• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.536-542
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• 2007

The responses of whole body protein and glucose kinetics and of nitrogen (N) metabolism to non-protein energy intake (NPEI) were determined using an isotope dilution approach and measurement of N balance in three adult male goats. The diets containing 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times ME maintenance requirement, with fixed intake of CP (1.5 times maintenance) and percentage of hay (33%), were fed twice daily for each 21 d experimental period. After an adaptation period of 11 d, N balance was determined over 3 d. On day 17, whole body protein synthesis (WBPS) and glucose irreversible loss rate (ILR) were determined during the absorptive state by a primed-continuous infusion of [$^2H_5$]phenylalanine, [$^2H_2$]tyrosine, [$^2H_4$]tyrosine and [$^{13}C_6$]glucose, with simultaneous measurements of plasma concentrations of metabolites and insulin. Ruminal characteristics were also measured at 6 h after feeding over 3 d. Nitrogen retention tended to increase (p<0.10) with increasing NPEI, although digestible N decreased linearly (p<0.05). Increasing NPEI decreased (p<0.01) ammonia N concentration, but increased acetate (p<0.05) and propionate (p<0.05) concentrations in the rumen. Despite decreased plasma urea N concentration (p<0.01), increased plasma tyrosine concentration (p<0.05), and trends toward increased plasma total amino N (p<0.10) and phenylalanine concentrations (p<0.10) were found in response to increasing NPEI. Increasing NPEI increased ILR of both glucose (p<0.01) and phenylalanine (p<0.05), but did not affect ($p{\geq}0.10$) that of tyrosine. Whole body protein synthesis increased (p<0.05) in response to increasing NPEI, resulting from increased utilization rate for protein synthesis (p<0.05) and unchanged hydroxylation rate of phenylalanine ($p{\geq}0.10$). These results suggest that increasing NPEI may enhance WBPS and glucose turnover at the absorptive state and improve the efficiency of digestible N retention in goats, with possibly decreased ammonia and increased amino acid absorption. In addition, simultaneous increases in WBPS and glucose ILR suggest stimulatory effect of glucose availability on WBPS, especially when sufficient amino acid is supplied.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.948-956
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• 2000

The effect of high and low level of feed intakes on nutrient digestibility, nutrient losses through methane, energy and protein utilization by goats fed on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) pellets based diets was investigated in this study. Twelve castrated Japanese goats were employed in two subsequent digestion and metabolism trials. The goats were divided into three groups, offered three diets. Diet 1 consisted of 100% alfalfa pellet, Diet 2 was 70% alfalfa pellet and 30% corn, and Diet 3 was 40% alfalfa pellet and 60% corn. The two intake levels were high (1.6 times) and low (0.9 times) the maintenance requirement of total digestible nutrients (TON). Rumen ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) level of Diet 1 was lower (p<0.001) compared to Diets 2 and 3, but the values were always above the critical level (I50 mg/liter), The pH values of rumen liquor ranged from 6.02 to 7.30. Apparent digestibility of nutrient components did not show differences (p>0.05) between the two intake levels but inclusion of corn significantly altered the nutrient digestibility. Diet 3 had highest (p<0.001) dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE) and nitrogen fee extract (NFE) digestibility followed by the Diet 2 and Diet 1. The crude protein (CP) digestibility values among the three diets were in a narrow range (70.1 to 70.8%). Crude fiber (CF) digestibility for Diet 3 was slight higher (p>0.05) than that for other two diets. When alfalfa was replaced by corn, there were highly significant (p<0.001) increases in DM, OM, EE and NFE apparent digestibility and a slight increase in the CF digestibility (p>0.05). There were no differences (p>0.05) in energy losses as methane ($CH_4$) and heat production among the diets but energy loss through urine was higher for the Diet 1. The total energy loss as $CH_4$ and heat production were higher for the high intake level but the energy loss as $CH_4$ per gram DM intake were same (0.305 kcal/g) between the high and low intake level. Retained energy (RE) was higher for Diet 3 and Diet 2. Nitrogen (N) losses through feces and urine were higher (p<0.001) for Diet 1. Consequently, N retention was lower (p>0.05) for Diet 1 and higher in Diets 3 and 2. It is concluded that inclusion of corn with alfalfa increased the metabolizable energy (ME) and RE, and retained N through reducing the energy and N losses. The high level of intake reduced the rate of nutrient losses through feces and urine.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.155-160
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• 2011

