• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.100-106
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• 2007

Objectives : The objective of the present study was to investigate alexithymia in major depressive disorder(MDD) and subclinical depression(SCD). Methods : Three hundred eighty-six community-dwelling adults(238 females and 148 males, age 19-79; mean age $43.0{\pm}13.9$) were recruited. Structured clinical Interview for DSM-IV(SCID) was conducted for the diagnosis of MDD or other Axis I psychiatric disorders. The Center for Epidemiological Studies for Depression Scale(CES-D) and the Totonto Alexithymia Scale(TAS) were administered to assess depressive symptom and alexithymia, respectively. Among subjects without MDD, those who had minor depressive disorder on the SCID or high scores(i.e. over 16) on the CES-D were defined as subjects with SCD. TAS total score and factor I, II, III scores of TAS in MDD, SCD, and non-depressive controls were compared. Results : Among 386 subjects, 38 subjects(9.8%) were diagnosed as MDD by DSM-IV criteria, while 57 subjects(14.8%) were classified into SCD group. There were significant differences between 3 groups(MDD, SCD and non-depressive controls) in total score($F_{2,383}=14.0$, p<0.01), factor I(difficulty in identifying feeling)($F_{2,383}=23.4$, p<0.01) and factor II(difficulty in describing feeling)($F_{2,383}=7.8$, p<0.01), but not factor III(external oriented thinking)($F_{2,383}=1.8$, p=0.16) of TAS. In post-hoc analysis, both MDD subjects and SCD subjects had higher scores in TAS total, factor I and factor II, compared to non-depressive controls(all p<0.01). In contrast, there were no significant differences between MDD subjects and SCD subjects in any TAS factor. Conclusion : In this study, both MDD subjects and SCD subjects were more alexithymic than non-depressive control subjects. These findings suggest that SCD, as well as MDD, is also related to alexithymia.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.206-216
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• 2017

The temporal distribution of the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) and the vertical component of Reynolds stresses ($-{\bar{u^{\prime}w^{\prime}}}$) was measured during one wave period under high wave energy conditions. The wave data were obtained at Hujeong Beach in the east coast of Korea at January 14~18 of 2017 when an extratropical cyclone was developed in the East Sea. Among the whole thousands of waves measured during the period, hundreds of regular waves that had with similar pattern were selected for the analysis in order to give three representing mean wave patterns using the ensemble average technique. The turbulence properties were then estimated based on the selected wave data. It is interesting to find out that $-{\bar{u^{\prime}w^{\prime}}}$ has one clear peak near the time of flow reversal while TKE has two peaks at the corresponding times of maximum cross-shore velocity magnitudes. The distinguished pattern of Reynolds stress indicates that vertical fluxes of such properties as suspended sediments may be enhanced at the time when the horizontal flow direction is reversed to disturb the flows, supporting the turbulence convection process proposed by Nielsen (1992). The characteristic patterns of turbulence properties are examined using the CADMAS-SURF Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) model. Although the model can reasonably simulate the distribution of TKE pattern, it fails to produce the $-{\bar{u^{\prime}w^{\prime}}}$ peak at the time of flow reversal, which indicates that the application of RANS model is limited in the prediction of some turbulence properties such as Reynolds stresses.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 2004

