• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.73-76
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• 2005

The acaricidal activities of 12 commercial constituents derived from Eugenia caryophyllata leaf oils against Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus and Tyrophagus putrescentiae adults were examined using an impregnated fabric disk application and compared with that of the commercial benzyl benzoate as synthetic acaricide. On the basis of $LD_{50}$ values, the most toxic compound was methyl eugenol ($4.13\;{\mu}g/cm^2$), followed by methyl isoeugenol ($4.19\;{\mu}g/cm^2$), isoeugenol ($4.29\;{\mu}g/cm^2$), eugenol ($4.94\;{\mu}g/cm^2$), and acetyl eugenol ($13.91\;{\mu}g/cm^2$) against D. farinae. In the case of D. pteronyssinus, isoeugenol ($2.93\;{\mu}g/cm^2$) was the most toxic, followed by methyl isoeugenol ($3.28\;{\mu}g/cm^2$), methyl eugenol ($3.87\;{\mu}g/cm^2$), eugenol ($3.92\;{\mu}g/cm^2$), and acetyl eugenol ($7.21\;{\mu}g/cm^2$). These results suggest that D. pteronyssinus may be controlled more effectively by the application of eugenol congeners than D. farinae. In comparison with synthetic acaricides, the acaricidal activities of eugenol, isoeugenol, methyl eugenol, and methyl isoeugenol were about 1.9-2.2 times more toxic than benzyl benzoate. Furthermore, the most toxic constituent against T. putrescentiae was exhibited on eugenol ($10.11\;{\mu}g/cm^2$), followed by methyl eugenol ($38.67\;{\mu}g/cm^2$) and acetyl eugenol ($70.09\;{\mu}g/cm^2$), but no activity was observed for isoeugenol and methyl isoeugenol. The results suggested that eugenol congeners may be useful as a new source for selective control of house dust mites and stored food mites.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.236-241
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to find an environment friendly method of ginseng storage disease control using a natural plant extract. Essential oil was evaluated in terms of its antifungal ability against a variety of ginseng storage pathogens, and a variety of essential oils was conducted in order to assess the possibility of applying them as a component of a disease control strategy. Direct treatment with essential oil was demonstrated to exert a ginseng storage control effect. Methyl eugenol and thymol were shown to exert a mycelial growth inhibition effect of 80% on PDA media, using a paper disc containing 200 ppm of essential oil against Botrytis cinerea. The application of direct methyl eugenol treatment to ginseng resulted in a profound control effect. Both spray and dipping treatment of each methyl eugenol as well as thymol, evidenced a disease develoment of 10-20% as compared with the over 80% observed from all non-treated packages. Methyl eugenol in the large packages resulted in a disease index of 0.60 in the two essential oil treatments and also a small diseased area, as compared with the disease index of 1.65 and the wide diseased area observed in the non-treatment groups. Treatment with a mixture (methyl eugenol + thymol) in the synergistic effect test resulted in a relatively wide diseased area, as no discernable synergistic effect was detected. Methyl eugenol and thymol can be utilized as control agents in an environmentally friendly ginseng storage treatment, owing to the avirulent and clear effects detected in this study. In particular, ginseng must be ingested when fresh, and this is why a product for the control of ginseng storage diseases is so necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.10
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• pp.1361-1370
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• 2011

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of eugenol and its derivatives from clove (Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb.) were evaluated using in vitro assay systems by measuring 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX). Among eight different crude medicinal drugs tested, volatile extracts of clove extracted by steam distillation extraction (SDE) showed potent DPPH radical scavenging activity ($IC_{50}$=8.85 ${\mu}g/mL$) as well as strong inhibitory activity against COX-2 (58.15%) and 15-LOX (86.15%) at 10 ${\mu}g/mL$ and 25 ${\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Major volatile components of clove were identified as eugenol, trans-caryophyllene, and acetyleugenol by GC-MS analysis. Out of three eugenol derivatives, eugenol, methyl eugenol, and acetyl eugenol, eugenol showed the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity and COX-2 inhibitory activity, whereas methyl eugenol exhibited the strongest 15-LOX inhibitory activity. Finally, the contents of the three eugenol derivatives in clove were quantified by analytical HPLC. Contents of eugenol and acetyl eugenol in clove were 6.95% and 1.85% per dry weight, respectively. These results suggest that eugenol and its derivatives in steam distilled extract of clove may be useful as potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.127-135
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• 1989

