• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.339-342
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• 1993

This influence of dietary medium chain triglyceride on liver protein synthesis in chicks was investigated using a large dose injection of $L-[4-^3H]$ phenylalanine. Dietary medium chain triglyceride increased liver weight and liver fat content of chicks compared to the long chain triglyceride group. Fractional synthesis rate of liver protein was increased by dietary medium chain triglyceride, which was accounted for not by elevating protein synthesized per unit RNA but by enhancing RNA: protein ratio.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.81-89
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• 2003

The dose distributions of designed Ir-192 micro-source were investigated by dose computations which were accomplished by employing shape of encapsule material and thickness of the source for self-absorption. The computation dose derived from air-kerma rate (S$_{k}$ ) and dose rate constant (Λ) includes the anisotropy of dose distribution around the source. We got the dose rate constants in a water medium is 1.154 cGy h$^{-1}$ U$^{-1}$ . The size of the source was 0.5 mm in diameter and 3.5 mm in length and it was encapsuled in 1.1 mm$\Phi$${\times}$5.5 mm of stainless steel sealed with 0.3 mm of filter thickness. The tissue dose of reference point at 1.0 cm radial distance of the source axis was delivered 1.154 Uh$^{-1}$ (1.3167${\times}$10$^{-3}$ cGy/mCi-sec) from the S$_{k}$ 4.108U/mCi of Ir-192 source. The filtration effect contributed to air-kerma strength as exponential filtering effect of 86.2% in total attenuation, but self-absorption was 88.4% from radial dose distributions. In particular, the dose attenuations showed a rapid anisotropic distributions as 56% of reference dose along to $\pm$10 degrees from the tip of source axis and 50% for of that to source-cable direction. We persist in use the large diameter of applicator will avoid the dose anisotropy by the filtered attenuation effects along the axis of Ir-192 micro-source.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2010

The present study aimed to examine the effects of ${\gamma}$-linolenic acid (GLA) supplementation to in vitro culture (IVC) medium on in vitro developmental competence, freezability and morphology of in vitro matured and fertilized bovine embryos. In vitro produced (IVP) bovine zygotes were cultured in IVC medium supplemented with 0 (negative control), 15, 31, 62, 125, 250, 500 or 1,000 ppm GLA, 250 ppm linoleic acid albumin (LAA) and without any supplement as a control. Day 6 blastocysts derived from culture control were cultured in IVC medium containing either 62, 250 GLA or 250 LAA for 24 h, and at Day 7 were subjected to freezing or morphological examination by electron microscope. GLA 15 showed a tendency to have a higher cleavage rate at Day 2 (70.3%) than other groups. The hatching rate at Day 9 in LAA (38.2%) was significantly higher than the control and all treatment groups (p<0.05), while the blastocyst rate in LAA (32.4%) did not differ from those of 15 (30.5%), 31 (27.1%), and 62 GLA (33.1%) or the control (35.1%). GLA in concentrations of 125, 250, 500, and 1,000 ppm had significantly detrimental effect on the blastocyst rate compared to 15, 31 and 62 ppm GLA, LAA, and control groups (p<0.05). In contrast, the highest post-thaw survival rate (100%) was observed in the control group (p<0.01). Large lipid droplets were observed in the cytoplasm of trophoblastic cells, even in the control, but were abundant in GLA groups. Taking the results of the study into consideration, the addition of GLA to the culture medium for IVP bovine embryos at the dose of 15 ppm increased the developmental competence of zygotes and enhanced the cleavage rate up to Day 2. However, blastulation rate and post-thaw survival were not increased when GLA was added to the culture media.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1557-1563
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• 2005

Ovarian follicular fluid contains both stimulatory and inhibitory agents that influence the growth and maturation of oocyte. In the present study, an attempt was made to isolate and study the biological properties of ovarian follicular fluid peptide(s) in buffaloes. Bubaline ovarian follicular was made steroid- and cell-free. A protein fraction was obtained by saturation (30-35% level) of the follicular fluid with ammonium sulfate. The protein fraction was purified with Sephadex-G 50 gel filtration chromatography and a single peak was obtained in the eluant volume, which was lyophilized. SDS-PAGE of the lyophilized fraction revealed a single band and the molecular weight of the peptide was 26.6 kDa. The peptide stimulated the cumulus cell expansion and in vitro maturation rate of oocytes in buffaloes in a dose dependent manner when it was incorporated at different dose levels (0, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 1,000 ng $ml^{-1}$ of maturation medium). The basic culture medium consisted of TCM 199 with Bovine serum albumin (0.3%). The in vitro maturation rates were comparable to those obtained with a positive control medium (TCM 199+20 ng EGF $ml^{-1}$+steer serum (20%)). Further purification and biological assays may throw more light on the nature and functions of this peptide.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.15-18
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• 1971

