contact area with the analyte. The proposed resonator sensor was designed with the beam propagation method. The refractive indices of the core and cladding polymer involved were 1.430 and 1.375 respectively, leading to the waveguide's effective refractive index of ${\sim}1.390$, which is faiirly close to that of the glucose solution of ${\sim}1.333$. The prepared ring resonator with the $400-{\mu}m$ radius exhibited the free spectral range of 0.66 nm, the bandwidth of 0.15 nm, and the quality factor of 10,000. For the sensor operating at 1,550 nm wavelength, the achieved sensitivity was as great as 0.28 pm/(mg/dL), which is equivalent to 200 nm/RIU.