• 대한한의진단학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.10-18
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• 2009

Objectives : To review to determine difference in the effect of age, gender, location of electrode, test meal and period of recording that influence Electrogastrography (EGG) parameters and to study its oriental medical application. Methods : We investigate the research results through internet search engines, Pub Med, Karger, Mary Ann Libert and Pro Quest. Results : Age and gender influence postprandial Dominant Frequency Instability Coefficient (DFIC). Body mass index (BMI) influence fasting and postprandial EGG parameters. Menstrual cycle phase influence fasting Dominant Frequency (DF). Test meal volume and composition influence postprandial EGG parameters. But reduced-calorie test meal have no effect on EGG parameters. Conclusions : Because the amplitude of surface-recorded SW(slow wave) is very weak, EGG is influenced by many factors. Age, gender, BMI, menstrual cycle phase, test meal volume and test meal composition influence EGG parameters. but reduced-calorie test meal have no effect on EGG parameters.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.101-108
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• 2000

자궁내막증은 흔한 부인과적 질병이며 여성 불임의 한 원인이 되나 그 발생 원인에 대하여서는 아직 논란의 여지가 많다. 최근 월경혈의 역류에 의하여 자궁내막증이 생긴다는 가설이 가장 유력한데 자궁내막증 환자가 정상여성에서보다 역류되는 월경혈의 양이 많거나 침습성이 강한 것이 자궁내막증의 발생원인이 될 수 있다는 이론들이 소개되었다. Pleitrophin (PTN)이나 midkine(MK)은 성장 및 분화에 관여하는 인자로서 여러 종류의 악성 종양에서 그 발현이 보고되어있으며 종양화 (carcinogenensis), 맥관형성 (angiogenesis), plasminogen activator의 활성화 증가 등에 관여한다고 보고된 바 있다. 이에 자궁내막증 환자의 자궁 내막과 대조군의 자궁내막에서 PTN과 MK mRNA의 발현의 차이를 quantitative competitive RT PCR로 비교하였다. 그 결과 자궁내막증 환자의 황체기 자궁내막에서 대조군의 자궁내막에 비하여 PTN과 MK의 발현이 높게 나타났다. 이러한 PTN과 MK의 발현의 증가로 자궁내막증 환자의 자궁내막이 복강 내에서 더욱 쉽게 맥관형성을 하고 성장이 촉진되어 자궁내막증이 발생될 것으로 생각되어 PTN과 MK가 자궁내막증의 초기 발생과정에 관여할 가능성이 있다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.561-569
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• 1999

In the atherosclerotic subjects, arterial endothelial cell injury and plaque formation are suspected to be strong causable factors in developing acute coronary syndrome, and it was revealed that platelets have a very important role in this case. Women are exposed to atherosclerosis at a different degree after menopause or oral contraception. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of endogenous and exogenous estrogen on the degree of platelet aggregation in platelet rich plasma(PRP) in twenty nonsmoking healthy Korean women for 12 weeks. The subjects were assigned to three groups: (1) eight women aged 49 to 60(yr) for the postmenopausel(Pst) group, (2) eight, aged 22 to 30(yr) for the premenopausa(Pre) group, (3) four, aged 23 to 30(yr) for the oral contraceptive (OC) group which used triphasic OC formulation. Fasting blood sample were obtained from the subjects, (1) once per 6 weeks in the Pst group, (2) every phase of the menstrual cycle in the Pre group, (3) each once during and after OC administration in the OC group. ADP, collagen and epinephrine were used as aggregating reagents, and platelet aggregation and time(Δt: time reaching to the maximum point of aggregation) in PRP were measured at the maximum point of aggregation in five minutes. All the data were adjusted for dietary effects, personality type and body mass index(BMI) by using analysis of covariation(ANCOVA). Platelet aggregation to ADP and collagen(MADP and MCOLL) were not significantly different among the three groups, and Δt to ADP and collagen(TADP and TCOLL) were not either. But maximum platelet aggregability and Δt to epinephrine(MEPIN and TEPIN) were significantly different among the three groups, and the OC group showed the lowest value (p<0.01). Maxtimum platelet aggregability and Δt during the menstrual cycle were not significantly different in the Pre group. Any other significant differences in the maximum platelet aggregability and Δt were found between oral contraception phase and washing out phase(menstruation) in the OC group. In results, maximum platelet aggregability and aggregation time to ADP and collagen seemed not to be affected by endogenous and exogenous estrogen, even though MEPIN and TEPIN showed significantly low in the OC group among the three groups.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.245-251
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• 2000