Purpose : Children with nephrotic syndrome(NS) are under high risk for metabolic bone disease(MBD) as a complication of long-term glucocorticoid therapy. We prospectively evaluated the effect of oral bisphosphonate(alendronate) therapy in children with NS, which has proven efficacy in adult patients with glucocorticoid induced MBD. Methods : Among 58 children with NS, aged 5 to 8 years and haying a disease duration of more than 2 years, 30(51.7%) were enrolled to meet the selection criteria, less than -1.0 Z-scores of lumbar spine bone mineral density(BMD) by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). These 30 children were divided into three groups and each were assigned to receive alendronate, calcitriol, and no-medication, respectively for one year. Lumbar spine BMD was followed up every 6 months and the biochemical indexes were measured before and 1 year after the treatment. There were no significant difference among groups with respect to the average age, the initial BMD, and the cumulative steroid doses. Analysis of the treatment efficacy was done by the % change of BMD and by the changes in Z-scores of lumbar spine BMD. Results : Mean age and disease duration of patients at the initial lumbar spine BMD evaluation was $7.4{\pm}1.7$ years and $2.2{\pm}1.2$ years, respectively. Twenty-three of 30 children(76%) had osteopenia, and seven(23%) had osteoporosis. There was no difference in the biochemical values among the groups, before and 1 year after the treatment(P<0.05). Twenty two children(73.3%) with frequent relapsing or steroid dependant NS had more frequent MBD, compared to the 8 children(26.6%) with infrequent relapsing NS. The one year % changes of BMD were 8.56 in alendronate group, 5.79 in calcitriol group, and 1.9 in no-medication group. The changes in Z-score of lumbar spine BMD increased in the alendronate group and the calcitriol group, but not in the no-medication group. One year % changes of BMD were different among groups(P=0.0002). Significant differences were found between the alendronate and the no-medication group, and between the calcitriol and the no-medication group(P<0.05). There was no difference between the alendronate and the calcitriol group. No serious adverse effect was observed in the alendronate group. Conclusion : Children with NS receiving high dose steroids are under the high risk of BMD and should undergo regular BMD evaluation. Z-score of lumbar spine BMD was a useful parameter in diagnosing low bone mass in children. Alendronate weekly oral therapy was effective and relatively safe in increasing the lumbar spine BMD in children with NS having steroid induced MBD.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

The objectives of this study were to compare nutrient natural input between thinned and unthinned natural hardwood stands at Mt. Joongwang, Pyongchang-gun, Gangwon-do. Throughfall, stemflow, A-layer and B-layer soil water as well as litterfall were sampled at two-week intervals during the period of June to October from 2002 to 2004. The amount of rainfall interception in thinned and unthinned natural hardwood stands was as 12% and 18%, respectively. The results indicated that there was no difference in annual nutrient input by rainfall between thinned and unthinned stands. $Na^+$, $Cl^-$ and $SO_4{^{2-}}$ concentrations of A-layer soil water in the unthinned stand were higher than those in the thinned stand. In the B-layer soil water, $Ca^{2+}$, $Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$ and $SO_4{^{2-}}$ concentrations in the unthinned stand were higher than those in thinned stand. Mean annual litterfall input was $2,706kg\;ha^{-1}$ in unthinned stand and $2,589kg\;ha^{-1}$ in thinned stand. Total-N input from litterfall was $50.28kg\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ in the unthinned stand and $36.81kg\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ in the thinned stand, while there was no difference in exchangeable cation input from litterfall between thinned and unthinned stands. Thus, the difference in nutrient inputs except for N by throughfall, stemflow and litterfall between the two stands was not influenced by thinning.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.742-753
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to investigate risk factors of pre-hypertension and hypertension in rural residents. Nine hundred and ninety four subjects aged 40-70 yrs in Chungnam-do participated in this study. The subjects (n = 824) were classified into three groups of hypertensive, pre-hypertensive, and normotensive according to the Joint National Committee (JNC)-7 criteria. The weight, body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and serum total protein, albumin, BUN, and triglyceride (TG) were positively correlated with SBP and DBP. After adjusted by age, sex and BMI, the total protein, albumin and TG were significantly correlated with SBP and DBP (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in eating habits according to the level of blood pressure. The serum albumin, creatinine, Glu-FBS, Glu-PP l20, and triglyceride were higher in both prehypertensive and hypertensive group than in the normotensive group. However, mean serum cholesterol was not different among three blood pressure groups. In this study, the common risk factors of pre-hypertension and hyper-tension were male, age of fifties, lower education level, ex-smoking, higher drinking frequency, higher BMI, body fat %, waist circumference, WHR, serum albumin and diabetes, even though the degree of risks in these variables were higher in the hypertensive group. The higher BUN was a risk factor of prehypertension, while the family history, prediabetes, serum total protein, Glu-PP l20 and higher alcohol drinking amount were the risk factors of hypertension. This result suggests that maintaining good health habit and normal range of blood parameters as well as controlling body weight have to be paid attention in order to prevent hypertention, and further reseasch on the relationship of blood pressure and BUN are needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2018

