• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.297-306
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• 2014

This paper is a descriptive study that aims to investigate attitudes towards menstruation, symptoms and coping behaviors in order to develop a program for building positive attitudes toward menstruation in primary school students. The mean age of menarche was 12.3 years, and students generally showed negative attitudes towards menstruation. Students who experienced menarche had relatively more positive attitudes than those who did not. However, no significant difference was exhibited. Menstrual symptoms occurred rarely or at a moderate level by showing a low score of 2.12 points. Of all sub-factors, 'pain' was the most serious. The most common coping behaviors during menstruation was 'I take a warm shower' and 'I take a rest or nap', while respondents rarely checked 'I take vitamin B supplements' and 'I take painkiller'. Based on the above findings, the study intends to perform a systematic study to further identify the factors affecting menstrual attitudes in primary school students. In addition, this paper suggests effective healthcare education on menstruation to build positive attitudes towards menstruation and education and counseling programs for adopting appropriate coping strategies to deal with menstrual symptoms.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.201-206
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• 2011

Purpose: Westernized eating habits have been associated with earlyage menstruation, which increases the incidence of dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome among adolescent girls. We therefore surveyed changes in menarche timing and the general menstrual characteristics of adolescent girls in Seoul, Korea. Methods: We surveyed 538 teenage girls who visited our hospital between July and November 2007. Items explored included age at menarche, general menstrual characteristics, occurrence of premenstrual syndrome and treatment thereof, and an association between present dysmenorrhea and a family history of the condition. Results: Average age at menarche was 12.6 years, with 29% (n=156) subjects beginning menstruation at age 12 years. The prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 82% (n=435). The main symptoms were abdominal (53.2%) and lower back pain (34.2%), and 15.2% of girls who experienced such symptoms required medication. Present dysmenorrhea, and a family history thereof, were statistically correlated (P<0.05). In addition, 58.8% (n=316) of teenage girls had symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. The most frequent psychological symptoms were fatigue (36.4%) and nervousness (38.7%), whereas the most common physical symptom was menstrual cramps (46.5%). Most subjects (87.6%) tolerated the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome without medication; 11.4% took medicines including painkillers; but only 0.1% of subjects visited a doctor. Conclusion: The average age at menarche in Korean girls was 12.6 years, thus younger than in the past. Most teenage girls experienced dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome, but few consulted a doctor. Organized treatment plans are required to manage menstrual problems in teenage girls.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.180-189
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• 2002

Purpose : This study focused on affirming of the effects of Dan-jun breathing exercise experienced by women in midlife. Method: The data were collected via direct interview from 20 participants, who participated in a Dan-Jun exercise program during three months. Collected data were analyzed by content analysis. Result : 1. As for the health problems of women in midlife before the Dan-jun exercise program, 93 items were extracted in the content analysis These items were categorized into 59 attributes and 15 higher attributes. 1) Of the 59 attributes of health problems, shoulder pain (30%) was the most dominant. 2) The 15 higher attributes consisted for the physical domain of, weakness, pain, joint stiffness, sexual problem, sleep disorder, gastro-intestinal disorder. menstrual irregularity. circulatory disorder, respiratory disorder. constipation, urinary incontinence, and for the psychological domain, anger, emptiness, depression, and anxiety. 2. As for the effects experienced by women in midlife after the Dan-jun exercise program, 169 items were extracted in the content analysis. These items were categorized into 85 attributes and 14 higher attributes. 1) Of 85 attributes, lightening of physical condition (55%) was the most dominant. 2) The higher attributes consisted in physical domain of, recovery of vigor, pain relief, menstrual regularity and improvements in flexibility. sexual problem, sleep disorder, gastro-intestinal disorder, circulatory disorder constipation, respiratory disorder and urinary incontinence, and for the psychological domain, relaxation, cultured mind and self-confidence. Conclusions : Dan-jun breathing exercise program for three months showed positive effects on physical and psychological health in women in midlife. In this context, it can be also considered as a significant nursing intervention for maintenance and promotion of the health of these women.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.1-6
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• 2016

