• SUVANNABHUMI
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.37-67
• /
• 2021

Mazu is considered the famous Chinese Sea Goddess, venerated by seafarers. Mazu belief was conducted in Meizhou County, Fujian Province. Soon worship of Mazu spread quickly to other parts of over the world, especially in Southeast Asia. In China, the Mazu belief was strongly influenced by marine culture, but its marine factors faded when Chinese immigrants had lived together with the Kinh people in Pho Hien (in the north of Vietnam) for more than four centuries. Applying the Acculturation theory, this paper aims to analyze the migration background of the Chinese and their integration into Kinh culture in Pho Hien. It can be said that historical, economic and social context, as well as native government policies have highly affected the manner and the rate of this belief's acculturation. Furthermore, the article explains the reasons for the fading of marine cultural traits and their replacement by the Kinh people's cultural factors in this belief.

• Journal of East-Asian Urban History
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.235-271
• /
• 2020

Tainan was the capital of Taiwan and was the largest commercial city in Taiwan with a significant number of ports. However, after the end of the Qing era, the functions of the capital and major ports were shifted to Taipei and Kaohsiung, thus leading Tainan to lose its position. This article focuses on festivals in the city. The Qing dynasty administrative agency set up a local government that grouped multiple villages based on the religious beliefs which were closely related to the concept of the urban space as the primary temple. Mazu is an object of worship that attracted the attention of city residents from the Taisho era to the colonial era. At the Mazu temple in Tainan, which has acquired a new mystery, a Mazu festival was conducted with Mazu patrols. This festival was conducted from 1915 to 1937, when it was canceled due to the temple reorganization movement. At the festival, multiple participating groups used to compete to earn the luxury of running the pavilions. The procession ran through the north side of the city on the first day and the south side of the city on the second day. During this festival, in addition to going around the villages of the old city, a touring route was planned for the procession to pass through major landmarks related to the colonial administration and the Ginza-dori Shopping Street, which was newly created during the Taisho era. Therefore, this procession was unique because it ensured that people could explore the old and new streets that were transformed through urban remodeling during the colonial period. Moreover, passing through the licensed quarters called Shin-machi, which was relocated through urban remodeling by the administrative agency, allowed people to visualize the urban structure of colonial Taiwan. Tainan city was renewed through remodeling during the colonial period, thus leading to the formation of a new commercial area. The spirit of the people in Tainan city can be gauged based on the fact that the festival was financially and religiously supported by the merchants who promoted it. The restoration of Mazu during the colonial period indicates the restoration of urban commerce in Tainan, which had fallen from its position as the primary port city in Taiwan since the end of the Qing period. Therefore, it can be considered to represent the restoration of the city.

• CELLMED
• /
• v.13 no.14
• /
• pp.19.1-19.16
• /
• 2023

Objectives: To compare the efficacy of polyherbal Unani formulations in heavy menstrual bleeding due to endometrial hyperplasia. Methodology: A prospective, randomized comparative trial was conducted at Govt. Nizamia Tibbi College. Group A (n=20) received Itrifal Aftimoon 5g orally BID from menstruation day 3 to day 21 plus suprapubic Marham Dakhilyun application and per vaginally Marham Dakhilyun (5g) and Roghan Gul (10ml) application from menstruation day 5 to day 14. Group B (n=20) received Gulnar Farsi (2g), Phitakri Biryan (0.25g), Dammul Aqwain (0.25g), and Geru (2g), 2.5g powder orally BID, menstruation day 3 for 20 days plus Douche Bargh Sambhalu then Ḥamūl of Safuf Mazu (2g), Kalijiri (2g) and Roghan Gul (10ml) from menstruation day 3 to day 12 for 3 consecutive cycles. The primary outcome was pelvic ultrasound findings of endometrial thickness. The secondary outcome measures were improvement in haemoglobin percentage, change in menstrual flow and menstrual pattern. The level of significance was 5%. Results and conclusion: The intragroup comparison showed that the mean endometrial thickness at baseline and after treatment in groups A and B was extremely significantly different (P<0.0001). The intragroup comparison showed the mean haemoglobin percent at baseline and after treatment in group, A was significantly different (P<0.0001). After treatment, 50% and 60% of participants had normal duration and menstrual blood loss after treatment from baseline in Groups A and B respectively. However, further, phase II and III randomized standard controlled trials in larger samples are recommended to assess the efficacy of these group medicines.