• 약학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.400-410
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• 1996

In oder to develop the controlled release of drugs from the suppositories, in vitro drug release and in vivo absorption in rabbits were investigated. Various suppo sitory forms with hollow cavities, into which drugs in the form of fine powder or solid dispersion system(SDS) could be placed, were utilized. The oleaginous Witepsol H-15 (WH-15) as a base, and indomethacin (IDM) of a very slightly soluble drug and propranolol-HCL (PPH) of a very soluble drug were employed as model drugs. The in vitro drug release showed that the cumulative release amount of PPH from PPH-(methylcellulose) MC-SDS and PPH-(ethylcellulose) EC-SDS hollow type suppositories reached 40% and 12% in 6 hrs,respectively. On the other hand, the drug release for a conventional suppository was 80% in 6 hrs. For the IDM suppositories,the cumulative drug release from IDM-(polyvinylpyrrolidone) PVP-SDS hollow type suppositories reached 99% in 24 hrs, whereas that from a conventional suppository reached 85%. An in vivo experiment with rabbits showed that IDM-PVP-SDS hollow type suppository delayed the absorption of IDM, significantly. The $t_{max},\;C_{max}\;and\;AUC_{0{\to}8}$ of IDM-PVP-SDS suppository were 60 min, 12.12${\mu}g$/ml and 2657${\mu}g$/ml/min, respectively. The $t_{max},\;C_{max}\;and\;AUC_{0{\to}8}$ of controlled group were 20 min, 15.49${\mu}g$/ml and 2190${\mu}g$/ml/min, respectively.

• 폴리머
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.884-892
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• 2001

고혈압 치료제로 사용되는 니페디핀을 지속적으로 방출하는 제형을 제조하기 위하여 poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) 글리코리드와 랙티드의 몰비 50: 50, 분자량:5000 g/mole)를 이용하여 직접 압축성형 방법으로 생분해성 웨이퍼를 제조하였다. 약물과 고분자의 함량비, 웨이퍼의 두께, 하이드록실 메틸셀룰로오스 (HPMC) 함유량 등을 조절하여 PLGA 웨이퍼를 제조하였고, 이들의 형태학적 특성과 방출거동 및 분해거동을 조사하였다. 제조된 웨이퍼는 11일동안 영차의 안정한 방출거동을 보였고, HPMC를 첨가함으로써 초기 방출거동을 제어하는 등 조건을 달리함으로써 방출거동을 조절할 수 있었다. 수분흡수율과 무게변화를 조사한 결과, 방출 실험 4일부터 웨이퍼의 무게 감소가 현저하게 발생하였고, 방출이 완료된 후에는 무게가 약 40% 감소하였다. 이러한 약물전달 시스템은 압축성형방법에 의해 제조하므로 제조가 간단하고, 약물방출 속도를 정확하게 제어할 수 있으므로 이식을 위한 제형으로 제조시 유용하게 쓰일 것으로 예상되었다.

• 약학회지
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• 제58권2호
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• pp.81-90
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• 2014

In order to determine the functional benefits of Cordyceps militaris in the immune system, we examined the immunomodulatory activities of C. militaris using an immunocompromised C57BL/6 mice, mouse spleen cells, RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, and A549 lung carcinoma cells. Mice were injected intraperitioneally with an immunosuppressive drug, cyclophosphamide, and then administered orally with 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg of 50% ethanol extract of C. militaris (CME 30, CME 100 and CME 300) for 14 days. CME increased splenocyte proliferation and natural killer (NK) cell activity compared to 3% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-treated control mice. CME also increased the production of Th1 cytokines, IL-2 and TNF-${\alpha}$ in spleen cells isolated from CME-injected mice and in vitro, which suggested the enhanced cellular immunity in response to CME. CME also increased splenocyte proliferation, NK cell activity, and IL-2 and TNF-${\alpha}$ production compared to 1 ${\mu}M$ methotrexate-treated spleen cells in vitro. We examined whether C. militaris regulates the production of inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. CME inhibited LPS-induced NO production and iNOS expression in a dose dependent manner, while COX-2 expression was remained unchanged. In addition, CME also has free radical scavenging activity, indicating its antioxidant activity. These results indicate that C. militaris enhances immune activity by promoting immune cell proliferation and cytokine production.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.299-308
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• 1996

