• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the nutritional knowledge, nutrients intake and the assessment of dietary behavior of old peoples living in Incheon area. Two hundred and three elderly were examined using the questionnaire. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1. The old people was lacking in correct information about nutrition and diseases. 2. The nutritional knowledge scores of old women were higher than those of old men and the scores went up according to the amount of pocket money. 3. The amount of vitamin C and phosphorus intakes were higher than those of the RDA, protein intake reached the level of the RDA. The vitamin B$_2$intake, however, was below 75% of the RDA and that of calcium was very low in women, especially. 4. Most of subjects had a meal regularly three times a day and the skipping rate of breakfast was very low. Dey had a moderate meal volume and did not have an unbalanced diet. Dey nearly do not take the processed food, dine out and exceed in the cholesterol intake. 5. They took green and yellow vegetables and, milk and milk products relatively small. On the other hand, the intake of caffein beverage was relatively high. the rates of drinking and smoking were low. From these results, we may propose the conclusion as follows: The old people were much concerned about the nutrition and diseases, but they had no correct informations about them. Therefore, the program of nutrition and dietary behavior for their healthy elderly life had to be prepared and to be applied to them immediately.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.739-745
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• 1999

This study was to investigate the changes in food habit, nutrition knowledge, and nutrition attitude of 406 university students during nutrition course and to find topics to be more emphasized at the lecture. The survey was conducted at the beginning and the end of nutrition course. Before instruction, BMIs of male and female students were 21.5 2.0 and 19.3 1.6 respectively, and after that those were 21.7 1.9 and 19.2 1.8, respectively. There was no significant change in BMI during nutrition course. After instruction, there was an somewhat increase in response to focus on meal to maintain health instead of exercise, even though this change was not significant. While the rate of skipping meals had not decreased, that of overeating had significantly decreased. Students considering changes food balance at meal seemed to be increasing during nutrition course. During nutrition course, there were no significant changes in the habits of smoking and alcohol drinking except in the amount of smoking and the rate of male's alcohol drinking. The nutrition knowledge score had increased from 9.9 $\pm$ 1.8 point to 10.8 $\pm$ 1.8 point and the uncertainty of knowledge had decreased significantly. Also, there was a significant increase in the nutrition attitude score from 66.3 $\pm$ 7.0 point to 68.3 $\pm$ 7.2 point. The nutrition knowledge score was significantly correlated with the nutrition attitude score. In female group, but there was no significant difference between male and female in the nutrition attitude score. These results suggest that nutrition course help university students change their food habit, nutrition knowledge and nutrition attitude and the content of the lecture need to be strengthened especially in the part of smoking and alcohol drinking.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.231-243
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between body image and BMI with satisfaction of own body image, snack intake practices, food intake practices and weight control practices of 226 female college students in Jeonbuk province using questionnaire. The results were summarized as follows : 1. The average height, weight and BMI was 162.08cm, 52.02kg and 19.78, respectively. The average ideal body weight of the subjects was 48.92kg. Ninety percent of the subjects was dissatisfied with their body image. The degree of dissatisfaction was higher in the group who recognized themselves as fat. Most of subjects wanted to lose weight, but as the group having a recognition of thin body image significantly wanted to gain weight (p<0.001). 2. The subjects preferred fruits and juices for snack. The more subjects recognized themselves as fat, the more they restricted snack intake (p<0.05). 3. The rate of skipping meal tends to increase. The subjects did not intake balanced meals and skipped breakfast most (20.7%). The number of food groups taken at breakfast, lunch and dinner was 1.84, 2.25 and 2.55, respectively and the most variable food groups were taken at dinner(p<0.001). Dairy food group intake was low. The duration of meal time was longer in the underweight group by BMI regardless of body image recognition (p<0.05). 4. The weight controlling method was concentrated mostly on decreasing food intake. The more subjects recognized themselves as fat, the more they tried to control weight (p<0.001). Even though 59.5% of the subjects with no weight control experience had no future weight control plans, 50% of the group who recognized themselves as normal or fat did not want to control weight in the future (p<0.01). These results suggest that nutrition education programs and correction programs of food behaviors and weight control should start from focusing on the accurate recognition of body image for college female students.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.153-166
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• 1996

This study was carried out to investigate food behaviors of 349 college students (male 233, female 116) in Jeon Buk area by questionnaires. 89.1 percent of the students were living in city and 48.8% of those were residing in their own home or relatives. The average height and weight was 172.9cm, 64.2kg for male and 161.0cm, 50.1kg for female. Drinking and smoking rate of males were 88.0% and 61.8%, respectively. Both of male and female were most preferring the kind of rice and the skipping rate of breakfast was highest. Mean score of interest In eating attitudes was 11.7 in male and 13.2 in female(p＜0.001), and score for regular eating time was highest and that for reducing pungent food intake was lowest. The score of interest in eating attitudes was higher In subjects who exercise regularly(p＜0.001), no drinking(p＜0.05), had a good health status (p＜0.01) and attended a lecture related to food and nutrition(p＜0.001) than others. In the sense of value on eating, male had a meal for the physiological needs and famale had a meal for enjoy(p＜0.05). The score of interest in eating attitudes had a negative correlation with drinking(p＜0.001) and smoking(p＜0.05), and had a positive correlation with health status(p＜0.01), effort for a balance of life(p＜0.001), the sense of value on eating and attending a lecture related to food and nutrition(p＜0.001).