This study sought to analyze changes in the vegetation structure and species diversity indices in the Abies koreana forest in the Yeongsil area of Hallasan Mountain and establish basic data for Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER). The results show that the number of woody plants per 1ha has increased by 804 (45.1%) from 1,781 to 2,585 individual plants, whereas the number of live A. koreana did not change much with 796 individual plants. The number of dead tree plants, however, jumped by 807 (82.2%) from 982 to 1,789 plants. With other tree species, the number of live individual plants increased by 807 (82.2%) from 982 to 1,789 plants, whereas the number of dead plants increased by 31 from 10 to 41 individual plants. Results of the average importance index analysis show that the number of A. koreana decreased, while the number of Weigela subsessilis, Rhododendron yedoense for. poukhanense, and Magnolia sieboldii increased. The species diversity index increased by 6.7% as per the maximum level in the upper layer and by 7.2% in the lower layer, respectively. Results of the stem morphology analysis show that the number of AS type was highest with 700 individual plants among A. koreana, while their distribution by type shifted from AS>AL>DS>DB to AS>DS>AL>DB. As for other species, the AS type was most abundant with 1,580 individual plants, while their distribution by type shifted from AL>AS>AF>AB to AS>AL>AB>AD. The number of newly sprouted tree plants has increased from 420 in 2014 to 453 in 2016. Of the individual plants that were alive in 2014, 23 were found dead and 33 individual plants younger than 3 years old have been newly added to the group. The number of deaths after 2014 was highest among the 2 years olds, whereas the number of 2 years olds that sprouted in 2014 was highest among the newly sprouted tree plant group. In the A. koreana forest in Yeongsil, the density of other species was rising rapidly with the exception of the dead and live A. koreana. The occurrence of new tree plants is decreasing rapidly, thereby confirming the rapid change in the area's vegetation structure. Therefore, there is a need for continuous long-term ecological research to monitor vegetation change. It can also be used as a basic data for efficient restoration research.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.321-328
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• 2003

Background: The St. Jude Medical prosthesis is one of the popularly used artificial prosthesis, therefore the National Medical Center reports the long-term clinical results of patients who underwent prosthetic valve replacement with St. Jude medical valve for 18 years. Material and Method: Between January, 1984 and June, 2002, a series of 163 consecutive patients who had Implanted St. Jude prosthesis at the National Medical Center were reviewed. Mean age was 42.9$\pm$15.1 years and male to female ratio was 69:94. The operative procedure comprised of 87 MVR, 30 AVR, 45 DVR, and 1 TVR. The reoperative procedure comprised of 21 MVR, 2 AVR, and 14 DVR. Follow-up rate was 96.9%, and cumulative follow-up was 823.8 patient-years. Result: Early mortality rate was 7.9% (13 patients), late mortality rate was 8.7% (13 patients) and late mortality due to valve related complication was 47% (7 patients). Actual survival rate at 10 and 18 years were 91.7$\pm$2.1% and 91.0$\pm$1.9%. Linearized Incidence was as follows: thromboembolism, 1.09%/ patient-year; anticoagulant related hemorrhage, 0.36%/patient-year; valve thrombosis, 0.24%/patient-year; paravalvular leakage, 0.12%/patient-year; and prosthetic bacterial endocarditis, 0.12%/patient-year linearized incidence of over all valve related complication was 1.94%/patient-year. Freedom from valve related complication at 10 and 18 years were 89.1$\pm$3.3% and 88.4$\pm$3.9%. Freedom from valve related death at 10 and 18 years were 95.1$\pm$1.2% and 95.1$\pm$1.0%. Valve related complication was related the age of patient, especially anticoagulant related hemorrhage was more common in patients over 60 years of age. Valve related complication, death were higher in DVR than AVR or MVR, and valve related death was higher in reoperation. There was no relationship between valve related complication or death and implant valve of size. Conclusion: The long-term clinical results of patients implanted with St. Jude Mechanical prosthesis was quite satisfactory with a low incidence of valve related complication and mortality.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.60-71
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of medical nutrition therapy(MNT) on plasma lipid levels of hyperlipidemic patients with apo E3 genotype according to Sasang Constitutions. From March to July, 2001, the 33 hyperlipidemic patients admitted to K University Medical Center were studied. The study subjects were classified according to their Sasang constitutions by QSCC II questionnaire which have been used at K University Oriental Medical Center. The anthropometric assessments, blood analysis, and apo E genetic typing were carried out. Nutrient intake was determined by food record method of food taken during two weekdays and one weekend. The MNT including the instruction for hypolipidemic and hypocholesterolemic diet (step l diet) was performed for 12 weeks. The results are as follow; (1) The mean age of hyperlipidemic patients was $49.91{\pm}8.48$ years. (2) The distributions of Sasang Constitution were 60.6% of Tae-eum, 21.2% of So-yang, and 18.2% of So-eum. The distributions of apo E genotype were 6.5% of apo E2/3, 78.8% of apo E 3/3, and 15.2% of apo E 3/4. (3) The nutrient consumption of the apo E3 subjects before the MNT showed lower calorie, iron, calcium, and vitamin B2 intakes than the RDAs for each nutrients with no significant differences among the constitutions. After 12-week of MNT, only the fat consumption was decreased in the Tae-eum group. The MNT did not change the pattern of food intake. (4) The plasma level of triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-C were not changed after MNT in the three constitutional groups. The level of HDL-C was significantly increased significantly in Tae-eum and So-yang group and the level of homocystein was lowered in Tae-eum group after MNT. It could be concluded that the 12-weeks MNT with hypolipidemic and hypocholesterolemic diet did not change the level of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-C effectively regardless of Sasang constitutions even though the subjects' dietary intake was improved by MNT.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.265-276
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• 2000