In order to develop the controlled release of a drug from the suppsitories, in vitro drug release and in vivo absorption in rabbits were investigated. Various suppository forms with hollow cavities, into which drugs in the form of fine powder or solid dispersion system(SDS) could be placed, were utilized. The polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) hydrogel as a base, and propranolol HCl(PPH) as a model drug were employed. In vitro drug dissolution studies showed that the dissolved amounts(%) of PPH from PPH-methylcellulose(MC)-SDS and PPH-ethylcellulose(EC)-SDS reached 100% and 63% in 4.5-hours, respectively. In the relative strength test for PVA hydrogel, PVA hydrogel became harder and more rigid when the number of freezing-thawing cycles and the ratio of PVA 2000 were increased. In vitro drug release profile revealed that the release rate(%) of PPH from PPH-EC-SDS and PPH-MC-SDS hollow type suppositories were sustained. The release amount(%) of PPH from PPH-EC-SDS hollow type suppositories was not affected by storage time, but since the use of hydrophilic MC made PPH diffuse into the hydrogel after it absorbed the water of base, the various release patterns were appeared as the storage time went by. In vivo absorption experiments with rabbits showed that PPH-EC-SDS(PPH : EC=1:3) hollow type suppository delayed the absorption of PPH, significantly. The $C_{max}$, $AUC_{0{\rightarrow}8}$ and MRT of PPH powder hollow type suppository were $196.37{\pm}5.63\;ng/ml$, 1105.26 ng/ml/min and 8.66 min, respectively. The $C_{max}$, $AUC_{0{\rightarrow}8}$ and MRT of PPH-EC-SDS(PPH : EC=1:3) were $91.30{\pm]14.14\;ng/ml$, 554.69 ng/ml/min, 235.99 min, respectively.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.104-112
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• 2015

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the effects of different intracanal medicaments on chemical structure and microhardness of dentin. Materials and Methods: Fifty human dentin discs were obtained from intact third molars and randomly assigned into two control groups and three treatment groups. The first control group received no treatment. The second control group (no medicament group) was irrigated with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), stored in humid environment for four weeks and then irrigated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The three treatment groups were irrigated with NaOCl, treated for four weeks with either 1 g/mL triple antibiotic paste (TAP), 1 mg/mL methylcellulose-based triple antibiotic paste (DTAP), or calcium hydroxide [$Ca(OH)_2$] and finally irrigated with EDTA. After treatment, one half of each dentin disc was subjected to Vickers microhardness (n = 10 per group) and the other half was used to evaluate the chemical structure (phosphate/amide I ratio) of treated dentin utilizing attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (n = 5 per group). One-way ANOVA followed by Fisher's least significant difference were used for statistical analyses. Results: Dentin discs treated with different intracanal medicaments and those treated with NaOCl + EDTA showed significant reduction in microhardness (p < 0.0001) and phosphate/amide I ratio (p < 0.05) compared to no treatment control dentin. Furthermore, dentin discs treated with TAP had significantly lower microhardness (p < 0.0001) and phosphate/amide I ratio (p < 0.0001) compared to all other groups. Conclusions: The use of DTAP or $Ca(OH)_2$ medicaments during endodontic regeneration may cause significantly less microhardness reduction and superficial demineralization of dentin compared to the use of TAP.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2013

