• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.269-273
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• 2021

US Army Found Five Lessons For the Urban Operations After Implemented Offensive Operations in Mosul, Iraq for the First time in the 21st Century. Based on these lessons the US Army Adds Spur Preparing For Future Megacity Operations Such as Weapon System, Warfighting Concept, Structure and etc. Korean peninsula experiences rapid Urbanization, so the Megacities are also Expected to Increase by this trend. So the ROK army also need to Benchmark the US Counterpart, so that the Organization needs to prepare following Elements. First, Establishing Collective Intelligence Platform for uture Megacity ops. Second, force Builing Optimized for the Megacity Operations(Warfighting Concept, Weapon System, Structures), Lastly, Establishing Megacity Synthetic Training field. By Preparing so, ROKA can Assure its Success in Future Warfare.

• Atmosphere
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 2013

Despite the extensive investigations to understand the difference between ground-based and space-borne measurements, there still exist differences in total ozone (TO) measured at those two different platforms. Comparisons were carried out for the first time between TO data obtaiend from the ground based Dobson and Brewer spectrophotometers, and the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on board EOS-Aura satellite in a megacity site in Northeast Asia. The TO values retrieved by the OMI-DOAS (Differential optical absorption spectroscopy) algorithm tend to be lower than those measured by the ground based sensors in spring and summer as well as the low solar zenith angle condition. We found that such underestimation of the OMI-DOAS TO is caused by tropospheric ozone underestimated by the OMI-DOAS algorithm when tropospheric ozone are significantly enhanced.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.61-70
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• 2017

This study evaluated the human health risk in terms of the excess number of mortality and morbidity in the megacity Mumbai, India due to air pollution. AirQ software was used to enumerate the various health impacts of critical pollutants in Mumbai in past 22 years during 1992-2013. A relationship concept based on concentration-response relative risk and population attributable-risk proportion was employed by adopting World Health Organization (WHO) guideline for concentrations of air pollutants like $PM_{10}$, $SO_2$ and $NO_2$. For the year 1992 in Mumbai, it was observed that excess number of cases of total mortality, cardiovascular mortality, respiratory mortality, hospital admission due to COPD, respiratory disease and cardiovascular disease were 8420, 4914, 889, 149, 10568 and 4081 respectively. However, after 22 years these figures increased to 15872, 9962, 1628, 580, 20527 and 7905 respectively, but all of these reached maximum in the year 2006. From the result, it is also noted that except COPD morbidity the excess number of cases from 1992-2002 to 2003-2013 increased almost by 30%; and the excess number of mortality and morbidity is basically due to particulate matter ($PM_{10}$) than due to gaseous pollutants.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.1-13
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• 2022

The Busan-Ulsan-Gyeongsangmando(BuUlGyeong) megacity aims to grow into the second metropolitan area by strengthening the growth and connectivity of the southeast region in Korea. In order to analyze the linkage between port logistics and regional economic development, this study focused on the economic community of BuUlGyeong. The findings are as follows. First, it was found that vessel entry and departure had a positive (+) significant effect on cargo volume. Second, the cargo volume was found to have a preemptive effect on the vessel entry and exit ports and the composite index. Third, the composite Index was found to have a significant positive (+) effect on cargo volume. From the results of the variance decomposition, it can be confirmed that the composite index has a weak impact on ship entry/exit and cargo volume. Based on the above findings, some policy implications are derived. First, regional governments in BuUlGyeong should provide incentives to revitalize the maritime economy such as the expansion of maritime port infrastructure and encouraging investment. Second, since an increase in cargo transport volume at major national ports linked to the BuUlGyeong region has a positive (+) effect on economy. Therefore it is necessary to expand actively port marketing and regular service for the country and ports. Third, investments should be made continuously to expand the marine port infrastructure such as the expansion of facilities so that global shipping companies can continue to call megacities in BuUlGyeong ports for super-large ships and cruises.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.367-379
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• 2007

This study intended to evaluate hydrogeological characteristics in relation to subsurface geology data obtained from borehole, groundwater level, borehole flowmeter test, and field hydraulic tests. The regression equation of groundwater level (Y) versus ground elevation (X) is expressed by Y=0.75X-7.00 with quite high correlation coefficient of 0.78. Relationship between groundwater level and thickness of landfill, alluvium, and weathered zone results in higher correlation of groundwater level (Y) versus natural log value of weathered tone (A) than other correlations, with the regression equation Y= exp(9.974A)-14.155. The result of groundwater flow measurement in the boreholes indicates that groundwater flows towards between south and southwest, and this approximately agree with regional distribution of groundwater levels.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.131-138
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• 2017

There is no easy answer to ensuring the world's rapid urban population growth is managed sustainably and in a manner that promotes economic growth, social cohesion, and health and wellbeing. However, densification of existing urban areas is increasingly recognised as an effective and socially responsible way for cities to accommodate growing populations and still operate as vital, vibrant spaces. The Future Spaces Foundation's Vital Cities: Transport Systems Scorecard explores how well-networked, safe and sustainable transport networks equip densifying cities to meet the needs of their rising and fast-changing populations. This paper uses data from the scorecard to examine the transport infrastructure and associated data networks of three large, rapidly densifying cities - Beijing, Mumbai and $S{\tilde{a}}o$ Paulo - and highlight the successful measures and policies implemented between them. It includes an in-depth explanation of the scorecard's methodology, and concludes with an appeal for people-focused transport design that values safety, urban vibrancy and individual wellbeing over corporate efficiency.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 2023