The volatile components of nutmeg, cumin, cardamon, turmeric, coriander, clove, allspice, cassia, fennel, celery seed and black pepper, having a characteristic spicy aroma and being used as an ingradient of curry powder, were investigated. After steam distillation followed by extraction with diethyl ether: n-pentane(2:1, v/v) mixture, the volatile components were identified by capillary GC and GC/MS. As a result, following major compounds were identified. ${\alpha}-pinene(11.06%)$, ${\beta}-pinene(11.17%)$ and myristicin(19.98%) in nutmeg, cuminaldehyde(37.68%) in cumin, ${\alpha}-terpineol(47.33%)$ and 1, 8-cineol(20.56%) in cardamon, linalool(61.72%) in coriander, eugenol(63.63%) and eugenol acetate(20.59%) in clove, eugenol(80.12%) and methyl eugenol(10.85%) in allspice, cinnamaldehyde(82.29%) in cassia, anethole(79.92%) in fennel.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.25-40
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• 1991

Four root canal sealers, Apatite Root Sealer I and II composed mainly of hydroxyapatite/tricalciumphosphate, Sealapex containing calcium hydroxide, and Roth Sealer composed of zinc oxide - eugenol were compared on the culture of L929 fibroblasts. MIT (Methyl Thiazole Tetrazolium Bromide) colorimetric technique was used to measure the mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity. Results were as follows: 1. Hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate mixed sealers were significantly less toxic compared with calcium hydroxide and zinc oxide - eugenol type sealers. High pH of the calcium hydroxide sealer and release of eugenol component from the zinc oxide - eugenol type sealer were presumed to be the cause of the toxicity of these two sealers. In no cases, there were more cytoblastic effects in hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate mixed sealers compared to the control groups. 2. In all experimental groups, toxicity was decreased as dilutions were increased. However in zinc oxide-eugenol type sealer the cell activity was weakened for all dilution groups. 3. Regarding the effect of setting time, Apatite I and Sealapex were less toxic as the setting progressed. Apatite II kept constant regardless of the different time ellapsed after setting but Roth sealer revealed significantly higher toxicity for all experimental groups. 4. Comparing two different culture periods of 24 hours and 72 hours, Apatite I showed higher cell activities in longer period(72 hours) while Apatite II did not. Sealapex and Roth sealer, however, showed significantly lower cell activities in longer period.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.275-282
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• 2006

In previous our studies, we have reported that eugenol derived from Eugenia caryophyllata(Myrtaceace) exhibits acute N-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA)- and oxygen/glucose deprivation-induced neurotoxicity in primary cortical cultures and protects hippocampal neurons from global ischemia. In this study, we investigated whether the extracts and fractions of E. caryophyllata or eugenol shows the neuroprotective effects against delayed neuronal injury evoked by NMDA or ${\alpha}$-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole propionate(AMPA), and oxidative damage induced by arachidonic acid-, hydrogen peroxide-, $FeCl_2$/ascorbic acid-, and buthionine sulfoximine(BSO) in primary cortical cultures. We examined the neurotoxicity of eugenol itself in cultures and inhibitory effect of eugenol on NMDA- or kainate(KA)-induced convulsion in BALB/c mice. Each water, methanol extract and methanol fraction of E. caryophyllata was significantly attenuated NMDA-induced delayed neurotoxicity, respectively. Eugenol exhibited a significant inhibitory action against the convulsion evoked by NMDA and KA, and reduced delayed or brief neurotoxicity induced by NMDA, AMPA, and various oxidative injuries. These results suggest that eugenol derived from E. caryophyllata may contribute the neuroprotection against delayed-type excitotoxicity and excitotoxins-mediated convulsion through the amelioration of oxidative stress.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.93-97
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• 1986