본 시험은 생후 6개월 령의 육성기 거세한우 6두($180.6{\pm}3.1$ kg)를 공시하여 옥수수 위주의 농후사료 60%와 티모시 건초 40% 비율로 급여하였고 TDN 함량은 71.4%, CP는 14.6%이었다. 시험은 Korean Feeding Standard for Hanwoo (2007)에 따라 일당 증체량 0 kg, 0.4 kg, 0.7 kg/일에 필요한 각각의 TDN 함량 1.70 kg (Low), 2.05 kg (Medium), 2.80 kg (High)의 공시사료를 섭취할 수 있도록 하는 duplicated 3 ${\times}$ 3 Latin square design으로 수행하였다. 에너지 수준에 따른 급여사료는 전량 섭취하였고, 일반적으로 건물섭취량의 증가가 반추위 통과속도를 높이기 때문에 소화율이 낮아지지만 본 실험에서는 건물, 조단백질, 조지방, 조섬유의 소화율은 차이가 없었다 (P>0.05). 섭취 에너지 수준별 평균 대사 체중 당 총에너지 섭취량은 180.2, 292.7와 337.2 kcal/$BW^{0.75}$이었다(P<0.001). 처리구별 총 에너지섭취량이 증가하면서 분으로 손실된 에너지도 51.1에서 99.71kcal/$BW^{0.75}$로 유의적으로 증가함(P<0.001)에 따라 가소화에너지는 약 70%로 처리 간 차이가 없었다. 뇨로 손실된 에너지는 3.5에서 7.9 kcal/$BW^{0.75}$로 유의적으로 증가하였고(P<0.03), 반추위 발효과정에서 발생되는 메탄가스에 의한 에너지 손실도 15.0에서 20.5 kcal/$BW^{0.75}$로 증가하는 경향을 보였다(P=0.06). 체열에 의한 손실량은 수준별로 차이가 없었지만, 총에너지섭취량(GE)에 대한 비율은 60.4, 41.2와 34.1%로 에너지 섭취량이 높아질수록 감소하였다. 대사에너지 섭취량 수준 110.6, 186.3, 209.1 kcal/$BW^{0.75}$와 각각의 체 축적 에너지 1.67, 65.76, 94.25 kcal/$BW^{0.75}$의 관계식을 통해 구한 X축 절편 값, 즉 유지를 위한 에너지 요구량은 109.8 kcal/$BW^{0.75}$로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.57-62
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• 2003