With rapid urbanization, the importance of urban warfare is increasing, and it is also required to reflect the characteristics of cities in wargame models. However, in the military's wargame models, the urbanization factor was calculated and used without theoretical basis. In this study, we investigate techniques for estimating the urbanization factor using Fractal dimension theory. The urbanization factor we propose can suggest a logical and valid representative value when used in conjunction with Agent Based Model and other methodologies.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.422-434
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• 2016

This study was conducted to understand roles of $NO_x(=NO+NO_2)$ on high $O_3$ episodes at an urban monitoring station in Seoul. Concentrations of NO, $NO_2$, $NO_y$ and $O_3$ were measured intensively at KIST monitoring station which located at urban center in Seoul metropolitan area during May 18~June 13, 2015. Sampling period was planed because high $O_3$ and PM occurred frequently during from late spring to early summer months in Seoul. The experimental site locates in NW from center of Seoul and is surrounded by residential area. Belt highway of the city runs from north to west side nearby experimental site. Vehicle exhaust emissions due to heavy traffic influenced $NO_x$ concentration at the site during northwesterly wind. Specific $NO_2$ concentration was measured by Blue Light photolytic converter, and it was compared to $NO_2$ concentration measured by molybedenum converter. $[NO_2]_{phtolysis}$ was usually lower than $[NO_2]_{molybedenum}$ during the experiment period; however their diurnal variations were very similar. The linear relationship between these $NO_2$ concentrations was found to be $[NO_2]_{phtolysis}$=0.64 $[NO_2]_{molybedenum}$ - 2.6, $r^2$=0.83 during May 16~8, 2015. The difference between $NO_2$ by molybdenum converter and by photolytic converter (${\Delta}NO_2=[NO_2]_{molybedenum}-[NO_2]_{phtolysis}$) accounted for residual $NO_y$ which can represent $NO_z$ (=$NO_y-NO_x$). $O_3$ concentration showed typical daily trend which has maximum at late afternoon and minimum during the night. $O_3$ increased at a rate of 7 ppb/hr since 8 am. and reached the maximum concentration (~80 ppb) at 3 pm.. The diurnal pattern of $O_3$ was inversely related with that of $NO_2$, suggesting that the formation of $O_3$ was the result of photochemical activity of $NO_2$.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.232-243
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• 2018

The construction, development and maintenance of an economically, environmentally and socially sustainable campus involves the integration of measuring tools and technical information that invites and encourages the community to know the actual state to generate positive actions for reducing the negative impacts over the local environment. At the Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Campus $Bogot{\acute{a}}$, a public area with daily traffic of more than 25000 people, the Environmental Management Bureau has committed with the monitoring of the noise pollution and air quality, as support to the campaigns aiming to reduce the pollutant emissions associated to the student's activities and campus operation. The target of this study is based in the implementation of mobile air quality and sonometry monitoring equipment, the mapping of the actual air quality and noise pollution inside the university campus as a novel methodology for a sub-area inside a megacity. This results and mapping are proposed as planning tool for the institution administrative sections. A mobile Kunak$^{(R)}$ Air & OPC air monitoring station with the capability to measure particulate matter $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, Ozone ($O_3$), Sulfur Oxide ($SO_2$), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Nitrogen Oxide ($NO_2$) as well as Temperature, Relative Humidity and Latitude and Longitude coordinates for the data georeferenciation; and a sonometer Cirrus$^{(R)}$ 162B Class 2 were used to perform the measurements. The measurements took place in conditions of academic activity and without it, with the aim of identify the impacts generated by the campus operation. Using the free code geographical information software QGIS$^{(R)}$ 2.18, the maps of each variable measured were developed, and the impacts generated by the operation of the campus were identified qualitative and quantitively. For the measured variables, an increase of around 21% for the $L_{Aeq}$ noise level and around 80% to 90% for air pollution were detected during the operation period.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.55-68
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• 2008

At present underground structures such as road tunnels, railway tunnels, underground petroleum storages and radioactive waste storages are being constructed in numerous places in Korea. For the construction of underground structrues, it should be accounted for natural factors (geology, hydrogeology, soil, vegetation, topography and drainage patterns) and human-social factors (land use, urbanization, population, culture and transportation). Especially, hydrogeology should be regarded as an important factor for evaluating the safety of underground structures and their impact to groundwater system around the structures. This study aimed to recognize hydrogeological characteristics of shallow formations in the area from Dongrae crossway to Seo-Dong where 45 boreholes were drilled for the construction of Line-3 subway in Busan Megacity. Slug tests for unsaturated and saturated zones were conducted on 30 boreholes in the study area. From the result of the slug tests, it was identified that average zonal hydraulic conductivity in the unsaturated zone was higher than that in the saturated zone. Besides, the slug test result in the saturated zones may reflect hydraulic properties of the upper most part of the saturated zones.