Objective: To investigate the distribution of BCL-2, BAX proteins and DNA fragmented cells in the normal human endometrium during at each menstrual cycle in order to find out whether apoptosis regulates cyclic endometrial change. Methods: Normal endometrial tissues were obtained from 40 patients, $32{\sim}45$ year of age, all with regular menstrual cycle, who were undergoing abdominal hysterectomy for myoma of uterus or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia for the period from 1992 through 1997. Immunohistochemical staining was used to determine the expression of BCL-2 and BAX protein with paraffin-embedded tissues. Results: BCL-2 was expressed on the glandular epithelial cells and stromal cells during the proliferative phase. The intensity of BCL-2 was increased predominantly on the basal layer than the functional layer in late proliferative phase. However, BCL-2 immunoreactivity was decreased in the secretory phase. BAX was expressed predominantly during the secretory phase. The intesity was increased in late secretory phase rather than early secretory phase. DNA fragmented cells were detected in a few cells at each phase. However, it was increased during the late secretory phase. Conclusion: Apoptosis-related genes, BCL-2 and BAX, may play a role in the regulation of cyclic endometrial change.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.117-131
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• 2000

Objectives: To develop a new immunohistochemical marker system for supplementation of the Noyes histological classification of the endometrium in women of child bearing age with regular menstrual cycles, and to employ this system to evaluate pathologic factors involved in endometriosis, and thus to ascertain if it is useful in diagnosis. Materials and Methods: Endometrial biopsies were sampled from the posterior fundus of 41 (24 proliferative phases, 17 secretory phases) women with regular menstrual cycles (28-32 days), and each sample was immunohistochemically stained according to Noyes et al (1975) for determination of expression for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), integrin ${\alpha}_1$, ${\alpha}_4$, ${\beta}_3$, COX-1 and COX-2. Then, the PR, integrin ${\beta}_3$ and COX-2 which were clearly expressed in the luteal phase was with endometrial samples were obtained from 20 cases of normal patients (group 1) and 25 cases with endometriosis (group 2) after confirming the day of ovulation by sex steroid level measurements 7-8 days after ovulation Results: In the regular menstruation group the expression of ER showed a tendency to be increased in the proliferative phase and decreased in the secretory phase, and was the highest in the proliferative phase. However, PR in the stromal cells showed no change in the entire menstrual cycle while in the epithelial cells, PR reached a peak in the late proliferative phase and was almost absent in the secretory phase. Integrin (${\alpha}_1$, ${\alpha}_4$, and ${\beta}_3$ expression in the epithelial cells was absent in the proliferative phase but ${\alpha}_1$ was strongly expressed starting from the early secretory phase into the entire secretory phase. ${\alpha}_4$ was expressed strongly in the early and mid secretory phases and disappeared in the late proliferative phase, while ${\beta}_3$ appeared after the mid secretory phase and continued to be expressed until the late secretory phase. Expression in the stromal cells was weak overall and did not show any cyclic pattern. COX-1 expression was shown as a cyclic pattern in the stromal and epithelial cells and was particularly strongly expressed in the mid secretory phase of epithelial cells, and in the mid secretory and menstruation phase of stromal cells. In the endometrial epithelial cells there was strong expression during the entire cycle with stronger expression in the secretory phase compared to the prolferative phase. COX-2 was clearly expressed in the late proliferative, early and mid secretory phases in the stromal cells. No expression was observed in the proliferative phase of the epithelial cells, but which began to appear in the early secretory phase reaching a significant pattern from the mid secretory phase onwards. There was almost no expression in the stromal cells. In the cases with endometriosis showing normal endometrial maturation according to the Noyes classification, PR expression was increased while Integrin-${\beta}_3$의 expression was significantly decreased compared to the normal group. Also, COX-2 expression was slightly decreased in the stromal cells of patients with endometriosis while it was significantly increased in the stromal cells. Conclusion: Immunohistochemical markers can supplement the original Noyes classification of histological endometrial dating and therefore ascertain existing pathologic conditions. Particularly for patients with endometriosis with normally mature endometrial cells, changes in COX-2 and integrin expression patterns may assist in elucidating pathophysiologic mechanisms and therefore aid in the diagnosis of abnormal implantation conditions, and consequently determine a treatment modality.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.147-152
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• 2001

Objective : It has been thought that estrogen has neuroleptic like effect in women schizophrenic patients. This study aimed to investigate neuroleptic side-effects severity in women with schizophrenia and to investigate their putative association with variations in sex steroids over menstrual cycle. Based on the estrogen theory, The author hypothesized that parkinsonian side-effects would be exacerbated when estrogen levels were high. Method : 26 schizophrenic women were assessed using the ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale) and estrogen analysis. Tests were conducted twice, in the mid luteal and mid follicular phase. Result : It was hypothesized that high level of estrogen would lead to an exacerbation of parkinsonian side-effects but the results indicated that parkinsonian side effects decreased overall when estrogen levels were high. This effects were more marked for the group taking typical neuroleptics than those taking atypical neuroleptics. Conclusion : The results of this study suggest that estrogen and progesteron may reduce the severity of neuroleptic induced extrapyramidal side effects over menstrual cycle in women with schizophrenia. It was concluded that estrogen has different effects on dopamine dynamics in the mesolimbic and mesostriatal pathways according to estrogen, progesteron, catecol estrogen, prolactine.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.200-205
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• 2023

