• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.32 no.2 s.89
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• pp.192-197
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate anti-microbial activity of soybean extract against oral microbes, and to determine the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for microbes causing oral diseases. The soybean extract was prepared using ethyl acetate and it was treated with 16 types of oral microbes at a concentration of 5.00 mg/ml (0.5%). The MIC of soybean extract for three major microbes causing oral diseases was determined. The anti-microbial activity and MIC were measured using broth dilution method. Significant reduction of microbial activities of 9 types oral microbes when the soybean extract was added to the broth compared to the control (p<0.01). The extract showed higher anti-microbial activity against some anaerobic strains (P. gingivalis and P. intermieia). S. mutans, which causes dental caries, showed MIC at a concentration of 40 mg/ml for the soybean extract. P. gingivalis, which causes adult periodontal disease, showed MIC at a concentration of 20 mg/ml for the extract. C. albicans, which causes denture stomatitis and angular stomatitis, showed MIC at a concentration of 20 mg/ml for the extract. These results indicate that soybean extract showed anti-microbial effort against 9 types of oral microbes, and the anti-microbial effect of the extract against oral microbes was stronger against fungi than against bacteria. The anti-microbial mechanism of soybean extract against oral microbes should be investigated, and more research for clinical application is required at a level of actual intake.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 2009

The effects of aqueous extract of Schizandrae Fructus (AESC) on lead (Pb)-induced changes of monoamine neurotransmitters in the hippocampus (HIP) of adult rats were investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were received intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of Pb acetate (5 mg/kg/d) for 28 days and sacrificed 7 days after the last administration. Concentrations of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) in HIP were measured by HPLC. There were significant decreases of NE, DA, 5-HT and 5-HIAA in Pb treated rats (P < 0.05), while pretreatment with AESC (100 mg/kg/d or 300 mg/kg/d, p.o., 2 h before Pb) greatly inhibited the decrease of monoamine transmitters, respectively (P < 0.05). Also, AESC (300 mg/kg/d) significantly increased the reduction of glutathione contents and superoxide dismutase activities in HIP induced by chronic Pb. These results suggest that AESC ameliorates Pb-induced depletion of monoamine neurotransmitters in HIP through its antioxidant activity.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 2002

Effect of mercury (Hg) toxicity on survival, growth, feed efficiency and oxygen consumption were examined in the juvenile olive flounder. Paralichthys olivaceus. Fishes were exposed to sublethal concentrations of Hg ranging from 0 to 0.13mg/L for 6 weeks. Hg reduced survival rate in a concentration and exposure period-dependent way and suddenly reduction occurred at Hg concentrations greater than 0.05mg/L after 6 weeks. Growth rate and feed efficiency also significantly decreased at greater than 0.028 and 0.05 mg/L respectively. Oxygen consumption rate was significantly decreased to 25 and 32% than that of the control at the Hg concentration of 0.05 and 0.13 mg/L respectively. These results suggest that Hg toxicity inhibit physiological function including growth, feed efficiency and oxygen consumption in the juvenile olive flounder, resulting in survival failure at high concentration.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.67-72
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• 2008

Adult male albino rats were treated with 0.5 mg and 0.75 mg morphine/100 g body weight intraperitoneally for 30 days. All the animals were autopsied on $31^{st}$ day. Epididymis and vas deferens were dissected out, weighed and processed for histological and biochemical studies. Morphine has caused a reduction in the weight of epididymis and vas deferens in both the doses of drug treated groups. The total cholesterol content is increased while protein, DNA and RNA contents and epididymal sperm counts are decreased. The acid phosphatase content is decreased 10.12 $\pm$ 0.11 in caput, 9.26 $\pm$ 0.30 in cauda of epididymis and in vas deferens 8.14 $\pm$ 0.15 in 0.5 mg treated groups and in 0.75 mg treated rats shows 9.52 $\pm$ 0.27 in caput, 9.14 $\pm$ 0.18 in cauda of epididymis and in vas deferens 7.84 $\pm$ 0.11is decreased, whereas alkaline phosphatase is increased. The surface epithelial cell height of these ducts is reduced and secretory activity is inhibited with the disruption of epithelial cell projections. The gravimetric and histometric changes of epididymis and vas deferens may be due to non-availability of androgens in morphine treated rats.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.98-104
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• 2000

Aluminum alloys are being employed in automobile parts as strive to reduce overall vehicle weight to meet demands for improved fuel economy and reduction in vehicle emissions. Al-based composites reinforced with ceramic ($Al_2O_3,\;SiC,\;TiC\;and\;B_4C$) applications in a variety of components in automotive engines, such as liners, where the tribological properties of the material are important. In this study, Al-base composites reinforced with TiC particle powders has been developed for producing plasma spray coatings. The composite plasma spray powders were prepared Al-13Si-3Mg(wt%) alloy with TiC(40, 60 and 80wt%) particles ($0.2~5{\mu}textrm{m}$) by drum type ball milling. The composite powders ($36~76{\mu}textrm{m}$) were sprayed with plasma torch. Plasma sprayed coatings were heat-treated at $500^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours. The wear resistances of the plasma sprayed coatings were found to decrease with increasing TiC content and improved with heat treatment. AlSiMg-40% TiC heat-treated coatings were showed the best wear resistance in this study.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2014