An effort was made to assess comparative production performance in broiler chickens fed diets containing solvent extracted cottonseed meal (CSM) processed from BT and Parental Non-BT lines. Processed meal of national check and commercial produce cottonseeds were also used for comparison. The free gossypol contents were 0.02, 0.02, 0.44 and 0.03% in meals of BT, Parental Non-BT, national check and commercial produce cottonseeds, respectively. Day-old broiler chicks (n=243) were divided to 27 groups of 9 each. Nine dietary treatments (iso-nitrogenous, 23% CP and iso-caloric, 2,800 kcal ME/kg) were formulated viz., D1 (control, soybean meal-SBM based), D2 and D3 (BT CSM at 10% of diet with and without additional iron), D4 and D5 (non-BT CSM with and without additional iron), D6 and D7 (national check CSM with or without additional iron), and D8 and D9 (commercial produce CSM with or without additional iron at 2 ppm for every 1 ppm of free gossypol, respectively). Each dietary treatment was offered to three replicated groups up to 6 weeks of age. At the end of 6 weeks of age, 10 birds were taken out randomly from each treatment and were sacrificed to study carcass traits, organs' yield and histo-pathological changes in vital organs. The broiler chickens received CSM processed from BT (D2, 1,753 g and D3, 1,638 g) and Parental Non-BT (D4, 1,653 g and D5, 1,687 g) with or without additional Fe grew at same rate as observed in soybean meal (solvent ext.) based diet (D1, 1,676 g). The feed intake and feed conversion efficiency (feed: gain) in these dietary treatments (BT, non-BT line based diets) also did not differ significantly (p>0.05) from control diet. Similar observation was also observed in dietary treatments (D8 and D9) containing solvent extracted cottonseed meal of commercial produce origin. However, a decrease (p<0.05) in body weight gain and feed intake was observed in D6 containing national check CSM with high gossypol content. Addition of Fe in the diet (D7) improved (p<0.05) feed intake and weight gain but not to the extent as observed in diets containing BT, parental non-BT, and commercial produce CSM or control. However, any type of CSM did not affect feed conversion efficiency when fed with or without additional iron. The carcass characteristics in terms of dressing percentage, liver weight and heart weight was not significantly (p>0.05) different between the treatments. The eviscerated yields emanated from diets containing either BT, non-BT or commercial produce were statistically similar to control. However, eviscerated yield of broilers fed national check CSM with or without iron supplementation was lower (p<0.05) than BT cotton with Fe supplementation and commercial produce CSM. The study envisaged that BT, parental non-BT and commercial produce solvent extracted cottonseed meal can be included at 10% in soybean meal based broiler diet replacing soybean meal and rice bran without additional iron.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.27-40
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding various Lactobacillus on performance, nutrients digestibility, intestinal microflora, and fecal noxious gas of broiler chicks. One thousand eighty one dat old male broiler chicks were fed into Lactobacillus crispatus avibrd 1(LCB), Lactobacillus reuteri avibro 2(LRB), Lactobacillus crispatus avihen 1(LCH), and Lactobacillus vaginalis avehen 2(LVH) at the level of $10^{4}$ and 10(sup)7cfu/g diet. There were four replicates with thirty chicks per pen. Diets contained ME 3,100, 3,100kcal/kg, and CP 22.0, 20.0% for starting and finishing period, respectively. Weight gain of checks fed Lactobacillus spp. tended to increase from the first week and was higher from 50 to 100g in Lactobacillus treatments than control. Feed intake and feed conversion were not statistically different of all treatments. Dry Matter(DM) digestibility of Lactobacillus treatments was tended to improve compared to that of control, but was not significantly different. Protein and Ca digestibility were also tended to improve in Lactobacillus treatments relative that of control. Lactobacillus treatments showed improved tendency in crude ash and fat compared to those of control, whereas phosphorus digestibility was not consistency. Nutrients digestibilities of bird fed LCH were superior to those of other treatments. It showed significantly higher in Ca and P digestibility than control(P〈0.05). Total Lactobacillus spp. of birds fed various lactobacillus was significantly higher in ileum for five weeks(P〈0.05), but was not different at cecum. Yeast was thought to be not completely attached to intestinal lumen for one week. However, total number of yeast was significantly increased in cecum and ileum from three weeks old chicks(P〈0.05). The number of anaerobes exhibited to tendency the increase in Lantobacillus treatments from one week old of age at both ileum and cecum. Moisture contents of birds fed Lactobacillus spp. was shown from 27 to 30% at five weeks old, whereas it was 38.2% in control. It decreased approximately 25% in Lactobacillus treatments relative to that of control and showed significance between them(P〈0.05). Fecal $NH_{3}$ gas emission was significantly decreased in Lactobacillus treatments and maintained $\frac{1}{3}$to $\frac{1}{2}$ of control(P〈0.05). LCH and LVH treatments were most effective to decrease fecal $NH_{3}$ gas and especiallt impreved ti significantly at the level of the level of 10(sup)7cfu/g diets covpared to that of $10^{4}$ cfu/g diets and control(P〈0.05). In conclusion, feeding Lactobacillus spp. increase performance and nutrients digestibilities of broiler chicks and improve environments of house. Proper supplemental level of Lactobacillus spp. is considered more than $10^{4}$ cfu/g diet.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.435-440
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• 2011

본 연구는 반려견 사료 내 주요 탄수화물원인 밀가루(원물기준 약 51%)를 현미로 15%, 30% 대체 급여하였을 때, 사료 영양소 소화율, 배설분 특성, 기호성 변화를 조사하기 위하여 말티즈(Maltese) 강아지(8~9개월령, 시험개시 평균체중 $2.8{\pm}0.3$ kg) 6마리는 이용 반복 $3{\times}3$ 라틴방각법에 따라 실험을 수행하였다. 모든 영양소 소화율에서 현미 15%구가 가장 높거나 혹은 가장 낮은 quadratic 효과가 나타났다. 대조구와 현미 30% 구간에는 차이가 없었다. 사료의 DE 및 ME 농도(kcal/kg DM)도 quadratic 반응(P<0.001, P=0.015)을 보였다. 생분 및 건물 분 배설량에서도 현미 15%구가 가장 높게 나타나는 quadratic (P = 0.006, P = 0.014) 반응을 보였고, 분 score는 2.7에서 2.3으로 linear (P = 0.008)하게 낮아졌다. 현미구 대체율이 증가하면서 분 암모니아 농도는 linear (P = 0.001)한 증가를 보였으며, short- chain fatty acid 농도는 linear (P = 0.07) 감소 경향을 보였다. 본 실험에서의 현미 급여 효과는 배설 분 score에서만 확인되었고, 현미구의 현저한 기호성 증진 결과에 대해서는 현미 효과인지 가금부산물 함량 증가 효과인지 추가 실험이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.109-116
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• 2002