The effects of ginseng on the penetration of glucose into Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied by determining the amount of glucose in the supernatant of the glucose broth medium in which some dose of water extracts of ginseng or saponin were added and the yeast was cultured for 1 hour. 1. In the 1 hour culture with 0.04%, 0.08%, 0.16%, 0.32% and 0.64% dry ginseng glucose broth medium, the penetration rate of glucose into yeast was increased 4.76%, 7.96%, 10.09%, 9.08% and 7.48% respectively. 2. In the 1 hour culture with $10^{-6}%,\;10^{-5}%,\;10^{-4}%,\;10^{-3}%,\;and\; 10^{-2}%$ of saponin glucose broth medium, the penetration rate of glucose into yeast was increased 3.05%, 6.57%, 5.595, 4.44%. and 2.87% respectively. 3. Since the highest increasing percentage of penetration of ginseng and saponin were 10.19% and 5.89% respectively, the increasing rate of the ginseng was about twice that of the saponin. Therefore it could be concluded that the saponin contained in ginseng and other unkown components of ginseng affect the cell permeability.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.7 no.2_3
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• pp.135-139
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• 2013

Recently, chronic gamma radiation exposure on biological effects in middle dose-rates have become a serious concern. We investigated the biological effects of middle dose chronic exposure to gamma ray. Fifty male 6-week-old specific free Balb/c mice were randomly divided into five groups (four groups irradiated and one non-irradiated control group). Gamma radiation exposed in Gamma phytotron on Advanced Radiation Technology Institute (Jeongeup, Korea). Irradiation was carried out for 1 or 2 weeks using gamma rays at dose rates of 45 and $50mGy\;h^{-1}$ with total doses 7.56 Gy ($45mGy\;h^{-1}$, 1 week), 8.4 Gy ($50mGy\;h^{-1}$, 1 week), 15.12 Gy ($45mGy\;h^{-1}$, 2 weeks) and 16.8 Gy ($50mGy\;h^{-1}$, 2 weeks). After irradiation, immediately we sacrificed and counted body and organ weights. Moreover we counted spleen cell numbers. Compared with control non-irradiated group, all irradiated groups of body and spleen weights showed significant decreased. However, no significant alteration was observed between same irradiated period groups. In spleen cell numbers, reduced compared to the control group. However, significant alteration was observed between same irradiated period groups ($45mGy\;h^{-1}$, $50mGy\;h^{-1}$). These results demonstrated biological effects according to the radiation dose rate and irradiated period.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.21-28
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• 1988

Absorbed dose in water was analyzed by Burlin's general cavity theory for medium X-ray energy region (HVL : 0.29, 0.84, 1.60, 2.62mm Cu) using LiF : PTFE TL dosimeter(0.4 mm ${\times}\;{\phi}$ 12.5mm, hot-pressed LiF TLD-700) which was enclosed in lucite capsule. The absorbed dose rate at 5cm depth in water phantom was determined with measurement error of ${\pm}5%$. This result was compared to that of the ionization method, indirectly absolute measurement method, of which measurement error of ${\pm}2%$. The difference between these two results lies within measurement error of LiF : PTFE method. Therefore, the absorbed dose in water obtained by LiF: PTFE is reliable, and this result suggests the base to estimate dose-equivalent for medium X-rays.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.275-279
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• 2000

