• Title/Summary/Keyword: Mercury Vapor Pressure

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Characteristics of Mercury Concentration in Vapor Phase from Compact Fluorescent Lamp (소형형광등(Compact Fluorescent Lamp)의 파쇄에 따른 기상에서의 수은농도 특성)

  • Rhee, Seung-Whee
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • v.52 no.5
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    • pp.652-656
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    • 2014
  • Mercury amount in vapor phase from 3 types of CFL(compact fluorescent lamp) are estimated by measuring mercury concentration in vapor phase. The mercury concentration in vapor phase from CFL is sharply decreased during initial time and then the change in the mercury concentration is slightly decreased up to 24 hours. The mercury concentration in vapor phase is almost constant after 42 hours, which can be called by stabilized concentration. It can be estimated that the stabilized concentration is caused by the evaporation of mercury in the residues of broken CFL and can be affected by temperature and pressure in crushing apparatus. The mercury concentration for CFL manufactures are in the order of A < B < C as the same results of the initial mercury concentration and the stabilized concentration in vapor phase. As increased air flow rate, the partial pressure of mercury is decreased and the amount of mercury is reduced. Initially, the mercury concentration in vapor phase emitted from CFLs is higher than the regulatory level of $0.1mg/m^3$ in the specific facilities regardless of air flow rate. Hence, it is absolutely necessary that mercury in vapor phase should be controlled at the point of crushing campact fluorescent lamp.

The High Efficiency of Amorphous-Si Solar Cells Prepared by Photo-CVD System (광(光) CVD 법(法)에 의한 a-Si 태양전지(太陽電池)의 고효율화에 관한 연구(硏究))

  • Kim, Tae-Seoung
    • Solar Energy
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    • v.5 no.2
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    • pp.46-53
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    • 1985
  • Hydrogenated amorphous silicon solar cells which are fabricated by photo-chemical vapor deposition (photo-CVD) system has been investigated. In the photo-CVD system which consists of three separate reaction chambers, low-pressure mercury lamp has been used as a light source. The main reactant ($Si_2H_6/He$) gases which are premixed with a small amount of mercury vapor in a mercury-vaporizer kept at $50^{\circ}C$ have been used. Using $C_2H_2$ and $SiH_2(CH_3)_2$ as the carbon source, p-type wide band gap a-SiC:H films have been obtained. The result has been found that the undoped layers of the pin/substrate solar cells are influenced by the residual impurities, such as phosphorus and boron during the deposition process. By minimizing the effect of the impurities in the i-layer and optimizing conditions at the p-layer and p/i interface, the energy conversion efficiency of 9.61 % under AM-1 ($100mW/Cm^2$) has been achieved for pin/substrate solar cells illuminated through their p-layers, using the three separate reaction chamber apparatus. It is expected that a-SiC:H solar cells with the energy conversion efficiency over 10% have been fabricated by Photo-CVD method.

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A Trend of the National and International Standards for Fluorescent Induction Lamps (무전극 형광램프 국내외 표준화 동향)

  • Cho, M.R.;Shin, S.W.;Lee, S.H.;Hwang, M.K.;Lee, D.Y.;Yang, S.Y.;Ham, J.K.
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of IIIuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers Conference
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    • 2007.05a
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    • pp.145-147
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    • 2007
  • Fluorescent induction lamps are assembly of a Low Pressure Mercury discharge vessel and an inductive power coupler. A vessel containing at least a Low Pressure Mercury vapor, which will be energized by means of the Inductive Coupler. The Ultra Violet radiation from the resulting discharge is converted by a layer of fluorescent material into visible light. The discharge vessel may have means of mechanical fixation to position it to the Inductive power coupler. The component to transform High Frequency electrical energy, by means of induction, in order to energize the Low Pressure Mercury in the discharge vessel. The component includes electrical connection. Fluorescent induction lamps don't have international standards yet. So we try to correspond Korea standards to international standards.