Purpose : Between January 1983 and December 1988, 218 female Patients with known breast cancer and positive axillary nodes were treated with adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy following radical mastectomy. Treatment results were retrospectively analysed at the Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University of College of Medicine. Materials and Methods : The patients were classified into 3 groups; group I included II patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy alone; in group 2, 52 patients treated with radiotherapy alone; and in group 3, n patients treated with combined chemo-radiotherapy. The mean age was 44 years and ranged from 27 to 70. The median follow-up time was 51 months. Results :Seven-year relapse free and overall survival rates were 56$\%$ and 67$\%$; in group 1, 50$\%$ and 56$\%$ in group 2, 51$\%$ and 65$\%$ and in group 3, 62$\%$ and 75$\%$ respectively. This difference was not statistically significant(p<0.05). The loco-regional failure rates were 13$\%$ and distant failure rates were 33$\%$. There was less risk of loco-regional failure in group 2 and 3 which included radiotherapy (p<0.05). But there was no significantly difference in the rates of distant failure( p>0.05). By univariate analysis, the only significant prognostic factor affecting relapse-free survival was the percentage of positive axillary nodes; and the overall survival significantly correlated with the primary tumor site, the number or percentage of positive axillary nodes, and stage. But in multivariate analysis, the only significant prognostic factor was treatment modality. By univariate analysis of prognostic factors affecting the rates of overall failure and distant failure, the significant prognostic factors was the percentage of positive axillary nodes; and the risk of the loco-regional failure significantly correlated with the treatment modality. Conclusion :In conclusion, these results suggest a potential for decreasing the risk of loco-regional failure with the addition of postoperative radiotherapy to chemotherapy in the premenopausal patients, and in the patients with number or percentage of positive nodes more than 4 or 1/3. The results of this study suggest that the combined chemo-radiotherapy as adjuvant treatment following radical mastectomy was the most effective modaliw in groups of 2$\~$5 cm sized tumor, stage IIB, and in patients with more than 4 or 1/3 of number or percentage of positive nodes.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.281-291
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• 2014

In March to August 2013, the emission of gases ($CH_4$, VOC, $CO_2$, $O_2$, and LEL) was measured three times from the intertidal flat sediments at Sogeun-ri, Taean-gun, in the Mid-western seashore of Korea by using chamber method. After analyzing gas emission concentrations inside of flux enclosure chamber by using a GC equipped with Agilent 6890. The gas emission fluxes were calculated from a linear regression of the changes in the concentrations with time. The ranges of gas flux during the experimental period were $+0.06{\sim}+0.60mg/m^2/hr$ for $CH_4$, $+58.45{\sim}+95.58mg/m^2/hr$ for $CO_2$, $-0.02{\sim}-0.20mg/m^2/hr$ for $O_2$, and $-0.60{\sim}+0.65mg/m^2/hr$ for VOC, respectively. The flux measurement results revealed that $CH_4$ fluxes during March in the relatively low sediment temperature ($14.5^{\circ}C$) were significantly higher ($+0.60mg/m^2/hr$) than during June and August ($+0.06{\sim}+0.18mg/m^2/hr$) in high sediment temperature ($32.0{\sim}36.8^{\circ}C$). $CH_4$ flux to mean size of sediments and temperature of inner chamber exhibited strong positive correlation ($R^2=-0.97$ and $R^2=-0.89$, respectively).