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.349-363
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutrient intakes, nutritional knowledge, food habits, and lifestyle behaviors of moderately or severely obese children living in the Kyonggi-do area. The subjects in this study were 37 obese children with an obesity index higher than 130% in the forth to sixth grades of elementary school. Anthropometric measurements, 24-hour recall of dietary intakes, and a survey on nutritional knowledge, food habits, and lifestyles behavior were conducted in the 37 obese children (25 boys and 12 girls). The average age, body weight, BMI, and R$\ddot{o}$hrer Index were 12.4 years, 68.6 kg, $29.6kg/m^2$, and 194.9 in boys and 12.7 years, 65.7 kg, $29.8kg/m^2$, and 201.8 in girls, respectively. The percentage of correct answers on nutritional knowledge and nutritional attitude score/max score were 85.8% and 23.0/50 in boys and 87.0% and 17.5/50 in girls, respectively. Except for calcium (85.3%) in girls and calcium (62.7%) and folic acid (83.3%) in boys, the average daily nutrient intakes percentages of nutrients were greater than the DRIs values (107.9~327.3% in boys and 103.0~416.0% in girls). This study showed the existence of some problems associated with obesity, such as higher frequency of skipping breakfast, irregular meal times, unbalanced diet, lack of intake of some nutrients, low nutritional attitude, lack of physical activity, and time management in obese children. These results suggest that a systematic education program including nutritional education on balanced diet, good eating habits and behaviors, and importance of eating breakfast and meal regularity must be emphasized to improve nutrient intakes and food habits in obese children. Obese children also require a more concentrated program that includes physical activity, weight reduction, and weight maintenance strategies to improve their life habits.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.458-465
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• 2012

This study aims to determine the association between obesity-related behaviors (dietary practices, physical activity and body image) and body weight status among adolescents. A total of 382 adolescents (187 males and 195 females) aged 13 to 15 years in Kajang, Selangor participated in this study. Majority of the respondents were Malays (56.0%), followed by Chinese (30.1%) and Indians (13.9%). Dietary practices, physical activity and body image of the adolescents were assessed through the eating behaviors questionnaire, two-day dietary record, two-day physical activity record and multi-dimensional body image scale (MBIS), respectively. Body weight and height were measured by trained researchers. The prevalence of overweight and obesity (19.5%) was about twice the prevalence of underweight (10.5%). About two-thirds of the respondents (72.3%) skipped at least one meal and half of them (56.2%) snacked between meals with a mean energy intake of $1,641{\pm}452$ kcal/day. More than half of the respondents (56.8%) were practicing sedentary lifestyle with a mean energy expenditure of $1,631{\pm}573$ kcal per day. Energy intake (r = 0.153, P < 0.05), physical activity (r = 0.463, P < 0.01) and body image (r = 0.424, P < 0.01) were correlated with BMI. However, meal skipping, snacking and energy expenditure per kg body weight were not associated with body weight status. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that body image, physical activity and energy intake contributed significantly in explaining body weight status of the adolescents. In short, overweight and obesity were likely to be associated not only with energy intake and physical activity, but also body image. Hence, promoting healthy eating, active lifestyle and positive body image should be incorporated in future obesity prevention programmes in adolescents.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.140-151
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• 2016