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Oxidation of Elemental Mercury using Dielectric Barrier Discharge Process (유전체 장벽 방전을 이용한 원소수은의 산화특성)

  • Byun, Youngchul;Ko, Kyung Bo;Cho, Moo Hyun;NamKung, Won;Shin, Dong Nam;Koh, Dong Jun;Kim, Kyoung Tae
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • v.45 no.2
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    • pp.183-189
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    • 2007
  • We have investigated the oxidation of gas phase elemental mercury using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). In the DBD process, active species such as $O_3$, OH, O and $HO_2$ are generated by collisions between electrons and gas molecules. Search active species convert elemental mercury into mercury oxide which is deposited into the wall of DBD reactor because of its low vapor pressure. The oxidation efficiency of elemental mercury has been decreased from 60 to 30% by increasing the initial concentration of the elemental mercury from 72 to $655{\mu}g/Nm^3$. The gas retention time at the DBD reactor has showed the little effect on the oxidation efficiency. The more oxygen concentration has induced the more oxidation of elemental mercury, whereas there has been no appreciable oxidation within pure $N_2$ discharge. It has indicated that oxygen atom and ozone, generated in air condition determine the oxidation of elemental mercury.

Mercury Quantity in a Fluorescent Lamp for a Backlight of LCD-TVs (LCD-백라이트용 형광램프의 수은량)

  • Bong, Jae-Hwan;Kim, Yun-Jung;Hwang, Ha-Chung;Jin, Dong-Jun;Jeong, Jong-Mun;Kim, Jung-Hyun;Koo, Je-Huan;Cho, Guang-Sup
    • Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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    • v.17 no.6
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    • pp.495-500
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    • 2008
  • The amount of vapor mercury for the generation of glow discharge plasma has been calculated in a fine tube fluorescent lamp having a mixed gas of Ne+Ar including a mercury. When the ionization of atom is considered by the collision between neutral atoms (Ne, Ar, Hg) and electrons of energy $kT_e{\sim}1\;eV$, the density of vapor mercury atom has been obtained as $n(Hg){\sim}3.43{\times}10^{22}m^{-3}$ for the plasma density $n_o{\sim}10^{17}m^{-3}$. In the fluorescent lamps of out diameter 4 mm used for $32{\sim}42$-inch LCD-TVs having a mixture gas of Ne(95%)+Ar(5%) with the pressure of 50 Torr, the quantity of vapor mercury for the glow discharge has been caculated as 0.02{\sim}0.08\;mg$.

Development of Inverter for Improvement of Low Temperature Operation of LCD Backlight using Flat Fluorescent Lamp (FFL) (면광원을 이용한 LCD 백라이트의 저온구동특성 향상을 위한 인버터 개발)

  • Hur, Jeong-Wook;Lim, Sung-Kyoo
    • Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.11-17
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    • 2007
  • The CCFLs, EEFLs and FFLs use mercury and the operating conditions are different at warm or cold temperature. At start of operation, there may exist a possibility of inhomogeneous operation of lamps or channels of FFL to the very low vapor pressure of mercury at low temperature. In this paper, an inverter with level control block (LCB) was developed to drive LCD backlight using FFL stably at low temperature range. The operation of FFL backlight at $-20^{\circ}C$ was successfully demonstrated by developing inverter with LCB under 130 Watt of power consumption.

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Analysis of the Effect on the Performance of Ceramic Metal Halide Lamp by the Loss of Elements that have been Filled in Arc Tube (아크튜브내의 구성물 손실이 세라믹 메탈 핼라이드 램프의 특성에 미치는 영향분석)

