• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.55-68
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• 2020

Because of the intensified environmental problems such as climate change and resource depletion, sewage treatment technology focused on energy management has recently attracted attention. The conversion of primary sludge from the primary sedimentation tank and excessive sludge from the secondary sedimentation tank into biogas is the key to energy-positive sewage treatment. In particular, the primary sedimentation tanks recover enriched biodegradable organic matter and anaerobic digestion process produces methane from the organic wastes for energy production. Such technologies for minimizing oxygen demand are leading the innovation regarding sewage treatment plants. However, sewage treatment facilities in Korea lack core technology and operational know-how. Actually, the energy potential of sewage is higher than sewage treatment energy consumption in the sewage treatment, but current processes are not adequately efficient in energy recovery. To improve this, it is possible to apply chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT), high-rate activated sludge (HRAS), and anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) to the primary sedimentation tank. To maximize the methane production of sewage treatment plants, organic wastes such as food waste and livestock manure can be digested. Additionally, mechanical pretreatment, thermal hydrolysis, and chemical pretreatment would enhance the methane conversion of organic waste. Power generation systems based on internal combustion engines are susceptible to heat source losses, requiring breakthrough energy conversion systems such as fuel cells. To realize the energy positive sewage treatment plant, primary organic matter recovery from sewage, biogas pretreatment, and co-digestion should be optimized in the energy management system based on the knowledge-based operation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.15-22
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• 2012

본 연구는 거세 한우의 비육 기간에 보리나 옥수수 위주의 농후 사료를 일당 증체량 0.7 kg/일에 필요한 TDN량 6.9 kg씩 급여하였을 때 장내 발효과정에 생성되는 메탄가스를 측정하는데 그 목적이 있다. 보리나 옥수수 급여구의 건물 섭취량은 차이가 없었으나 영양소별 섭취량은 보리와 옥수수의 영양성분의 차이에 의해서 보리 위주의 농후사료 급여구가 조단백질, 조섬유, 가용무질소물, 유기물, Neutral detergent fiber와 Acid detergent fiber의 섭취량이 유의적으로 섭취량이 높았고(p<0.05), 조지방과 조회분 섭취량은 옥수수 위주의 농후사료 급여구가 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 각 영양소별 소화율은 보리나 옥수수 위주의 농후사료 급여 구 모두 건물, 조단백질, 조지방, 조회분 소화율에서 차이가 없었으나 조섬유, Neutral detergent fiber와 Acid detergent fiber 소화율은 보리 위주의 농후사료 급여 구에서 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 호흡가스 발생량은 옥수수 위주의 농후사료를 급여했을 때가 산소 소모량 6.4% (p=0.32), 이산화탄소와 메탄생성량은 각각 15.4% (p=0.09)와 16.8% (p=0.09) 높은 경향이 나타났고, 메탄 배출계수는 보리나 옥수수 위주의 농후사료 급여 시 각각 43.6 (kg/Head/Year)과 50.9 (kg/Head/Year)로 산출되었다. 메탄전환계수는 보리와 옥수수 위주의 농후사료를 급여하였을 때 총에너지 섭취량은 각각 35.9 Mcal/d와 35.5 Mcal/d씩 섭취했고 메탄으로 손실된 에너지는 12.2 Mcal/d와 14.9 Mcal/d로 메탄가스 생성에 의한 메탄전환계수는 보리 위주의 농후사료 급여 구에서 4% (0.04 Ym)이었고, 옥수수 위주의 농후사료 급여 구에서 5% (0.05 Ym)로 나타났다. 따라서 위의 결과는 우리나라 한우의 사양 실정에 맞게 적용한 실험으로 향후 축산분야의 온실가스 저감을 위한 사양체계 및 메탄배출계수 산출연구에 대한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 멤브레인
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.213-222
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• 2014

