• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2010

The aims of this study were to investigate the nosocomial infection route of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and explore preventative methods for this pathogen that involve blocking its dispersion. We cultured MRSA from nasal cavity swabs collected between June and July 2008 that we obtained from eight dental healthcare providers, 32 nurses and the sputum specimens of two patients from our hospital. In addition, we used VITEK 2 equipment to measure drug sensitivity, and we further performed biochemical testing and pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to isolate MRSA colonies. The incidence of these bacteria on the nasal swabs was 25.0% from dental clinic healthcare providers, 13.6% from the internal medicine ward nurses and 30.0% from intensive care unit nurses. Moreover, MRSA was detectable in sputum specimens of ward patients. The antimicrobial agents resistance and partial PFGE types of MRSA showed a similar pattern. We suggest from these analyses that nasal cavity infection by MRSA could occur by cross contamination between healthcare providers and patients which underscores the importance of stringent MRSA management practices.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.79-84
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• 2013

In an effort to discover an alternative antibiotic for treating infections with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas sp. UJ-6, a marine bacterium that exhibited antibacterial activity against MRSA, was isolated. The culture broth and its ethyl acetate extract exhibited bactericidal activity against MRSA. The extract also exhibited antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria, which were not susceptible to vancomycin. The treatment of MRSA with the extract resulted in abnormal cell lysis. The extract retained >95% of its anti-MRSA activity after heat treatment for 15 min at $121^{\circ}C$. Thus, although most antibiotics are unstable under conditions of thermal stress, Pseudomonas sp. UJ-6 produces a heat-stable anti-MRSA substance. The results of this study strongly suggest that Pseudomonas sp. UJ-6 can be used to develop a novel, heat-stable, broad-spectrum antibiotic for the treatment of MRSA infections.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.216-220
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• 2000

부산시 동아대학병원으로 내원한 83명의 환자 가건물로부터 methcillin 내성 Stphylococcus aureus(MRSA) 88 균주를 분리하고 응고 효소의 유형별 분석과 다약제 내성의 상호 관계를 연구하였다. 농(64.7%), 객담(26.2%), 기타 혈액, 장액 및 뇨로부터 균주가 분리되었고 mec A 유전자에 특이적인 primer 5'-AAAATCGATGGTAAAGGTT-GGC-3'와 5'-AGTTCTGCAGTACCGGATTTGC3'를 사용하여 PCR을 한결과 86균주에서 mec 유전자가 확인되었다. 응고효소형은 제 III형이 50%m IV형이 12.5%, III형이 6.8%, I, VII, VIII형이 4.5%로 제 II형이 가장 많았으며 제 V형은 전혀 분리되지 않았다. 응고효소형의 병동별 분포는 일반외과에서 제 II형이, 이비인후과 외래에서는 제 IV형이 우점종으로 분리되었다. 항균제 감수성 시험결과, vancomycin과 teicoplanin에서 전균주가 감수성을 나타내었었고 penionillin, cephalothin, erythromycin, gentamycin, imipenem, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin과 oxacillin등 8가지의 항균제에 대하여 동시내성을 나타낸 균주가 71주 (81%)였다. 항균제 내성과 응고효소형과의 상관관계는 없었다.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.150-161
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• 2009

목 적: 황색포도알균은 소아에서 피부 및 연부조직 감염과 침습성 감염을 일으키는 주요한 원인균이다. 최근 미국에서는 지역사회관련 메티실린 내성 황색포도알균(communityassociated MRSA, CA-MRSA)에 의한 심한 감염이 증가하는 추세로 알려졌지만, 우리나라에서는 소아에서의 황색포도알균 감염의 임상적 특성에 대한 체계적 연구 결과가 아직 없는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 단일기관에서 경험한 소아 황색포도알균 감염을 CA-MRSA 감염을 중심으로 조사하였다. 방 법: 2004년 1월부터 2007년 12월까지 4년 동안 서울대학교 어린이병원에서 치료받은 소아로부터 분리되었던 황색포도알균의 항균제 감수성 결과 및 균주가 분리되었던 환자 429명의 후향적 의무기록을 통해 검체 부위, 병원 감염 여부, 기저질환, 면역상태, 임상 질환 및 임상 경과에 대한 자료를 분석하였다. 감염의 발생 장소와 위험인자의 유무에 따라 원내 발생(Hospital-onset, HO), 또는 지역사회 발생(community-onset, CO) 의료기관 관련 감염(healthcare-associated, HA)과 지역사회 관련 감염(community-associated, CA)로 구분하였다. 결 과: 1세 미만의 환자 206명 중에서는 HO-HA 감염이 72%, CO-HA 감염이 7%, 그리고 CA 감염이 21%였으며 1세 이상의 환자 223명 중에서는 각각 48%, 28%, 24%였다. HA감염 중 CO-HA 감염의 비율은 1세 이상 환자군에서 1세 미만에 비해 높았으며(8.6% vs. 37.1%, P <0.001), CO 감염 중 HA 감염의 비율 역시 1세 이상 환자군에서 높았다(24.5% vs.54.3%, P <0.001). 전체 분리된 균주의 57%가 MRSA였고 CA감염의 30% (29/96)가 MRSA였으며, CA-MRSA 중 가장 흔한 감염 형태는 피부 및 연조직 감염이었다. 결 론 : 지역사회에서 발생하는 감염을 일으키는 황색포도알균의 메티실린 내성율이 높으며, CA-MRSA는 피부 및 연조직 감염이 가장 흔히 일으켰다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.84-89
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• 2019