유기산제와 효모 배양물의 급여가 산란계의 생산성 및 계란 품질에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 19주령 이사브라운 갈색계를 이용하여 16주간 사양실험을 시행하였다. 처리구는 무침가구인 대조구, 유기산제와 효모 배양물을 각각 0.1, 0.2% 수준으로 하였고 처리구당 5반복으로 반복당 18수씩 총 450수를 체중이 비슷하게 하여 완전 임의배치하였다. 산란율과 난중, 사료섭취 량은 4주 단위로 측정하였으며, 계란의 난각 강도. 난각 두게, Haugh unit, 난황색을 처리구별로 측정하였다. 난황의 지방산 조성은 실험 개시 후 8주 간격으로 측정하였다. 본 실험의 결과, 효모 배양물 0.1%급여시 31∼34주령의 산란율은 97.1%로 대조구에 비하여 증가하였다(P<0.05). 23∼26주령에서 1일 산란량은 유기산제 0.2% 급여구가 증가하였고(P<0.05), 31∼34주령에서는 효모 배양물 0.1% 급여구가 대조구에 비하여 현저하게 증가하였다(P<0.05). 사료섭취량은 유기산제와 효모 배양물이 대조구와는 타이가 없었지만 27∼30주령에서 효모 배양물 0.1% 급여구는 유기산제 0.1% 급여구 보다 증가하였다(P<0.05). 난각 강도는 34주령에서 유기산제 0.1% 급여구가 효모배양물 0.1% 급여구에 비해서 증가하였으나(P<0.05), 대조구와 차이는 없었다. 34주령에 측정한 Haugh unit은 유기산제 급여구가 대조구보단 현저하게 높았으며(P<0.05), 난황색은 처리구간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 유기산제 0.1%급여구는 난황내 C20:4의 함량을 대조구에 비하여 증가시켰고(27주령)(P<0.05), 유기산제 0.1%, 0.2%급여구는 Cl6:0의 함량을 현저하게 감소시켰다 (34주령)(P<0.05).

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.197-202
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• 2003

육계에서 생균제의 급여에 대한 효과는 의견이 다양하다. 그러므로 본 연구는 육계 사료에 혼합 미생물제의 첨가가 성장능력, 장내 미생물, 혈중 콜레스테롤, 백신 항체가에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실행하였다. 1일령 코우브 육계 수컷 320수를 혼합 생균제 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3%수준의 사료에 5반복으로 평사에서 35일간 사양실험을 하였다. 기초사료의 영양소는 사육전기와 후기에 각각 CP 21.5, 19%와 대사에너지는 3,100 kcal/kg으로 하였다. 증체량, 사료섭취량, 사료요구율은 주간별로 측정하였으며, 장내 살모넬라, 대장균, 유산균, 효모균 수는 실험 종료시에 회장과 맹장에서 측정하였다. ND 백신 항체가와 콜레스테롤도 실험 종료시에 처리구별로 채혈한 후에 혈장을 분리하여 분석하였다. 미생물제 0.1과 0.2% 급여구에서 사육전기에 증체량은 669.33, 679.75g으로 대조구보다 높았으며, 사육후기에도 동일한 경향을 보였다. 사육 전기 3주간에 사료요구율은 미생물 급여구에서 대조구보다 개선되는 경향을 보였으며, 전 사육기간에 1.611, 1.621로서 대조구의 1.660에 비하여 개선되었다. 미생물 급여구에서 ND백신 항체가는 대조구에 비하여 증대되었으며, 회장 소화물의 살모넬라수는 감소되지 않았지만 효모균 수는 0.1% 급여구에서 증가하였다. 맹장에서는 유산균과 효모균 수가 대조구보다 높게 나타났다. 혈중전체 콜레스테롤은 0.1% 급여구에서 다른 처리구보다 높게 나타났을지라도 HDL의 비율은 대조구보다 현저하게 높았다(P<0.05). 본 연구의 결과 육계사료에 혼합 미생물제의 첨가는 육계의 생산능력과 간접적으로 면역능력을 개선할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.대조구보다 많은 것으로 나타났다(P<0.05). 또한 회장에서는 살모넬라 및 대장균의 수가 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과에서 AO 배양물의 급여는 육계의 생산성을 향상시키며, 장내미생물총 및 사육환경을 개선시키는 것으로 판단된다..)', 'have a headache (2.10±0.79)', 'poor memory (2.09±0.83)', 'no appetite (1.99±0.85)', As for the correlation between iron parameter and clinical symptoms related to anemia, the hematocrit rate was negatively correlated with 'get a cold easily', 'pale face', 'feeling blue', 'difficult digestion' (p<0.05). The level of iron was negatively correlated with 'tired out easily', 'get a cold easily' (p<0.05) and TS (%) were negatively correlated with 'tired out easily (p<0.05)', 'get a cold easily (p<0.01). Our study resulted that the prevalence of a iron deficiency of a middle school girl is very high, therefore the guidelines for iron supplementation and nutritional education to improve their