Objective: Polycystic ovary (PCO), a diagnostic component of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), requires either an ovarian volume (OV) criterion or a follicle number per ovary (FNPO) criterion. This study investigated the association of OV and FNPO criteria with various manifestations of PCOS. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at a university hospital among 100 patients newly diagnosed with PCOS (according to the revised Rotterdam criteria). Fasting blood samples were collected to measure glucose, total testosterone (TT), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), lipid, insulin, and hemoglobin A1c levels. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed. Transabdominal or transvaginal ultrasound of the ovaries was done, depending on patients' marital status. All investigations were conducted in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. OV >10 mL and/or FNPO ≥12 indicated PCO. A homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (IR) value ≥2.6 indicated IR, and metabolic syndrome (MS) was defined according to the international harmonization criteria. Results: Seventy-six participants fulfilled the OV criterion, 70 fulfilled the FNPO criterion, and 89 overall had PCO. Both maximum OV and mean OV had a significant correlation with TT levels (r=0.239, p=0.017 and r=0.280, p=0.005, respectively) and the LH/FSH ratio (r=0.212, p=0.034 and r=0.200, p=0.047, respectively). Mean OV also had a significant correlation with fasting insulin levels (r=0.210, p=0.036). Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis showed that IR (odds ratio [OR], 9.429; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.701 to 52.271; p=0.010) and MS (OR, 7.952; 95% CI, 1.821 to 34.731; p=0.006) had significant predictive associations with OV alone, even after adjustment for age and body mass index. Conclusion: OV may be more closely related to the androgenic and metabolic characteristics of PCOS than FNPO.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.299-308
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• 2003

Purpose: This study was designed to identify nurses' perceptions and educational intentions regarding natural childbirth control (NCC) methods. Method: The participants were 313 nurses working at three general hospitals in Seoul. They were asked to complete a questionnaire composed of scales measuring knowledge and perceptions childbirth control methods, awareness of bodily changes in ovulation phase, perceptions of fetal life, which were developed by the author. Also, Chang's (2002) Sexual Autonomy Inventory was utilized. The data were analyzed by the SAS program. Results : Methods of condom and rhythm were considered to be more useful for childbirth control than other methods. Only 34-54% of them knew exactly about the NCC methods using menstrual cycle, body temperature, and mucus. The mean scores of sexual autonomy and awareness of bodily changes in ovulation phase were 3.8 and 3.4 out of 5, in respect. Educational intention was different statistically by the age, marital status, future intention to use NCC methods, and perception of educational need for NCC methods. Conclusion : Nurses' perceptions and educational intentions regarding NCC were low, especially in nurses who were married. It is recommended to encourage nurses to learn NCC methods for clients education.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.197-201
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• 2019

Objective: The aim of this study was to establish whether differences in ovarian size exist between the right and the left ovary of the same individual in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Methods: In total, 206 Korean women with polycystic ovary syndrome were included in this study. In all participants, a transvaginal or transrectal ultrasound examination was conducted in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Results: A significant linear correlation was found between the two ovaries with regard to antral follicle count and ovarian volume. The mean antral follicle count in the right ovary (26.75 ± 11.72) was significantly higher than that in the left ovary (23.98 ± 10.85), and the mean volume of the right ovary (11.06 ± 5.17 cm³) was significantly different from that of the left ovary (9.12 ± 4.89 cm³). Conclusion: Ovarian size is different between the right and the left ovary in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.92-104
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• 2005

Obesity rates are increasing worldwide, associated with excess acute and chronic disease risk. In most countries, obesity rates among women exceed rates in men, particularly during the post menopausal years. Many factors affect body weight and appetite, including age, metabolic rate, physical activity level, stress, cultural factors, socioeconomic status, health status and health literacy, diet composition, attitudes, and beliefs. Gender affects appetite and body weight indirectly by altering factors contributing to food choice. However, there is emerging evidence that gender affects appetite and body weight directly, altering the physiological control systems regulating appetite. The follicular menstrual cycle phase (estrogen-rich) is associated with relative suppression of appetite. Lower estrogen levels are associated with increased food intake, body weight gain, and altered body fat distribution in humans and animals. This paper reviews the linkages between estrogen and appetite regulation. While relationships among appetite, body weight, and gender-linked hormones are complex, research elucidating these interrelationships could lead to development of gender-specific treatment approaches for obesity and appetite dysregulation.