Purpose: Radiation damage is produced and viable cell number is reduced. We need to know the type of cell death by the ionizing radiation and the amount and duration of cell cycle arrest. In this study, we want to identified the main cause of the cellular damage in the oral cancer cells and normal keratinocytes with clinically useful radiation dosage. Materials and Methods: Human gingival tissue specimens obtained from healthy volunteers were used for primary culture of the normal human oral keratinocytes (NHOK). Primary NHOK were prepared from separated epithelial tissue and maintained in keratinocyte growth medium containing 0.15 mM calcium and a supplementary growth factor bullet kit. Fadu and Hep-2 cell lines were obtained from KCLB. Cells were irradiated in a /sup 137/Cs γ-irradiator at the dose of 10 Gy. The dose rate was 5.38 Gy/min. The necrotic cell death was examined with Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the culture medium. Every 4 day after irradiation, LDH activities were read and compared control group. Cell cycle phase distribution and preG1-incidence after radiation were analyzed by flow cytometry using Propidium Iodine staining. Cell cycle analysis were carried out with a FAC Star plus flowcytometry (FACS, Becton Dickinson, USA) and DNA histograms were processed with CELLFIT software (Becton Dickinson, USA). Results: LDH activity increased in all of the experimental cells by the times. This pattern could be seen in the non-irradiated cells, and there was no difference between the non-irradiated cells and irradiated cells. We detected an induction of apoptosis after irradiation with a single dose of 10 Gy. The maximal rate of apoptosis ranged from 4.0% to 8.0% 4 days after irradiation. In all experimental cells, we detected G2/M arrest after irradiation with a single dose of 10 Gy. Yet there were differences in the number of G2/M arrested cells. The maximal rate of the G2/M ranges from 60.0% to 80.0% 24h after irradiation. There is no significant changes on the rate of the G0/G1 phase. Conclusion: Radiation sensitivity was not related with necrosis but cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. These data suggested that more arrested cell is correlated with more apoptosis.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.122-130
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• 1995

In order to evaluate the cytotoxicity of lead in cultures of Balb/c mouse 3T3 cell line, various cytotoxic assays were carried out after expose cells to various concentrations of lead nitrate. Cytotoxic assays using this study were included NR assay, MTT assay, measurement of LDH and protein, synthetic rate of DNA and UDS. Intrace!!ular Ca$^{2+}$ level was also measured. Light and electron microscopic studies were done for morphological changes of lead-treated cell cultures. The results were as follows; 1. The absorbances of NR and MTT were decreased dose-dependently, and NR, and MTT, values of lead nitrate were 3.4 mM and 1.5 mM, respectively. 2. Amount of LDH released into the medium was increased in dose-dependently and LDH activity at 5 mM concentration of lead nitrate was increased to 335 % of control. 3. Amount of total protein was decreased dose-dependently, and which was half of control at 2 mM concentration of lead nitrate. 4. The synthetic rate of DNA was decreased dose-dependently, and also which was remarkably decreased at 3 mM and 5 mM concentrations of lead nitrate. 5. The synthetic rate of UDS was increased at 1 mM concentration of lead nitrate, but which was remarkably decreased at 3 mM and 5 mM concentrations of lead nitrate. 6. Intrace!lular Ca$^{2+}$ level was remarkably increased at 1 mM concentration of lead nitrate, compared with control. 7. In light microscopy, number of cells and processes were decreased according to the increase of dosage of lead nitrate. Electron microscopic findings showed that many vacuoles and cisternal dilatation of rough endoplasmic reticulum were seen in the cytoplasm at 1 mM concentration of lead nittale. From the above results, high dosage treatment of lead nitrate (>3 mM) damaged genetic malerials and it also showed cytotoxicity in mouse 3T3 cell line cultures by injury of cell organelles and Ca$^{2+}$ channel.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.350-354
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• 2016

There is an urgent need to identify more reliable indicator systems for human pathogenic viruses in water reuse practice. In this study, we determined the response of different bacteriophages representing various bacteriophage groups to different ultraviolet (UV) technologies in real wastewater in order to identify more reliable bacteriophage indicator systems for UV disinfection in wastewater. Bacteriophage ${\varphi}X174$ PRD1, and MS2 in two different real wastewaters were irradiated with several doses of both low pressure (LP) and medium pressure (MP) UV irradiation through bench-scale UV collimated apparatus. The inactivation rate of ${\varphi}X174$ by both LP and MP UV was rapid and reached ${\sim}4{\log}_{10}$ within a UV dose of $20mJ/cm^2$. However, the inactivation rates of bacteriophage PRD1 and MS2 were much slower than the one for ${\varphi}X174$ and only ${\sim}1{\log}_{10}$ inactivation was achieved by the same UV dose of $20mJ/cm^2$. Overall, the results of this study suggest that bacteriophage MS2 could be a reliable indicator for human pathogenic viruses for both LP and MP UV disinfection in wastewater treatment processes and water reuse practice.