This study aims to carry out the final evaluation on the deterioration stability of dewaxing and strengthening treatments devised to conserve and restore the beeswax-treated volumes of the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty. Thus, this study artificially deteriorated dewaxed Hanji, strengthened Hanji and beeswax-treated Hanji with optimized processing conditions applied, and comparatively analyzed the deterioration characteristics of each kind of Hanji. As a result of this study, it turned out that there was the loss of physical strength and the value of $L^*$ was increased and the values of $a^*$ and $b^*$ were decreased from removing beeswax after dewaxing by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Also deteriorated strength during dewaxing was reinforced by strengthening treatment with methylcellulose and it showed higher strength than beeswax-treated Hanji. From the evaluation on deterioration stability after dewaxing and strengthening, it turned out that deterioration stability of strengthened Hanji is the superior. Therefore, it is presumed that conservation of aged beeswax-treated Hanji can be improved and extended when dewaxing and strengthening are applied under optimum conditions.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.236-244
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• 2021

Objective: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by hyperandrogenism, irregular menstruation, ovulatory dysfunction, and insulin resistance. Recent studies have reported the possible role of phytoestrogens in PCOS. This animal study aimed to evaluate the effects of genistein on insulin resistance, inflammatory factors, lipid profile, and histopathologic indices on PCOS. Methods: PCOS was induced by 1 mg/kg of letrozole in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats then received normal saline (PCOS group), 150 mg/kg of metformin, or 20 mg/kg of genistein dissolved in 1% methylcellulose solution for 42 days. Body weight, the glycemic and lipid profile, and inflammatory, antioxidative, and histopathological parameters were assessed at the end of the intervention. Results: Treatment with genistein significantly alleviated the increased level of fasting blood insulin (p=0.16) and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (p=0.012). In addition, the genistein group had significantly lower levels of serum malondialdehyde (p=0.039) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (p=0.003), and higher superoxide dismutase enzyme activity (p<0.001). Furthermore, the histopathological analysis indicated that genistein administration led to an increase in luteinization and the development of fewer cysts (p<0.05). Conclusion: Biochemical and histopathological analyses indicated that genistein administration to rats with PCOS induced significant remission in oxidative, inflammatory, and glycemic and histopathologic parameters.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2019

본 연구는 HPMC (Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose)의 점도와 겉보기 점도가 유탕면의 흡유량과 지방 소화율에 미치는 영향을 확인하고자 하였다. HPMC 상업용 소재의 점도와 밀가루 대체 농도가 증가함에 따라 흡유량 감소와 지방 소화 지연 효과가 나타났다. 한편, 동일한 겉보기 점도를 보이는 수준으로 밀가루 대신 HPMC를 대체하여 제조한 유탕면에서도 겉보기 점도가 같음에도 불구하고 HPMC 자체 점도 증가(높은 중합도를 갖는 시료)에 따른 흡유량 감소와 지방 소화 지연효과를 볼 수 있었다. 이상의 결과로부터, 유탕면의 흡유량 감소와 지방 소화 지연은 겉보기 점도가 동일하다 하더라도 HPMC 자체의 높은 점도가 더 주요한 영향을 주는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.310-316
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• 2022

Background: Verbenalin is an iridoid glucoside, which is among the active components of some medicinal herbs such as Verbena officinalis Linn, and Cornus officinalis Siebold and Zucc. Previous studies have confirmed the antioxidant activity and neuroprotective potential of verbenalin. To confirm the safety of verbenalin, an approximate lethal dose was determined based on a single oral dose toxicity study. Methods: Institute of Cancer Research mice were randomly assigned to three verbenalin exposure groups (250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg) and a control group (5% methylcellulose solution). There were (5 male and 5 female mice per group). Mortality, clinical signs, and body weight were monitored for 14 days, and necropsies were conducted. Results: No mortalities were observed in the control group or the verbenalin 250 mg/kg group, whereas mortalities were observed in the 500 mg/kg and 1,000 mg/kg verbenalin groups. During the observation period, stool abnormalities such as mucous stools were observed. Clinical signs such as loss of locomotor activity were observed in the 500 mg/kg and 1,000 mg/kg verbenalin groups. During the study period, significant changes in body weight were observed in the 500 mg/kg and 1,000 mg/kg verbenalin groups; however, no gross abnormalities were observed at necropsy. Overall, no toxicity was found in the 250 mg/kg group. Conclusion: The approximate lethal dose of verbenalin was estimated to be 500 mg/kg. For a more accurate assessment of the safety of verbenalin, other types of studies such as repeated-dose toxicity studies should also be conducted.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.247-255
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• 2002