Objectives: This study was performed to examine the consumption patterns of convenience food at convenience stores, dietary habits, and perception as well as knowledge of food additives among university students. Methods: Subjects were 352 university students in Cheongju, Korea, and data was collected by a self-administered questionnaire. They were divided into three groups according to the frequency of consumption of convenience food at convenience stores: 79 rare (${\leq}1$ time/month), 89 moderate (2-4 times/month) and 184 frequent (${\geq}2$ times/week). Results: More subjects from the frequent consumption group lived apart from parents (p<0.001) and possessed more pocket money (p<0.01). Frequent consumption group consumed noodles, Kimbab, and sandwich & burger significantly more often (p<0.001, respectively) than others. In addition, frequent consumption of convenience foods at convenience stores was associated with frequent breakfast skipping (p<0.05), irregular meal time (p<0.01), snacking (p<0.05), and eating late night meal (p<0.001). More from the rare consumption group had heard about food additives previously compared to the frequent consumption group (79.7% vs. 63.6%, p<0.01). Frequent consumption group showed significantly higher score than did the rare consumption group for the following questions: monosodium glutamate is harmful to your health (p<0.05), food additives are necessary for food manufacturing (p<0.005), food additives need to be labeled on products (p<0.05), there is no food additive at all if labeled as no preservatives, no coloring, and no added sugar (p<0.05). There was a significant difference in degrees of choosing products with less food additives depending on the consumption pattern. Conclusions: Our results provided a better understanding of the factors associated with frequent consumption of convenience foods at convenience stores among university students and will be useful to develop a nutrition education program for those who are more prone to consume convenience foods.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.534-544
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the fast food consumption patterns classified by age in Busan. The survey was conducted from October 15 to November 15, 2006 by questionnaires and data analyzed by SPSS program. The results are summarized as follows: Forty one point five percent of the elementary group, 40.5% of the high school group, 24.1% of the 30's, 35.0% of the 40's and 18.1% of the 50's took fast foods over once a week. Seventy two point five percent of the elementary group, 61.5% of the high school group, 16.8% of the 30's group, 10.0% of the 40's, and 14.6% of the 50's preferred fast foods. There was a significant difference in the basis for selecting menus among the groups. The most important basis for selecting menus was 'price' in the elementary group and the high school group, but was 'preference' in the adult groups. As their age increased, they spend more money for fast food. Forty six percent of the elementary group and 49.5% of the high school group, 32.1% of the 30's, 36.5% of the 40's, 34.7% of the 50's thought that fast food can substitute for a meal. The age affected significantly the substitutability for the meal of the fast food (p < 0.001). In the high school group, the ratio of skipping breakfast is higher than in the other age groups. Dietary attitude has direct effects on the preference of the fast foods. Nutrition knowledge, degree of unbalanced diet and obesity rate have direct and indirect effects which were mediated by dietary attitude. Nutrition knowledge showed the greatest total causal effect in relation to the preference of the fast foods. Therefore, nutrition education for the subjects is needed to encourage them to choose more nutritious food and have healthier dietary pattern.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 2001

The purposes of this study were to assess dietary intake obtained by easy method and to compare dietary behavior of house wife and female college students in Yanbian. The subjects consisted of 276 house wives and 228 female college students. Mean daily energy intake of house wives was 1926.0kcal and that of female college students was 1949.0kcal. Calcium intake as NAR(Nutrient adequacy ratio) was lowest in house wife and female college student. Iron intake was also low in subjects and lower in female college student than in house wife. Meal frequency per day was regular in subjects. Skipping meal time in subjects was breakfast and snaking time was late evening generally. Frequency of eating out was rare in most subjects and 60.6% of subjects preferred chinese food in eating out, while house wives preferred Korean food than female college student in eating out. The vegetables were preferred than meat or fish and used by fried in sauces. Hot and sour tastes were more like than greasy taste in subjects. Nutrient intake levels and dietary behaviors of house wife were to be like as those of female college students in general. BMI(Body mass index) was lower in female collage students than house wives, similarly in Korean. According to these results, house wives and female college students in Yanbian had similar dietary patterns. Calcium intake was tend to be low and dietary pattern was regular, dietary qualifies of subjects were adequate. Nutrient intake and dietary pattern in Yanbian were to be like as in Korean, and the Korean-Chinese in Yanbian maintained traditional dietary pattern.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.552-563
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• 2014

This study was performed to investigate the dietary habits and nutritional knowledge of elementary school students (boy : 250, girl : 250) by gender. Frequency of skipping breakfast was high in both boys and girls. Duration of mealtime was significantly higher for boys compared with girls (p<0.001). Regularity of meals was not significantly different between boys and girls. Reason for irregular meals was 'no appetite' for both boys (39.6%) and girls (40.0%). Unbalanced diet was high in both boys (60.8%) and girls (59.6%), and problems related to dietary habits were in order of 'unbalance diet', 'irregular mealtime', 'overeating', 'skip a meal frequently', and 'eat out frequently'. Frequency of snack intake was significantly higher for girls compared to boys(p<0.05). The criterion for selecting snacks was higher for 'nutrition' compared to 'good taste' for both boys and girls. Frequency of eating out was statistically insignificant, and eating out preferences were in the order of 'Korean food', 'western food', and 'Chinese food'. Eating behavior 'eat meat, fish, egg, tofu every meal' was significantly higher for boys compared to girls (p<0.01). 'Healthful' response rates were 57.6% for boys and 58.8% for girls. Practice level of nutritional knowledge was significantly higher in girls compared to boys (p<0.001). To establish good eating behaviors, we should develop systematic and continuous education programs.