자동차 연료용 바이오가스의 고순도 메탄 분리정제를 위해 2단 재순환 분리막 공정을 연구하였다. 2단 재순환 분리막 공정을 개발하기 위해 폴리설폰(Polysulfone) 중공사 모듈을 채택하여 이산화탄소, 메탄의 순수투과도를 측정하였다. 또한 모델 혼합가스를 대상으로 모듈의 메탄농도와 압력에 대해 투과실험을 수행하여 메탄의 농도와 회수율에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 그 결과를 토대로 2단 재순환 분리막 파일럿 플랜트를 제작하였으며 현장에서 발생되는 바이오가스를 대상으로 공정변수에 대한 메탄 회수율과 농도에 관한 투과실험을 수행하였다. 제습기와 탈황설비 등의 전처리설비를 거쳐 가스 내의 수분을 500 ppm 이하, 바이오가스내의 황화수소 농도를 20 ppm 이하로 제거하였으며 그 정제된 혼합가스를 대상으로 파일럿 분리막 공정의 막면적비에 따른 운전결과를 알아보기 위하여 1, 2단의 막면적비가 각각 1:1, 1:3, 2:2가 되도록 구성하여 실험을 진행한 결과, 1단의 막면적은 $1m^2$로 동일하고 2단의 면적비가 $1m^2$에서 $3m^2$로 증가하였을 경우 최종 공급유량은 6.6 L/min에서 80.7 L/min로 그리고 메탄 회수율은 메탄순도 95%에서 47.1%에서 92.5%로 증가하였다. 또한, 막 면적비가 1:1로 동일한 경우 전체 면적이 2배로 증가함에 따라서 유량은 6.6 L/min에서 100.8 L/min로 회수율은 47.1에서 88.3%를 나타내었다. 1:3 면적비에서 공급유량이 증가하는 경우, 최종 메탄 순도는 감소하고 메탄 회수율은 증가하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 운전압력이 증가할수록 공급유량은 증가하고 회수율은 다소 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 실험을 통해 유효막면적, 공급압력과 공급유량의 변화가 공정 성능향상에 중요한 영향을 미친다는 것을 확인하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권10호
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• pp.1389-1394
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• 2012

Sheanut cake (SNC), expeller (SNE) and solvent extractions (SNSE) samples were evaluated to determine their suitability in animal feeding. The CP content was highest in SNSE (16.2%) followed by SNE (14.7%) and SNC (11.6%). However, metabolizable energy (ME, MJ/kg) was maximum in SNC (8.2) followed by SNE (7.9) and SNSE (7.0). The tannin phenol content was about 7.0 per cent and mostly in the form of hydrolyzable tannin (HT), whereas condensed tannin (CT) was less than one per cent. The in vitro gas production profiles indicated similar y max (maximum potential of gas production) among the 3 by-products. However, the rate of degradation (k) was maximum in SNC followed by SNE and SNSE. The $t^{1/2}$ (time taken for reaching half asymptote) was lowest in SNC (14.4 h) followed by SNE (18.7 h) and SNSE (21.9 h). The increment in the in vitro gas volume (ml/200 mg DM) with PEG (polyethylene glycol)-6000 (as a tannin binder) addition was 12.0 in SNC, 9.6 in SNE and 11.0 in SNSE, respectively. The highest ratio of $CH_4$ (ml) reduction per ml of the total gas, an indicator of the potential of tannin, was recorded in SNE (0.482) followed by SNC (0.301) and SNSE (0.261). There was significant (p<0.05) reduction in entodinia population and total protozoa population. Differential protozoa counts revealed that Entodinia populations increased to a greater extent than Holotricha when PEG was added. This is the first report on the antimethanogenic property of sheanut byproducts. It could be concluded that all the three forms of SN byproducts are medium source of protein and energy for ruminants. There is a great potential for SN by-products to be incorporated in ruminant feeding not only as a source of energy and protein, but also to protect the protein from rumen degradation and suppress enteric methanogenesis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.471-478
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• 2011