Cordyceps is a fungus used as a traditional medicine in China, Japan, and Korea. Paecilomyces (P.) japonica is a new cordyceps that was recently cultivated on silkworm pupae in Korea. The present study evaluated the toxicological effects of P. japonica in rats. Forty rats were treated with oral doses of P. japonica (0, 20, 100, or 500 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks. Twenty additional rats were treated with 0 or 500 mg/kg/day of P. japonica for 4 weeks and then maintained for 2 weeks without treatment. Clinical signs, body weight, food and water consumption, and organ weight as well as hematology, serum biochemistry, and histopathology data were examined. Body weight gain of the group treated with 500 mg/kg/day was significantly reduced. Microscopically, karyomegaly, single cell necrosis, and mitosis were observed in the renal tubular epithelium of all treated groups. In conclusion, P. japonica caused a reduction of body weight and renal injury in rats. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of P. japonica was less than 20 mg/kg/day.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.604-609
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• 2009

To investigate the potential use of microbial heme as an iron source, recombinant Escherichia coli coexpressing ALA synthase (HemA) as well as the NADP-dependent malic enzyme (MaeB) and dicarboxylic acid transporter (DctA) were cultured. The typical red pigment extracted from the recombinant E. coli after 38 h showed highest absorbance at 407 nm, and the amount of iron in 38.4 mg of microbial heme extract derived from 6-1 fermentation broth was 4.1 mg. To determine the commercial potential of the recombinant E.coli-synthesized iron-associated heme as an iron source, mice were fed the iron-free provender with the microbial heme extract. The average body weight reduction of mice fed non-iron provender was 2.3%, whereas no detectable weight loss was evident in mice fed microbial heme addition after 15 days. The heme content of the blood from microbial heme fed mice was 4.2 mg/ml whereas that of controls was 2.4 mg/ml, which implies that the microbial heme could be available for use as an animal iron source.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.73-83
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• 2010

This study was performed to increase the removal efficiency of the biofilter packed with granular sulfur in municipal wastewater reclamation facility. Constituent units were influent water tank, denitrification tank, BOD reduction tank and outlet. And, the major operation factor is a biofilter packed with submerged granular sulfur. Actual wastewater and synthetic wastewater were used as influent wastewater. Experimental condition was divided into two phases according to the amount of a phosphorus coagulant. Total phosphorus removal efficiency was insignificant at mode I that phosphorus coagulant was not injected. The average influent and effluent total phosphorus concentrations at mode II were 0.5 ~ 1.0 mg/L and 0.27 mg/L, respectively. As for COD and BOD effluent concentrations, COD was 3.0 mg/L and BOD was 1.0 mg/L. Additionally, nitrogen removal rates were high at low influent DO concentration. In conclusion, a new process, biofilter packed with granular sulfur is expected to treat high-rate nitrogen wastewater and expected to be utilized as an alternative of technological innovation for the nitrogen treatment.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2005

Aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was used to treat screened dairy wastewaters. The study examined the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the aerobic SBR and raw manure effluent storage over 35 days. The reduction of total VFAs in the aerobic SBR was over $59\%$ removal than that of the raw manure. Acetic acid production in the aerobic SBR and the raw manure effluent storage were kept 138 and 286 mg/L. The propionic acid in the aerobic SBR was 1.9 mg/L, while the raw manure effluent storage was 68 mg/L, respectively. The concentrations of VOCs in the aerobic SBR reactor and effluent fill down remarkably than the raw manure storage. The results confirmed that the aerobic biological treatment is an essential requirement for minimizing odor problems.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.311-319
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to analyze water treatment characteristics, including the efficiency of removing algae from water purification plants, by installing a demonstration facility for decontamination of algae, including natural algae remover injection equipment, in the water purification plant. Jar-test showed that the optimum injection of natural decontaminant was 20 mg/L. Of the water contaminant treatment efficiency of the intake and water purification plants, Chl-a averaged 74.0% elimination efficiency from $5.0mg/m^3$ to $1.3mg/m^3$ and the maximum treatment efficiency was 91.5% removal efficiency when the inflow concentration of Chl-a was $11.8mg/m^3$. In addition, 51.2% and 47.1% of the taste and odor indicator items, geosmin and 2-MIB, resulted from the overgrowth and decaying of algae, respectively, to identify toxic substances and odor reduction effects. In addition, elimination efficiencies of SS and Turbidity materials were higher than 70.0%. In the injection of natural algae remover, no effects such as sudden changes in water quality due to secondary reactions were found, and appropriate levels were maintained under water treatment conditions.