신규 항세균물질을 탐색하는 사전조사에서 몇몇 분리균주들이 그람양성 세균과 그람음성 세균 모두에 항균활성을 보이며, 심지어 methicillin내성 Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)에도 항균활성을 나타내었다. 이들 균주 중에서 한 균주가 표현형과 계통분석을 이용하여 특히 16S 리보좀 RNA 유전자 염기서열에 기초하여 Pseudomonas aeruginosa로 동정되었다. BCNU 1204 균주의 항균물질은 King's medium B (pH 7.0)에서 $35^{\circ}C$의 온도 조건으로 4일 배양 후 가장 최대로 생산되었다. 항균물질을 각종 유기용매로 분획한 결과, P. aeruginosa BCNU 1204의 dichloromethane (DCM)분획과 ethylacetate (EA) 분획이 그람 양성 세균에 강력한 항균활성을 보였으며, 특히 ethylacetate (EA) 분획이 methicillin내성 Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)에 대하여 강한 항균활성을 나타내었다. Recycling preparative LC와 preparative TLC 로 활성물질 하나(분획 5-2)를 분리하여 GC-MS 분석한 결과 phenazine 화합물에 속하는 phenazine-1-carboxylic acid 로 동정하였다. 그리고 MRSA 균주에 대한 최소저해농도(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)가 MRSA균주인 CCARM 3089, 3090, 3091 그리고 3095 균주에 대하여 각각 $25{\mu}g/ml$, $50{\mu}g/ml$, ${\geq}25{\mu}g/ml$ 그리고 ${\geq}50{\mu}g/ml$ 임을 확인하였다. 그러므로 P. aeruginosa BCNU 1204 분리균주는 항 MRSA 항생물질을 개발하기 위한 잠재 가치가 높은 생물자원으로 기대되며, P. aeruginosa BCNU 1204 균주로부터 리더 화합물을 획득하기 위한 보다 많은 연구가 요구된다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.536-541
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• 2013

Background Pathogens in the nasal cavity during nasal surgery could lead to a systemic infectious condition, such as bacteremia, nosocomial infection, or toxic shock syndrome. However, there is no research about the prevalence of nasal carriage in patients with nasal bone fracture. Methods This was a prospective, double-blind, randomized study about the rate of nasal carriage in 200 patients with nasal bone fracture in Korea. Nasal secretions were taken from both the middle nasal meatus and colonized. All analyses were carried out using SPSS software. Results Pathogens were identified in 178 of the 200 cases. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were the most cultured bacteria in 127 (66.84%) of the 190 total patients after excluding 10 cases of contaminated samples, and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCNS) were found in 48 (25.26%). Staphylococcus aureus was the second most identified pathogen, found in 36 (18.95%), followed by 7 cases (3.68%) of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The prevalence rate of MRSA in the females was higher than that in the males (RR=4.70; 95% CI, 1.09-20.18), but other demographic factors had no effect on the prevalence rate of MRSA and MRCNS. Conclusions The prevalence rate of these pathogens in patients with nasal bone fracture in Korea was similar to other reports. However, few studies have addressed the prevalence rate of CNS and MRCNS in accordance with risk factors or the change in prevalence according to specific prophylaxis against infectious complications. Additional research is needed on the potential connections between clinical factors and microbiological data.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.704-709
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• 2009