The objectives were to compare the ability of various rumen microbial fractions to reduce nitrate and to assess the effect of nitrate on in vitro fermentation characteristics. Physical and chemical methods were used to differentiate the rumen microbial population into the following fractions: whole rumen fluid (WRF), protozoa (Pr), bacteria (Ba), and fungi (Fu). The three nitrogen substrate treatments were as follows: no supplemental nitrogen source, nitrate or urea, with the latter two being isonitrogenous additions. The results showed that during 24 h incubation, WRF, Pr and Ba fractions had an ability to reduce nitrate, and the rate of nitrate disappearance for the Pr fraction was similar to the WRF fraction, while the Ba fraction needed an adaptation period of 12 h before rapid nitrate disappearance. The WRF fraction had the greatest methane ($CH_4$) production and the Pr fraction had the greatest prevailing $H_2$ concentration (p<0.05). Compared to the urea treatment, nitrate diminished net gas and $CH_4$ production during incubation (p<0.05), and ammonia-N ($NH_3$-N) concentration (p<0.01). Nitrate also increased acetate, decreased propionate and decreased butyrate molar proportions (p<0.05). The Pr fraction had the highest acetate to propionate ratio (p<0.05). The Pr fraction as well as the Ba fraction appears to have an important role in nitrate reduction. Nitrate did not consistently alter total VFA concentration, but it did shift the VFA profile to higher acetate, lower propionate and lower butyrate molar proportions, consistent with less $CH_4$ production by all microbial fractions.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2014

Methanotrophic denitrification under a non-aerated condition (without external supply of oxygen or air) was investigated in a bioreactor coupled with a membrane diffuser. Batch experiment demonstrated that both methane consumption and nitrogen production rates were not high in the absence of oxygen, but most of the nitrate was reduced into $N_2$ with 88% recovery efficiency. The methane utilized for nitrate reduction was determined at 1.63 mmol $CH_4$/mmol $NO_3{^-}$-N, which was 2.6 times higher than the theoretical value. In spite of no oxygen supply, methanotrophic denitrification was well performed in the bioreactor, due to enhanced mass transfer of the methane by the membrane diffuser and utilization of oxygen remaining in the influent. The denitrification efficiency and specific denitrification rate were 47% and 1.69 mg $NO_3{^-}-N/g\;VSS{\cdot}hr$, respectively, which were slightly lower than for methanotrophic denitrification under an aerobic condition. The average concentration of total organic carbon in the effluent was as low as 2.45 mg/L, which indicates that it can be applicable as a post-denitrification method for the reclamation of secondary wastewater effluent. The dominant fatty acid methyl ester of mixed culture in the bioreactor was $C_{16:1{\omega}7c}$ and $C_{18:1{\omega}7c}$, which was predominantly found in type I and II methanotrophs, respectively. This study presents the potential of methanotrophic denitrification without externally excess oxygen supply as a post-denitrification option for various water treatment or reclamation.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.75-82
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• 2008

상향류 혐기성 슬러지 블랭킷 반응조을 이용한 프로피온산의 처리시 고농도 황산염의 영향을 조사하였다. 반응조의 평균 유기물 부하와 수리학적 체류시간은 $1.2kg \;COD/m^3{\cdot}d$와 1.6일로 유지하였다. 황산염이 없는 조건에서 UASB 반응조의 경우 95%의 COD 제거율을 보였으며 황산염이 $2,000mgSO_4^{2-}/L$로 존재하는 경우 용존 황화물의 영향으로 COD 제거율이 83%로 감소하였다. 메탄 생성균과 황산염 환원균의 경쟁관계를 평가하기 위하여 미생물의 상호작용에 관해 조사하였다. $COD/SO_4^{2-}$ 비가 1인 경우 이용 가능한 전자 수용체의 평균 58%가 메탄 생성균에 의해 이용되며 나머지가 황산염 환원균에 의해 사용되었다. 초산과 프로피온산을 기질로 이용한 비메탄 활성도의 경우 미생물이 기질에 적응함에 따라 증가하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.948-956
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• 2000