Purpose : This study determines the effect and sustainability of the trunk stability exercise program, specifically using the bridge exercise, by measuring Visual Analogue Scale(VAS), Menstrual Distress Questionaire(MDQ) and muscle strength in women university students complaining of low back pain. Methods : The trunk stability exercise program was progressed by 22 women university students, for 4 weeks, (3 times a week, 1 hour per session). At this time, low back pain happened at the period of menstruation and was measured using VAS, Dysmenorrhea using the MDQ tool and abdominal and back muscle strength using HUR. This study was evaluated 4 times (before and after the exercise program, after 4 weeks and 8 weeks) to investigate the effect of time variation after the exercise program. Results : The trends showed a decrease in VAS and MDQ and an increase in abdominal and back muscle strength. Therefore, these results were evaluated positively from a statistical perspective(p<.05). Conclusions : The trunk stability exercise results in a decreased VAS and MDQ, and increases the muscle strength in women university students who complained of low back pain form dysmenorrhea. Therefore, the low back pain from dysmenorrhea could have been avoided and quality of everyday life improved.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.225-235
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship among clinical nurses' emotional labor, health promoting behaviors and premenstrual syndrome (PMS), as well as to clarify factors that affect nurses' PMS. This was a descriptive study of 195 clinical nurses working in one university hospital and two general hospitals in the C region. Data collection was conducted from Jul 3 until Jul 21, 2017. T-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression were used for analysis. The mean score of emotional labor was $3.35{\pm}0.63$ out of 5, that of health promoting behavior was $2.08{\pm}0.40$ out of 4 and that of PMS was $2.94{\pm}1.09$ out of 6. Premenstrual syndrome was significantly positively correlated with emotional labor (r=0.292, p<0.001) and interpersonal relationships in health promotion behavior (r=0.208, p=0.004). Factors influencing PMS were interpersonal relationships (${\beta}=0.54$, p=0.001), emotional labor (${\beta}=0.40$, p=0.001) and degree of menstrual pain (${\beta}=0.14$, p<0.001), which explained 30.0% of PMS (F=9.33, p <0.001). The results of this study suggest that intervention strategies may be necessary to decrease PMS by reducing menstrual pain, emotional labor and interpersonal relationship stress.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.21-29
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• 2015

Objectives This study aimed to investigate therapeutic effect of Korean Medicine Steam Therapy (KMST) for leukorrhea patients. Methods From December 1st 2013 to Nov 31st 2014, 16 leukorrhea outpatients treated with KMST filled out questionnaire before and after treatments. The questionnaire was composed of 8 question items such as sleep, appetite & digestion, urination, defecation, emotion, cold hypersensitivity, menstrual pain, leukorrhea and patients were told to evaluate their symptoms as NRS score. We analyzed mean NRS score of each question item before and after KMST by using Wilcoxon's signed rank test of SPSS ver. 19. Results Mean age of participants was 40.8±13.0 years and mean value of treatment numbers per person was 3.8±1.8 times. 43.75% (n=7) of the patients had history of vaginitis caused by gardnella vaginalis, ureaplasma urealyticum or candida albicans. All patients were treated with acupuncture, moxibustion and Korean medicine. In addition, there was no side effect reported by participants. NRS score of quantity, odor of leukorrhea, perineal unpleasant sensation such as itching, dryness, burning sensation remarkably decreased (p<0.01, p<0.05, p<0.01 each). NRS score of symptoms including sleep, urination, cold hypersensitivity, menstrual pain also remarkably decreased (p<0.05). Conclusions Symptoms of leukorrhea patients including sleep, urination, cold hypersensitivity, menstrual pain, leukorrhea showed significant decrease after treated with concurrent KMST.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.223-237
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• 1996

This study was conducted in order to contribute to female student health by providing fundamental data for health instruction and health counsel. The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of PMS by a menstrual distress questionnaire, and determine sex-identity factors related to PMS. The data were collected by a questionaire conducted from December 1,1995 to December 20, 1995. The subjects of research were 1,102 high school students in Seoul. The data analyzed was done using the SPSS PC+, and the results were as follows; 1. The perceived subjective symptoms were clusted behavioral change, negative affects, pain, impaired concentration, water retention and autonomic reactions. The most common symtoms during the period of 2 to 10 days before menses were vaginal discharge(79%), back pain(70.4%), nervous tension(60.8%), fatigue(56.2%), abdominal bloating(54.5%), mood change(52.8), pelvic pain(46.8%), resistance to study(45.9) and talking(43.3). 2. There was a significant correlation between the clusters symptoms; negative affects and behavioral changes(r=.9326, p=.000), behavioral changes and impaired concentration (r=.8572, p=.000), negative affects and impaired concentration(r=.8411, p=.000) and autonomic reaction and pain(r=.7267, p=.000). 3. Sex-identity factors were related to PMS ; perception of the female(F=5.1811, p=.006) and pregnancy concerns (T=3.54, p=.000).