The emergence of methicillin-resistant of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) has led to an urgent need for the discovery and development of new antibacterial agents. As part of an ongoing investigation into the antibacterial properties of the natural products, (2S)-7,4'-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-8-(${\gamma}$, ${\gamma}$-dimethylally)-f1avanone (2S-DMDF), isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens, was found to be antibacterial active MRSA and VRE. Sophora flavescens has been used as antibacterial, antiviral, antiprotozoal, anti-inflammatory. Therefore, this study investigated the antibacterial activity of 2S-DMDF against all the bacterial strains tested. In this result, at the end point of an optically clear well, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranged from 0.97 to 15.6 mg/ml for 2S-DMDF, from 125 to 256 mg/ml for ampicillin, and from 64 to 512 mg/ml for gentamicin with MRSA, also, 7.8 to 15.6 mg/ml for 2S-DMDF, from 125 to 256 mg/ml for ampicillin, and from 512 to 1024< mg/ml for vacomicin with VRE. These findings indicated that the application of the tested 2S-DMDF alone might prove useful in the control and treatment of MRSA and VRE infections.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.114-119
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• 2009

Purpose: The effectiveness of an infection control program is important to hospital quality improvement and decreases of mortality rate and prevalence. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the most common pathogen causing nosocomial infection. The aim of the study was to identify the most important risk factors for acquiring an MRSA, to evaluate the MRSA incidence rates after the nursing intervention in Neurosurgery intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: Clinical data were collected prospectively from December 2008 until July 2009 in Neurosurgery ICU. The patients were divided into preintervention and postintervention groups. An infection was defined as an MRSA if it occurred 48 hr after admission to the Unit. Infection control program including hand washing, education of health care workers about MRSA, standard precaution and contact isolation of patients were applied for three month. Results: A total of 85 patients were included in the study. Forty-five patients of S. aurerus were detected. Among 45 of S. aurerus, MRSA were isolated from 38 patients. The incidence MRSA rate of postintervention group was 26.9% while incidence MRSA rate of preintervention group was 66.7%. In total, The incidence MRSA rate was 44.7%. The incidence of MRSA have decreased in the postintervention as compared with the preintervention group. Conclusion: The infection control program for MRSA was effective to decrease the MRSA isolation rate. The health care workers regular hand washing, education of nosocomial infection control is important enough to be emphasized.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.155-163
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to investigate the carrier rate of S. aureus in the community, antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the organism, detection of MRSA and mecA gene in MRSA. Identification and antibiotic resistance patterns of S. aureus and MRSA were done by MicroScan Panels. MRSA strain was confirmed by disk diffusion method using oxacillin disk. The mecA gene in MRSA was detected by PCR. Eighty-four strains (27.4%) of S. aureus were isolated from the nasal specimens of 307 university students in Busan in 2004. Sixty-eight strains (81.9%) of 83 S. aureus were resistant to penicllin, 16 strains(19.3%) to erythromycin, 15 strains (18.1%) to gentamicin, 12 strains (14.5%) to tetracycline, 6 strains (7.2%) to chloramphenicol, 3 strains (3.6%) to ofloxacin, 2 strains (2.4%) to cefepime, clindamycin, imipenem, meropenem, norfloxacin, respectively. One strain (1.2%) was resistant to ciprofloxacin, cefazolin, cefotaxime, cefuroxime, and oxacillin. And all the strains (100%) of 84 S. aureus were susceptible to amoxicilin/K clavulanate, ticarcillin/K clavulanate, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, rifampin, syncroid, teicoplanin, and vancomycin. One strain of 84 S. aureus isolates was methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The mecA gene was detected from the MRSA strain.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.659-664
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• 2011

Staphylococcus aureus (SA) bacteremia is associated with high mortality, and often results in metastatic infections. The methicillin-resistant SA (MRSA) is an urgent health care issue, as nosocomial infections with these bacteria represent limited treatment alternatives. Samples of whole blood containing challenge inoculums of SA and MRSA strains were passed through columns packed with surfaceheparinized polyethylene beads. The bound bacteria were eluted and quantitatively determined by culturing and by real-time PCR. Significant amounts of both SA and MRSA adhered to the heparinized beads (more than 65% of inoculated bacteria). After rinsing with buffer at high ionic strength, viable bacteria or bacterial DNA were eluted from the columns, indicating that the binding was specific. The conclusions that can be made from these experiments are that, as earlier reported in the literature, the high affinity of SA to heparin is retained in whole blood, and MRSA in whole blood binds to heparin with similar or higher affinity than SA. It should be possible to lower the amount of SA and/or MRSA from the blood of infected patients to levels that could be taken care of by the immune system. In previous studies, we have shown that passing blood from septic patients over beads coated with end-point-attached, biologically active heparin is a useful technique for regulating the levels of heparinbinding cytokine. These findings in combination with the present findings indicate the possibility of creating an apheresis technology for treatment of sepsis caused by SA and/or MRSA.