The effect of high and low level of feed intakes on nutrient digestibility, nutrient losses through methane, energy and protein utilization by goats fed on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) pellets based diets was investigated in this study. Twelve castrated Japanese goats were employed in two subsequent digestion and metabolism trials. The goats were divided into three groups, offered three diets. Diet 1 consisted of 100% alfalfa pellet, Diet 2 was 70% alfalfa pellet and 30% corn, and Diet 3 was 40% alfalfa pellet and 60% corn. The two intake levels were high (1.6 times) and low (0.9 times) the maintenance requirement of total digestible nutrients (TON). Rumen ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) level of Diet 1 was lower (p<0.001) compared to Diets 2 and 3, but the values were always above the critical level (I50 mg/liter), The pH values of rumen liquor ranged from 6.02 to 7.30. Apparent digestibility of nutrient components did not show differences (p>0.05) between the two intake levels but inclusion of corn significantly altered the nutrient digestibility. Diet 3 had highest (p<0.001) dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE) and nitrogen fee extract (NFE) digestibility followed by the Diet 2 and Diet 1. The crude protein (CP) digestibility values among the three diets were in a narrow range (70.1 to 70.8%). Crude fiber (CF) digestibility for Diet 3 was slight higher (p>0.05) than that for other two diets. When alfalfa was replaced by corn, there were highly significant (p<0.001) increases in DM, OM, EE and NFE apparent digestibility and a slight increase in the CF digestibility (p>0.05). There were no differences (p>0.05) in energy losses as methane ($CH_4$) and heat production among the diets but energy loss through urine was higher for the Diet 1. The total energy loss as $CH_4$ and heat production were higher for the high intake level but the energy loss as $CH_4$ per gram DM intake were same (0.305 kcal/g) between the high and low intake level. Retained energy (RE) was higher for Diet 3 and Diet 2. Nitrogen (N) losses through feces and urine were higher (p<0.001) for Diet 1. Consequently, N retention was lower (p>0.05) for Diet 1 and higher in Diets 3 and 2. It is concluded that inclusion of corn with alfalfa increased the metabolizable energy (ME) and RE, and retained N through reducing the energy and N losses. The high level of intake reduced the rate of nutrient losses through feces and urine.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.46-54
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• 2015

본 연구는 하수처리장에서 발생되는 생슬러지와 잉여슬러지를 대상으로 열적가용화 공정의 적용성을 평가하였다. 열적가용화 효율 및 특성평가는 각 슬러지를 대상으로 $100{\sim}220^{\circ}C$ 온도범위에서 30분간 전처리를 수행한 후 실시되었다. 그 결과, 가용화 온도가 상승함에 따라 $SCOD_{Cr}$, $NH_4{^+}$, VFAs 농도가 증가하는 경향을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 COD 가용화효율 평가 결과, 온도 상승에 비례하는 경향이 나타나 열적가용화에 의해 가수분해 및 산발표 단계를 촉진시킨 것으로 판단된다. BMP (Biochemical Methane Potential) 실험을 통해 생슬러지의 경우 $220^{\circ}C$에서 가장 높은 biogas 생산량을 보여주었으나, 증가율은 5.6%로 열적가용화에 의한 효과가 미미한 것으로 나타났다. 반면 잉여슬러지의 경우 최대 38.8% ( $180^{\circ}C$) 증가하여, 열적가용화 공정은 잉여슬러지에 대한 적용성이 더욱 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.54-59
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• 2015

가스하이드레이트(GH: Gas Hydrate)는 전 세계적으로 약 10조 톤에 이르는 엄청난 양이 대부분 해양의 대륙사면에 부존되어 있으나(동토 지역 : 2 %, 해양 대륙사면 98 %), 현재까지 가스하이드레이트 저류층으로부터 상업화할 수 있을 만큼 가스를 회수하는 기술이 개발되어 있지 않은 실정이다. 일반적으로 회수하는 방법은 감압법, 열자극법, 억제재 주입법 및 치환법 등으로 크게 나누어 볼 수 있으며, 본 연구에서는 가스하이드레이트 포화율과 감압률에 따라서 가스하이드레이트 해리시간 및 가스생산이 어떻게 달라지는 지, 그에 대한 특성을 분석하고자 하였다. 연구분석 결과 감압률과 해리시간의 상관 관계식을 도출($Y=0.0004X^2-0.499X+176.86$)할 수 있었고, 또한 감압률이 클수록 메탄생산량이 좋다는 것을 알 수 있었지만(감압률 40% 대비 50%에서 메탄가스생산량이 46.2% 향상), 감압률이 60%에서는 오히려 생산량이 줄어드는데, 이는 가스하이드레이트 재형성에 기인한 것으로 판단된다.