  • Jang, Hyeok-Jin;Yang, Jong-Kyung;Park, Dae-Hee
    • The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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    • v.58 no.12
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    • pp.2446-2452
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    • 2009
  • A Ceramic Metal-halide lamp is achieved by adding multiple metals to a basic mercury discharge. Because the vapor pressure of most metals is very much lower than mercury itself, metal-halide salts of the desired metals, having higher vapor pressures, are used to introduce the material into the basic discharge. The metal compounds are usually polyatomic iodides, which vaporize and subsequently dissociate as they diffuse into the bulk plasma. Metals with multiple visible transitions are necessary to achieve high photometric efficiency and good color. Compounds of Sc, Dy, Ho, Tm, Ce, Pr, Yb and Nd are commonly used. The maximum visible efficacy of a Ceramic Metal Halide lamp, under the constant of a white light source, is predicted to be about 450lm/W. This is controlled principally by the chemical fill chosen for a particular lamp. Current these lamps achieve 130lm/W and these life time are the maximum 16,000[hr]. So factors of performance lower are necessary to improve lamp performance. In this paper, we analyzed factors of performance lower by accelerated deterioration test. The lamp was operated with short duration turn-on/turn-off procedure to enhance the effect due to electrode sputtering during lamp ignition. The tested lamp that was operated with a longer turn-on/off(20/20 minutes) showed blackening, changed distance between electrodes and lowered color rendering & color temperature by losses of Dy at 421.18nm, I at 511nm, T1 at 535nm and Na at 588nm compared with the new lamp.

Optical Characteristic Analysis of Electrodeless Lamp due to the Density Difference of Mercury (수은의 밀도차에 의한 무전극 램프의 광특성 분석)

  • Lee, Kye-Seung;Lee, Jae-Min
    • The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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    • v.10 no.6
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    • pp.477-486
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    • 2017
  • For the analysis of the optical characteristics of electrodeless lamps, all the lamp surface temperatures have been treated the same. However, the interpretation of optical properties in this way has not been sufficient in terms of accuracy. In this paper, to overcome this problem, we divided the inside of the bulb into two parts, hot spot and cold spot, and analyzed the density difference of mercury by different temperatures. Here, it is assumed that the distribution of temperature and density is linear. The effect of optical characteristics through redistribution of hot spot and cold spot density was analyzed. It was also confirmed that the ratio of the density of the redistributed discharge gas has a great influence on the saturation of the optical characteristics. Therefore, it is proved that the design method through the domestic setting is very useful in the actual design, and the method for shortening the time for stabilizing the optical characteristics is obtained.

PHOSPHORUS NITRIDE FILMS ON InP SURFACE BY PHOTO-CVD (광CVD에 의한 InP기판 위에 질화인막의 성장)

  • Hong, Youg-Tae;Lee, Jae-Hak;Jeong, Yoon-Ha;Bae, Young-Ho;Kim, Kwang-Ill;Jeong, Wook-Jin
    • Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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    • 1989.07a
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    • pp.386-389
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    • 1989
  • Phosphorus nitride films on InP surface were grown by a Photo-CVD (chemical vapor deposition) technique over 100-250 $^{\circ}C$ range of substrate temperature, which is based on direct photolysis of $PCl_3/H_2$ and $NH_3$ gas mixtures by 185nm ultraviolet light from a low pressure mercury lamp. The film growth rate ed the refractive index(n) were shown about 700-800 ${\AA}/hr$ and 1.7-1.8, respectively. Composition ratio and interface properties were analyzed by AES(Auger Electron Spectroscopy) and XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectorscopy) technique.

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Effect of Hg-ambient annealing on Hg0.7Cd0.3Te thin films for IR detector (Hg 분위기 열처리에 따른 적외선 감지용 Hg0.7Cd0.3Te 박막의구조적 특성 변화)

  • Kim, Kwang-Chon;Lee, Cha-Hyun;Choi, Won-Chel;Kim, Hyun-Jae;Kim, Jin-Sang
    • Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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    • v.19 no.5
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    • pp.398-402
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    • 2010
  • The liquid phase epitaxy(LPE) method was widely used to growth of mercury cadmium telluride(MCT) thin films. However, this method lead to Hg-vacancies in MCT thin film, because Hg has high vapor pressure at this temperature range. This is a well known defect in HgCdTe grown by LPE method. In this study, we report the development of techniques for improving the crystalline quality and controlling the composite uniformity of HgCdTe thin films using high- pressure Hg-ambient annealing method. As a result, we achieved the improvement of the composite uniformity of HgCdTe thin films. It was observed by the high angle annular dark field scanning TEM(HAADF-STEM) analysis. Moreover, new HgTe phase and a shrinking of lattice fringe were observed.