목 적 : 태아 간세포는 면역학적으로 미숙하여 이식에 따른 거부반응이 잘 일어나지 않으므로 조혈모세포 이식, 특히 자궁내 이식의 좋은 공여세포로 이용할 수 있으나 아직 국내에서는 이를 위한 기초연구가 미미한 실정이다. 연구자는 태아 간 단핵세포를 이용하여 면역조직학적 염색과 체외배양 결과를 분석하여 태아 간의 거핵구 집락형성과 관련된 기초자료를 마련하고자 이 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법: 임신중절시 수집한 태아 간조직과 특발성 혈소판 감소성 자반증 및 범혈구 감소증 환아의 골수에서 단핵세포를 분리한 후 $MegaCult^{TM}-C$ 배지에서 12일간 배양 후 성장인자 첨가에 따른 거핵구 집락형성을 관찰하였고, 5일간의 Flask 배양 후 유세포 분석기를 이용하여 CD34, CD41 양성세포를 측정하였으며, methylcellulose 배지를 이용하여 $37^{\circ}C$ 5% $CO_2$ 배양기에서 배양한 후 제 7일과 14일에 성장인자 첨가에 따른 CFU-GM 집락 수를 조사하였다. 결 과 : 태아 간의 단핵세포 수는 재태주령 11주에 비해서 19주에서 더 많았으며 세포생존율은 $91.2{\pm}3.4%$였다. $MegaCult^{TM}-C$ kit를 이용하여 12일간 배양시 재태주령 11주의 태아 간이 19주에 비해서 거핵구 집락 수가 많았고, 4례 모두 성장인자의 첨가에 따른 집락증폭의 상승효과는 없었으며 배양 후 형성된 거핵구 집락 수는 태아 간, 특발성 혈소판 감소성 자반증 환아의 골수, 범혈구 감소증 환아의 골수 순이었다. 거핵구 집락 중 순수집락 수는 태아 간이 특발성 혈소판 감소성 자반증 및 범혈구 감소증 환아의 골수에 비해서 유의하게 높았으며, 순수집락 중 large CFU-Mk의 비율은 태아 간이 특발성 혈소판 감소성 자반증 및 범혈구 감소증 환아의 골수에 비해서 높았으나 유의성은 보이지 않았다. 태아 간 단핵세포를 5일간 flask 배양한 후 CD34 양성세포의 발현율은 증가하였으나 성장인자의 첨가에 따른 집락증폭의 상승효과는 TPO 투여군에서만 있었고, CD41 양성세포의 발현율 역시 배양 후 증가하였으나 성장인자 첨가군에 비해서 대조군의 발현율이 너무 높은 결과를 보였다. Methylcellulose 배지를 이용한 단핵세포 배양에서 CFU-GM 집락 수는 태아 간의 경우 배양 7일에 비하여 14일에 감소하였고, 성장인자의 첨가에 따른 집락증폭의 상승효과는 태아 간에서는 모든 군에서 보였으나 특발성 혈소판 감소성 자반증에서는 GM-CSF 투여군에서만 있었으며 범혈구 감소증 환아의 골수에서는 없었다. 결 론: $MegaCult^{TM}-C$ 배지를 이용하여 태아 간세포를 배양하고 면역조직학적 염색으로 거핵구 집락형성을 성공적으로 관찰하였으며, 태아 간에서 얻은 거핵구 집락이 특발성 혈소판 감소성 자반증 및 범혈구 감소증 환아의 골수에서 얻은 집락에 비하여 집락수나 순수집락의 분포, 집락의 크기 등에서 우수한 것으로 나타났으나 태아 간 조혈모세포 이식의 실제적인 임상적용을 위해서는 체계적인 더 많은 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.