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.74-81
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• 2010

The effects of different levels of natural clay enterosorbent on the growth, nutrient availability, and genital organs of post-weaning female pigs fed with an addition of zearalenone (ZEA) were investigated in the study. A total of thirty-five post-weaning gilts ($L{\times}Y{\times}D$) with an average body weight of 12.36${\pm}$1.46 kg were used in the test. The gilts were raised individually in metabolism cages and fed a corn-soybean meal-whey basal diet with an addition of 0 or 1 mg/kg of ZEA for 24 d with four levels of natural clay enterosorbent added in the feed. The treatments were: i) control; ii) control+2.5 g/kg clay; iii) control+1 mg/kg ZEA; iv) control+1 mg/kg ZEA+1.25 g/kg clay; v) control+1 mg/kg ZEA+2.5 g/kg clay; vi) control+1 mg/kg ZEA+5.0 g/kg clay; vii) control+1 mg/kg ZEA +10 g/kg clay. Pigs fed diets contaminated with additional purified ZEA had significantly reduced apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP), gross energy (GE) and apparent metabolic rate of GE (ME/GE, p<0.05) without changes of net protein utilization (NPU, p>0.05). Final body weight, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), vulva length, vulva width, vulva area, relative weights of genital organ and proliferative changes of the ovary tissues in gilts fed ZEA-contaminated diet were increased (p<0.05) compared to the gilts fed the control diet. Addition of natural clay enterosorbent in the ZEA-contaminated diet showed a positive protection effect on ZEA feeding, and the protection was increased linearly or quadratically as clay content increased. However, in pigs fed a diet with clay alone at 2.5 g/kg level there was no significant impact (p>0.05) on all the parameters as compared to the control. It is suggested that feeding ZEA at about 1.0 mg/kg for 24 days might result in a deleterious effect in pigs, and addition of 5 or 10 g clay enterosorbent per kg diet can effectively neutralize the detrimental effects of the ZEA feeding.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.203-209
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• 2005

본 연구는 산란계에서 파리 유충의 사료 영양학적 가치를 평가하고, 그 활용 가능성을 검토하고자 실시하였다. 43주령 갈색 산란계(ISA Brown) 총 90수를 51주령까지 8주 동안 각 시험사료 처리구(대조구, 파리 유충 2, 5, 10, $15\%$ 첨가 사료)에 임의배치하여 무제한 급여하면서 사료 섭취량, 산란율, 난황색, 난중, 파란 강도, 난각 두께, Haugh unit, 계란 내 지방산 조성 및 콜레스테롤 함량을 조사하였다. 파리 유충 첨가구가 대조구에 비해서 난중이 유의적으로 높았으며(p<0.05), 파란 강도 증가율은 $14\%$ 높게 나타나 유의적인 차이를 보였다.(p<0.05). 계란 지방산 조성은 파리 유충 첨가구가 대조구에 비해서 포화지방산의 함량은 $16\%$까지 감소되었으나, 불포화 지방산의 함량은 $7\%$까지 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 이 실험 결과 파리유충이 산란계 사료에 첨가되면 계란의 품질은 개선되었지만 난황에서 포화지방산이 증가비율이 높게 나타났다.