Fourteen volatile components including eight allypyrocatechol analogs were isolated and identified from the essential oil and ether soluble fraction of Philippine Piper bettle leaves (Piperaceae). The major constituents of Philippine Piper betle oil were chavibetol and chavibetol acetate. Capilary GC analysis of the oil showed chavibetol (53.1%), chavibetol acetate (15.5%), caryophyllene (3.79%), allypyrocatechol diacetate (0.71%), campene (0.48), chavibetol methylether (=methyl eugenol, 0.48%), eugenol (0/32%), $\alpha$-pinene(0.21%), $\beta$-pinene(0.21%), $\alpha$-limonene(0.14%), safrole (0.11%), 1.8-cineol(0.04%), and allylpyrocatechol monoacetate. The major component of the ether soluble fraction was allylpyrocatechol (2.38% of the leaves).

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.130-138
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• 2001

This study was conducted to compare volatile components from the ten kinds of basils cultivated in Korea. The ten kinds of basils were separated flower, leaf, and stem part from whole plants, respectively. All sample separated were extracted by simultaneous steam distillation-extraction method(SDE) and were analyzed by gas chromatography(GC) and mass selective detector(MSD). Total 42 components were identified in essential oils including 11 alcohols, 6 carbonyls, 20 hydrocarbons and 5 esters components. The major components were linalool, methyl chavicol, eugenol, trans-methyl cinnamate, ${\beta}-cubebene$ and 1,8-cineole. The content of linalool was high significantly in the flower$(31.8{\sim}53.0%)$, the leaf and stem showed $21.8{\sim}35.8%$ and $3.5{\sim}22.4%$, respectively. Especially, the content of methyl chavicol was high relatively in the leaf$(0.4{\sim}32.9%)$, the flower and stem showed $0.2{\sim}24.1%$ and $0{\sim}2.2%)$, respectively. Articock, figz, glove, and greek basils were rich in eugenol$(18.8{\sim}48.7%)$ and poor in methyl chavicol$(0{\sim}5.4%)$ when compared with others kinds of basils. The composition of the components identified showed quite difference between kinds of basils, and the number of components identified in stem was much less than that in flower and leaf

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.513-517
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• 1999

Theessential oils of anise darkopal lettuce and sweet basils cultivated in Korea were extracted by simulatneous steam distillation and extraction method and were analyzed by GC/MSD. Total 41 com-ponents were identified in essential oils including 11 alcohols, 6 carbonyls 19 hydrocarbons and 5 esters components. The major components were 1,8-cineole linalool $\alpha$-bergamotene $\beta$-elemene methyl chavicol, $\beta$-cubebene methyl cinnamate and eugenol. Darkopal lettuce and sweet basils were rich in linalool(30.1-36.5%) methyl chavicol(8.1-25.5%) and relatively poor in methyl cinnamate(0-2.71%) Anise basil was rich in linalool(28.5%) and methyl cinnamate(23.1%) However methyl chavicol which was known as one of the main components of bisil was not detected.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.427-431
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• 2002

The purpose of this work was to study the effect of roasting temperature on the production of volatile compounds in Chinese-style pork jerky. The pork jerky was roasted by far-infrared grill at $150^{\circ}C$ or $200^{\circ}C$ for 5 min. The analysis of volatile compounds using a Likens-Nickerson apparatus coupled to a gas chromatograph and a mass spectrometer enabled us to identify 21 volatile compounds. The results showed that the volatile compounds coming from pork jerky can be divided into two groups in accordance with their possible origins. The first group of volatile compounds derived from oxidation of lipid included hexanal, ethylbenzene, nonanal, benzaldehyde, 2,4-decadienal, 1-octen-3-ol, octadecanal, and 9-octadecenal. The second group of volatile compounds generated from degradation of natural spices included 1,8-cinene, 4-terpineol, ${\alpha}$-terpineol, e-anethole, methyl-eugenol, panisaldehyde, elemol, eugenol, methyl-isoeugenol and myristicin. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found between 2 different roasted temperatures at levels for all volatile compounds.