• Obstetrics & gynecology science
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• v.61 no.6
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• pp.684-687
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• 2018

Objective Primary dysmenorrhea occurs in more than 50% of women of reproductive age. This survey evaluated the effects of Menstrugole on the alleviation of primary dysmenorrhea. Methods This study was performed in western Iran between August 15 and December 15, 2017, in female students with primary dysmenorrhea. The students were randomly divided into 2 groups and received placebo or a Menstrugole capsule for 3 days in each of 2 menstrual cycles. The visual analog scale was used to assess pain severity. The ${\chi}^2$-test, one-way analysis of variance, and the paired t-test were used for statistical evaluation. Results We compared the severity of pain between the 2 groups. There was a significant change in the mean pain score during the first (P<0.001) and second months (P<0.001) after the use of Menstrugole, compared with that in the placebo group. Conclusion Menstrugole decreased pain severity in female students, and can be considered by health care providers for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.145-160
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• 2001

The main purpose of this study is to identify the effects of a structured nursing intervention program on dysmenorrhea in middle school girls. This study employed two methods of research at the same time: a quasi-experiment pre- and post-test to use for comparison. Subjects were middle school girls assigned to the research program: 40 girls in the second grade, 40 girls in the third grade at K Girls' Middle School and H Girls' Middle School located in J city. The data were collected for 68 days from August 23 to October 30, 1999. The data were collected by observation technique and by a self-administered questionnaire. The instruments used for this study were as follows: the "Face Interval Pain Scale" menstrual pain instrument developed by McGreth(1987) and the "Menstrual Distress Questionnaire" dysmenorrhea instrument developed by Moos(1968). The dysmenorrhea knowledge instrument was developed by the researcher and refered to above. The research procedure was as follows: after preliminary examination, the experimental groups were provided educational programs with O.H.P. films developed by the researcher and with the videotape "first meeting" supported by P&G company and produced by EBS. The groups followed the educational programs twice for two weeks. At the beginning of menstruation, these subjects could choose one among the following choices: * Jacobson's progressively muscle relaxation method and massage treatment * Jacobson's progressively muscle relaxation method and hot bag treatment * Jacobson's progressively muscle relaxation method, a pain killer treatment, and massage treatment * Jacobson's progressively muscle relaxation method, a pain killer treatment, and hot bag treatment The dysmenorrhea of the control group were measured during the same period. The analysis of the collected data was done using an SPSS-PC+, descriptive statistic including real numbers, percentage, averages, standard deviations and t-test, $x^2$ test, and ANCOVA. The results of this study were as follows. (1) The knowledge level of the girls provided with the planned nursing intervention program was higher when compared to these who did not follow the educational programs. (2) The original difference in the dysmenorrhea level having been controled, the dysmenorrhea level made, nevertheless, a statistical difference between the experimental group and the control group(F=63.8, p=.00). Observed pain on quantity measurement of dysmenorrhea showed significant difference depending on the treatment(t=4.6, p=.00). In conclusion, those in the planned nursing intervention program had a higher knowledge level and fewer symptoms than the control group. Accordingly, the nursing intervention program for dysmenorrhea developed by the researcher can be effectively applied in nursing practice and can be the foundation for this kind of program.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.289-299
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was carried out to identify premenstrual discomforts and coping patterns and their effects. Method: The participants of this study were 297 female university students in C area. The Menstrual Discomfort Questionaire (MDQ) and coping method lists were used as measurement tools. Results: There were significant differences premenstrual discomforts according to age (F=5.76, p=.003) and according to health condition (F=3.43, p=.034). The mean scores of the sub-categorical factors of premenstrual discomfort were 2.35 points for pain, 2.29 for instability and 2.25 for water retention. The worst symptoms among the subcategories of premenstrual discomfort were as follows: backache (M=2.68) in the pain subcategory, irritability (M=2.53) in the instability subcategory and swelling(M=2.40) in the water retention subcategory. Their common coping patterns were 'coping according to menstrual period', 'active behavioral coping' and 'evasional coping'. Frequently used coping methods were 'taking a rest and sleep (99.3%)' and 'taking a warm shower (86.2%)'. Effective coping methods were 'taking a rest and sleep (89.5%)' and 'taking a warm shower (87.1%)'. Conclusion: Most participants have their own coping pattern. Some methods were very effective to PMS but some were not effective to PMS. To manage PMS, effective coping methods should be encouraged for female university students. To keep up with effective coping, education and counseling should be continued. It is considered necessary to make the same research with a larger number of samples and more specified assessment.